Name: combined transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Uploaded: 2018-08-17T13:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 42 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex at JoVE.com

这项工作由镍氢 R01 MH112815 部分提供资金。这项工作还得到了 Temerty 家庭基金会、赠款家庭基金会和坎贝尔家庭心理健康研究所在成瘾和精神健康中心的支持。

在《赫尔辛基宣言》的指导方针下, 我们当地道德委员会批准了这里提出的所有实验程序。
1. Neuronavigated 脑电图的头部注册
<ol><li>为每个参与者获得高分辨率的全头 T1-weighted 结构 MRI。根据神经导航制造商指南进行扫描。</li>
	<li>在导航系统上上传图像。检查是否正确扫描了核磁共振。选择基点 (耳前点, nasion 和鼻尖)。插入刺激目标 (基于解剖学或基于头部坐标、MNI 或 Talairach 坐标)。</li>
	<li>放置头部跟踪器在这样的方式, 使它不会移动在刺激会话和允许自由移动的 TMS 线圈。让参与者在注册开始前插入耳塞。</li>
	<li>将参与者的头部与3维 MRI 模型对齐。使用数字笔在 MRI 栈图像上选取的基点上触摸参与者的头部。选择和标记额外的点在顶叶, 颞和枕区的头部, 以减少注册错误, 在这些地区。</li>
	<li>验证注册。将数字化笔放在参与者的头上。检查计算机上的表示形式。如果它不在 MR 的相应点上, 请重复步骤1.4。</li>
	<li>
校准使用的 TMS 线圈 (在某些系统中不需要此步骤)。
	<ol>
<li>将跟踪器连接到线圈。</li>
		<li>将线圈放在校准块上, 这样所有跟踪器都可以从照相机中看到。</li>
		<li>按下计算机屏幕上的校准按钮, 将线圈保持在 5 s 的校准位置。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. TMS 脑电图实验
<ol><li>
将脑电图帽放在头上, 准备电极
	<ol>
<li>选择一个适合头部的帽子。确保所有电极紧密接触头皮和功能。如果超过2个电极不工作, 则使用相同或较小尺寸的另一顶盖。</li>
		<li>将直拉电极置于顶点, 在连接 nasion 和 inion 的线与 inion 上的兹电极之间进行一半的距离。 注: 将垂直 (在眼睛的上方和下方对刺激的眼睛) 和/或水平电极 (左眼和右从右, 略高于每个颧骨骨) 为 electrooculography (EOG)。</li>
		<li>调整注射器钝尖, 用导电凝胶填充。将尖端放在电极孔内, 然后轻轻按下柱塞法兰, 直到皮肤上有糊状。用钝尖的十字状动作轻轻擦洗头皮。确保粘贴不溢出在上面, 以避免桥接 (在电极之间的短路)。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>放置肌电图电极。放置两个一次性圆盘电极 (直径约30毫米) 在右外展拇短肌 (通缉令) 的腹部肌腱蒙太奇。根据制造商的指导原则放置地面。</li>
	<li>启动头部注册。按照步骤1.3–1.6。使用 DLPFC 的 MNI 或 Talairach 坐标。</li>
	<li>
热点和电机阈值。
	<ol>
<li>添加海绵 (人造纤维的 polyutherane) 在线圈下, 以减少线圈振动的电极在 TMS 脉冲。请注意, 泡沫应该是大约10毫米厚。</li>
		<li>指导参加者休息-舒适和轻松的手, 腿和脊柱。</li>
		<li>找到热点。将马达旋钮24作为 M1 的初始标志, 并移动线圈直到有相应的通告运动。使用 TMS 强度唤起欧洲议会议员约500µV 的通告。通过改变角度和倾角来优化线圈方向, 从而在热点上唤起最大的响应。</li>
		<li>节省神经导航软件中的线圈定位, 降低2–3% 步骤中的输出强度。给出10脉冲, 如果超过5的10的µV 响应超过50个, 然后继续降低强度。</li>
		<li>当诱发的10反应中少于5时, 通过1–2% 的步骤增加强度。MT 代表的强度, 产生的欧洲议会议员大于50µV 5 10 倍25。MT 之间的刺激间隔 (ISI) 应长于1秒, 通常设置为3、4或5秒。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
使用以下步骤调整强度:
	<ol>
<li>从120% 的 MT 强度开始, 使欧洲议会议员超过 M1 从500到1500µV. 用这个刺激器的输出记录10个脉冲, 所以平均响应为 1 mV。增加或减少1–2% 步骤的强度, 直到达到平均 1 mV。</li>
		<li>对于刺激强度, 选择强度作为刺激器输出的百分比, e., 110%, 120% 等. </li>
		<li>在 V/米中找到相应的诱导场 (如果系统允许)。把线圈放在 DLPFC 上;调整刺激器的输出, 直到诱导场的计算与同一皮质深度的 M1 相同。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>数字化脑电图电极, 使他们的位置注册到大脑解剖。 注意: 这是一个非常重要的步骤, 用于定位神经元活化的分布和准确地重新定位电极在后续的会议。</li>
	<li>
记录 TMS-脑电图
	<ol>
<li>更换耳塞与耳塞与空气管连接到音频掩蔽 (e., 白色噪音), 如果可用, 并添加耳机超过他们。仅在 TMS 脉冲传递期间播放音频掩蔽。 注意: 此步骤可应用于步骤 2.4.2, 而无需播放音频掩蔽和小心, 这样头部跟踪器就不会移动。</li>
		<li>在线圈架上安装线圈, 确保线圈不移动或按下电极。确保海绵在电极和线圈之间。</li>
		<li>从参与者的视线中删除所有活动屏幕。指示参与者盯着一个固定点, 不要改变他/她的头部位置在 tms 交付, 而不是眨眼之间的 tms 脉冲。</li>
		<li>关掉任何荧光灯。为每个参与者随机运行单个脉冲 TMS、SICI、ICF 和 LICI。给出100个单配对脉冲。使用 3–4 s (±20%) 的各种 ISI 或 3–5 s 的常量 (见注)。在每个条件之间给出3–5分钟的休息, 这样参与者就可以放松和伸展。 注: SICI 和 ICF 涉及一个配对脉冲 TMS 范式与阈调节刺激 (CS) 和阈上测试刺激 (TS)。该协议中使用的 CS 是 80% MT 和 TS 的强度唤起 1 mV 峰到峰值26。用于最佳 SICI 的脉间间隔为2毫秒, ICF 在 12–1327。LICI 范式涉及一个超阈值 CS 的配对, 其强度唤起 1 mv 的峰值到峰值后再使用另一个阈上 TS 的强度, 诱发了 1 mV 机电峰值峰值, 并在一个跨脉冲间隔 100 ms. ISI 为单和配对脉冲范式是由刺激器的充电时间决定的 (我们的系统可以允许每4秒配对脉冲), 会话量 (更长的实验需要较小的 ISI, 以不覆盖参与者) 和分析是会发生。在这项研究中, 我们使用了恒定的 ISI 5 s 由于我们的刺激器的限制, 也因为我们需要几个周期的低频波段 (θ节奏) 的时间频率和功率谱分析。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

Pantelis Lioumis 是 Nexstim 有限公司 (芬兰赫尔辛基) 的有偿顾问, 在提交的工作 (如 2017年之前的马达和语音制图 rTMS 应用) 之外。礼 Zomorrodi 是 Vielight 公司咨询委员会 (加拿大多伦多) 的成员。Zafiris j. Daskalakis 接受加拿大卫生研究所 (卫生研究院)、美国国立卫生研究院 (NIH)、韦斯顿脑研究所、加拿大脑部和 Temerty 家族通过 CAMH 基金会和坎贝尔研究提供的研究支持。研究所。他获得了研究支持和实物设备支持, 为调查员发起的研究从 Brainsway 有限公司, 他是网站主要研究员为三赞助发起的研究 Brainsway 有限公司。他收到来自 Magventure 的实物设备支持, 为这个调查员发起的研究。丹尼尔 m. Blumberger 接受加拿大卫生研究所 (卫生研究院)、美国国立卫生研究院 (NIH)、韦斯顿脑研究所、加拿大脑科和 Temerty 家族的研究支持, 通过 CAMH 基金会和坎贝尔研究研究所。他获得了研究支持和实物设备支持, 为调查员发起的研究从 Brainsway 有限公司, 他是网站主要研究员为三赞助发起的研究 Brainsway 有限公司。他收到来自 Magventure 的实物设备支持, 为这个调查员发起的研究。他收到了 Indivior 的调查员发起的试验的药物供应。他参加了 Janssen 咨询委员会。

TMS-脑电图使大多数皮质区域的直接和无创刺激和获得的结果神经元活动具有很好的时空分辨率30, 特别是当神经导航被利用。这一方法的进步的好处是基于事实, TMS 诱发脑电图信号来源于电神经活动, 它是一个指标的皮质皮质兴奋性。这在神经精神病人的人群中具有巨大的潜力, 在那里, TMS 脑电图可以作为当前和未来治疗干预的标志物。
该协议最关键的步骤?...

经颅磁刺激 (TMS) 是一种神经工具, 它允许非侵入性评估皮质神经元活动通过使用快速, 时变磁场脉冲1。这些磁场脉冲在线圈下方的表面皮层产生弱电流, 导致膜退极化。随后的皮质激活或调制直接关系到线圈的特点, 其角度和方向的头骨2。从线圈中排出的脉冲波形和神经元的底层状态也影响皮层激活3。
TMS 通过唤起行为或运动反应或通过中断与任务相关的处理来评估皮质功能。皮质-脊柱过程的兴奋性可以通过记录肌 (肌电图) 的反应, 从单一的 TMS 脉冲的运动皮层, 而 intracortical 兴奋 (intracortical 促进;ICF) 和抑制机制 (短和长的 intracortical 抑制;SICI 和 LICI) 可以用配对脉冲 TMS 进行探测。重复的 TMS 可以扰乱各种认知过程, 但主要是作为治疗工具的各种精神疾病。此外, tms 与同时脑电图 (tms 脑电图) 的结合可用于评估皮质皮质兴奋性和连接度4。最后, 如果对 TMS 的管理是用神经导航 (nTMS) 提供的, 它将允许精确的测试复测范式, 因为可以记录刺激的确切地点。大多数皮质地幔可以被靶向和刺激 (包括那些不产生可测量的物理或行为反应的区域), 从而可以在功能上映射皮层。
从单或配对脉冲 TMS 诱发的脑电图信号可以促进评估皮质皮质连接5和目前的大脑状态。TMS 引起的电流导致动作电位, 可以激活突触。突触后电流的分布可以通过脑电图6记录。eeg 信号可以用来量化和定位突触电流分布通过偶极模型7或最小范数估计8, 当多通道脑电图被使用, 并与电导率结构的头部占。结合 TMS-脑电图可用于研究皮质抑制过程9, 振荡10, 皮质皮质11和大脑纵裂相互作用12, 皮质可塑性13。最重要的是, TMS-脑电图可以探测在认知或运动任务中的兴奋性变化, 具有良好的测试复验可靠性14,15。重要的是, TMS-EEG 有可能确定神经信号, 可能作为反应的预测因素的治疗干预 (rTMS 或药理作用) 在测试复验设计16,17。
基于无框立体定向的原理, 对 TMS 的神经导航原理进行了研究。系统使用一个光学跟踪系统18 , 它采用了一个发光摄像头, 与连接到头部的光反射光学元件 (通过参考跟踪器) 和 TMS 线圈进行通信。在数字化参考工具或钢笔的帮助下, 神经导航允许在3维 MRI 模型上进行线圈定位。使用神经导航方便捕获的线圈方向, 位置和对准对象的头部, 以及数字化的脑电图电极位置。这些功能是测试重新检测设计实验和准确刺激侧前额叶皮质内特定位置的关键。
为了在测试复验实验中使用 TMS-EEG 协议, 需要对皮层区域进行准确的靶向和一致的刺激, 以获得可靠的信号。脑电记录可能容易受到不同的工件的影响。在脑电图电极上的 TMS 诱发的伪影可以用放大器过滤, 在延迟19、20或与不能饱和21的放大器后恢复。然而, 其他类型的伪影产生的眼球运动或眨眼, 颅内肌肉激活接近脑电图电极, 随机电极运动和他们的极化, 并通过线圈点击或躯体感觉必须考虑。仔细的主题准备, 确保电极阻抗低于 5 kΩ, 固定线圈在电极和泡沫之间的线圈和电极, 以减少振动 (或间隔消除低频工件22), 耳塞, 甚至听觉掩蔽应用于最小化这些文物23。这里提出的协议介绍了一个标准的过程, 以评估神经功能时, 刺激是应用在侧前额 (DLPFC)。重点是在 M19,15,16的研究中证实的共同配对脉冲范式。

<table><tbody><tr><td>CED Micro1401-3</td><td>Cambridge Electronic Design Limited</td><td>CED Micro1401-3</td><td>Digital Data Recocrder</td></tr><tr><td>BISTIM&#039;2 Package Option 1</td><td>Magstim</td><td>3234-00</td><td>TMS paired pulse stimulator</td></tr><tr><td>Magstim 200&#039;2 Unit (2 items)</td><td>Magstim</td><td>3010-00</td><td>TMS stimulators</td></tr><tr><td>UI controller</td><td>Magstim</td><td>3020-00</td><td>TMS controller</td></tr><tr><td>BISTIM&#039;2 UI controller</td><td>Magstim</td><td>3021-00</td><td>TMS controller</td></tr><tr><td>BISTIM connecting module</td><td>Magstim</td><td>3330-00</td><td>TMS connecting module</td></tr><tr><td>D70 Alpha Coil - P/N 4150-00 (Alpha 70 mm double coil)</td><td>Magstim</td><td>4150-00</td><td>TMS coil</td></tr><tr><td>Brainsight</td><td>Rogue-Resolutions</td><td>Brainsight 2</td><td>Neuronavigator</td></tr><tr><td>Model 2024F</td><td>Intronix</td><td>2024F</td><td>Electromyograph</td></tr><tr><td>Neuroscan SynAmps RT 64 channel System</td><td>Compumedics Neuroscan</td><td>9032-0010-01</td><td>Electroencephalograph</td></tr><tr><td>Quick-Cap electrode system 64</td><td>Compumedics Neuroscan</td><td>96050255</td><td>EEG Cap</td></tr></tbody></table>

combined transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

经颅磁刺激 (TMS) 是一种非侵入性的方法, 通过短暂的、时变的磁场脉冲, 在皮层产生神经激发。皮质激活或其调制的启动取决于皮质区神经元的背景活化、线圈的特征、其位置和朝向。TMS 结合同时 electrocephalography (eeg) 和神经导航 (nTMS 脑电图), 可以对皮质皮质兴奋性和连通性的几乎所有皮层区域的可重现的方式进行评估。这一进步使 nTMS 脑电图成为一种强有力的工具, 能够准确地评估临床试验所需的测试复测范式中的大脑动力学和神经生理学。这种方法的局限性包括包含初始脑反应刺激的工件。因此, 删除工件的过程也可以提取有价值的信息。此外, 侧前额 (DLPFC) 刺激的最佳参数还不完全知道, 目前的协议利用运动皮层 (M1) 刺激范式的变化。然而, 进化的 nTMS-EEG 设计希望能够解决这些问题。这里提出的议定书介绍了一些标准的做法, 以评估神经功能从刺激到 DLPFC, 可适用于治疗精神障碍患者接受治疗, 如经颅直接电流刺激 (tDCS), 反复经颅磁刺激 (rTMS), 磁性癫痫治疗 (MST) 或抽搐治疗 (ECT)。

图 1一个健康志愿者在平均100个世纪以后 DLPFC 刺激在 F3 电极以后的 TMSevoked 潜力说明。在本例中, 我们在单独应用 ts 时, 突出显示 CS 对 ts 的影响。即使在一个主题中, CS 也会以清晰的方式调节 N100 偏转。在 SICI 和 LICI 会话中, 与 SP 条件16相比, N100 通常会增加, 并且在 ICF 中的绝对值会降低。在图 1<s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex at JoVE.com

Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

这里提出的协议是利用 intracortical 兴奋性测试-重新测试设计范式的 TMS-脑电图研究。该议定书的目的是制定可靠和可重复的皮质兴奋性措施, 以评估与治疗干预措施有关的神经功能, 如严重抑郁症等精神疾病。

侧前额叶皮质联合经颅磁刺激与脑电图的研究

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic ...

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11.7K 次观看.  Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. 这里提出的协议是利用 intracortical 兴奋性测试-重新测试设计范式的 TMS-脑电图研究。该议定书的目的是制定可靠和可重复的皮质兴奋性措施, 以评估与治疗干预措施有关的神经功能, 如严重抑郁症等精神疾病。

视频: Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric currents through the scalp. This constant electric current induces shifts in neuronal membrane excitability, resulting in secondary changes in cortical activity. Although tDCS has most of its neuromodulatory effects on the underlying cortex, tDCS effects can also be observed in distant neural networks. Therefore, concomitant EEG monitoring of the effects of tDCS can provide valuable information on the mechanisms of tDCS. In addition, EEG findings can be an important surrogate marker for the effects of tDCS and thus can be used to optimize its parameters. This combined EEG-tDCS system can also be used for preventive treatment of neurological conditions characterized by abnormal peaks of cortical excitability, such as seizures. Such a system would be the basis of a non-invasive closed-loop device. In this article, we present a novel device that is capable of utilizing tDCS and EEG simultaneously. For that, we describe in a step-by-step fashion the main procedures of the application of this device using schematic figures, tables and video demonstrations. Additionally, we provide a literature review on clinical uses of tDCS and its cortical effects measured by EEG techniques.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has shown initial therapeutic effects in several neurological conditions. The main mechanism underlying these therapeutic effects is the modulation of cortical excitability. Therefore, online monitoring of cortical excitability would help guide stimulation parameters and optimize its therapeutic effects. In the present article we review the use of a novel device that combines simultaneous tDCS and EEG monitoring in real time.

同时脑电图监测在经颅直流电刺激

Transcranial  direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric  currents through the scalp. This constant electric current ...

科研

行为学

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp to manipulate cortical excitability and, consequently, behavior and brain function. In the last decade, numerous studies have addressed short-term and long-term effects of tDCS on different measures of behavioral performance during motor and cognitive tasks, both in healthy individuals and in a number of different patient populations. So far, however, little is known about the neural underpinnings of tDCS-action in humans with regard to large-scale brain networks. This issue can be addressed by combining tDCS with functional brain imaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or electroencephalography (EEG).
In particular, fMRI is the most widely used brain imaging technique to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and motor functions. Application of tDCS during fMRI allows analysis of the neural mechanisms underlying behavioral tDCS effects with high spatial resolution across the entire brain. Recent studies using this technique identified stimulation induced changes in task-related functional brain activity at the stimulation site&#160;and also in more distant brain regions, which were associated with behavioral improvement. In addition, tDCS administered during resting-state fMRI allowed identification of widespread changes in whole brain functional connectivity.
Future studies using this combined protocol should yield new insights into the mechanisms of tDCS action in health and disease and new options for more targeted application of tDCS in research and clinical settings. The present manuscript describes this novel technique in a step-by-step fashion, with a focus on technical aspects of tDCS administered during fMRI.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique. It has successfully been used in basic research and clinical settings to modulate brain function in humans. This article describes the implementation of tDCS and simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to investigate the neural basis of tDCS effects.

经颅直流电刺激和同步功能磁共振成像

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp ...

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily disrupt information processing in a brain region, generating a short-lived &#8220;virtual lesion.&#8221; Stimulation that interferes with task performance indicates that the affected brain region is necessary to perform the task normally. In other words, unlike neuroimaging methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that indicate correlations between brain and behavior, TMS can be used to demonstrate causal brain-behavior relations. Furthermore, by varying the duration and onset of the virtual lesion, TMS can also reveal the time course of normal processing. As a result, TMS has become an important tool in cognitive neuroscience. Advantages of the technique over lesion-deficit studies include better spatial-temporal precision of the disruption effect, the ability to use participants as their own control subjects, and the accessibility of participants. Limitations include concurrent auditory and somatosensory stimulation that may influence task performance, limited access to structures more than a few centimeters from the surface of the scalp, and the relatively large space of free parameters that need to be optimized in order for the experiment to work. Experimental designs that give careful consideration to appropriate control conditions help to address these concerns. This article illustrates these issues with TMS results that investigate the spatial and temporal contributions of the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) to reading.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique for non-invasively disrupting neural information processing and measuring its effect on behavior. When TMS interferes with a task, it indicates that the stimulated brain region is necessary for normal task performance, allowing one to systematically relate brain regions to cognitive functions.

经颅磁刺激对调查因果脑 - 行为关系及其时间进程

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily ...

Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

The effect of a stimulus to the brain depends not only on the parameters of the stimulus but also on the dynamics of brain activity at the time of the stimulation. The combination of electroencephalography (EEG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in a real-time brain state-dependent stimulation system allows the study of relations of dynamics of brain activity, cortical excitability, and plasticity induction. Here, we demonstrate a newly developed method to synchronize the timing of brain stimulation with the phase of ongoing EEG oscillations using a real-time data analysis system. This real-time EEG-triggered TMS of the human motor cortex, when TMS is synchronized with the surface EEG negative peak of the sensorimotor &#181;-alpha (8-14 Hz) rhythm, has shown differential corticospinal excitability and plasticity effects. The utilization of this method suggests that real-time information about the instantaneous brain state can be used for efficacious plasticity induction. Additionally, this approach enables personalized EEG-synchronized brain stimulation which may lead to the development of more effective therapeutic brain stimulation protocols.

This paper describes real-time electroencephalography-triggered transcranial magnetic stimulation to study and modulate human brain networks.

脑状态依赖性脑刺激与实时脑脑图触发颅内磁刺激

The effect of a stimulus to the brain depends not only on the parameters of the stimulus but also on the dynamics of brain activity at the time of the ...

Extracting Visual Evoked Potentials from EEG Data Recorded During fMRI-guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological effects. Specifically, by creating a transient interference with the normal activity of a target region and measuring changes in an electrophysiological signal, we can establish a causal link between the stimulated brain area or network and the electrophysiological signal that we record. If target brain areas are functionally defined with prior fMRI scan, TMS could be used to link the fMRI activations with evoked potentials recorded. However, conducting such experiments presents significant technical challenges given the high amplitude artifacts introduced into the EEG signal by the magnetic pulse, and the difficulty to successfully target areas that were functionally defined by fMRI. Here we describe a methodology for combining these three common tools: TMS, EEG, and fMRI. We explain how to guide the stimulator&#39;s coil to the desired target area using anatomical or functional MRI data, how to record EEG during concurrent TMS, how to design an ERP study suitable for EEG-TMS combination and how to extract reliable ERP from the recorded data. We will provide representative results from a previously published study, in which fMRI-guided TMS was used concurrently with EEG to show that the face-selective N1 and the body-selective N1 component of the ERP are associated with distinct neural networks in extrastriate cortex. This method allows us to combine the high spatial resolution of fMRI with the high temporal resolution of TMS and EEG and therefore obtain a comprehensive understanding of the neural basis of various cognitive processes.

This paper describes a method for collecting and analyzing electroencephalography (EEG) data during concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) guided by activations revealed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A method for TMS artifact removal and extraction of event related potentials is described as well as considerations in paradigm design and experimental setup.

提取脑电数据视觉诱发电位记录在功能磁共振成像引导下经颅磁刺激

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological ...

神经科学

The Use of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Measurement of Bi-hemispheric Transcranial Electric Stimulation Effects on Primary Motor Cortex Metabolism

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as stroke and depression. Yet, the mechanisms underlying its ability to modulate brain excitability to improve clinical symptoms remains poorly understood 33. To help improve this understanding, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) can be used as it allows the in vivo quantification of brain metabolites such as &#947;-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in a region-specific manner 41. In fact, a recent study demonstrated that 1H-MRS is indeed a powerful means to better understand the effects of tDCS on neurotransmitter concentration 34. This article aims to describe the complete protocol for combining tDCS (NeuroConn MR compatible stimulator) with 1H-MRS at 3 T using a MEGA-PRESS sequence. We will describe the impact of a protocol that has shown great promise for the treatment of motor dysfunctions after stroke, which consists of bilateral stimulation of primary motor cortices 27,30,31. Methodological factors to consider and possible modifications to the protocol are also discussed.

This article aims to describe a basic protocol for combining transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) measurements to investigate the effects of bilateral stimulation on primary motor cortex metabolism.

磁共振波谱的用途，用于对初级运动皮层新陈代谢双半球经颅电刺激效果的测量工具一

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of ...

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific frequency and in turn modulate ongoing cortical oscillatory activity. This neurotool allows the establishment of a causal link between endogenous oscillatory activity and behavior. Most of the tACS studies have shown online effects of tACS. However, little is known about the underlying action mechanisms of this technique because of the AC-induced artifacts on Electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Here we show a unique approach to investigate online physiological frequency-specific effects of tACS of the primary motor cortex (M1) by using single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to probe cortical excitability changes. In our setup, the TMS coil is placed over the tACS electrode while Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) are collected to test the effects of the ongoing M1-tACS. So far, this approach has mainly been used to study the visual and motor systems. However, the current tACS-TMS setup can pave the way for future investigations of cognitive functions. Therefore, we provide a step-by-step manual and video guidelines for the procedure.

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) allows the modulation of cortical excitability in a frequency-specific fashion. Here we show a unique approach which combines online tACS with single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in order to "probe" cortical excitability by means of Motor Evoked Potentials.

经颅磁刺激在线联合方法对经颅交流电刺激对原发性运动皮层的影响

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Understanding interactions between brain areas is important for the study of goal-directed behavior. Functional neuroimaging of brain connectivity has provided important insights into fundamental processes of the brain like cognition, learning, and motor control. However, this approach cannot provide causal evidence for the involvement of brain areas of interest. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a powerful, noninvasive tool for studying the human brain that can overcome this limitation by transiently modifying brain activity. Here, we highlight recent advances using a paired-pulse, dual-site TMS method with two coils that causally probes cortico-cortical interactions in the human motor system during different task contexts. Additionally, we describe a dual-site TMS protocol based on cortical paired associative stimulation (cPAS) that transiently enhances synaptic efficiency in two interconnected brain areas by applying repeated pairs of cortical stimuli with two coils. These methods can provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cognitive-motor function as well as a new perspective on manipulating specific neural pathways in a targeted fashion to modulate brain circuits and improve behavior. This approach may prove to be an effective tool to develop more sophisticated models of brain-behavior relations and improve diagnosis and treatment of many neurological and psychiatric disorders.

This article describes new approaches to measure and strengthen functionally specific neural pathways with transcranial magnetic stimulation. These advanced noninvasive brain stimulation methodologies can provide new opportunities for the understanding of brain-behavior relations and development of new therapies to treat brain disorders.

利用颅内磁刺激测量和操纵人体运动系统中功能特定的神经通路

Understanding interactions between brain areas is important for the study of goal-directed behavior. Functional neuroimaging of brain connectivity has ...

Employing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in a Resource Limited Environment to Establish Brain-Behavior Relationships

Neuroimaging is typically perceived as a resource demanding discipline. While this is the case in certain circumstances, institutions with limited resources have historically contributed significantly to the field of neuroscience, including neuroimaging. In the study of self-deception, we have successfully employed single-pulse TMS to determine the brain correlates of abilities including overclaiming and self-enhancement. Even without the use of neuro-navigation, methods provided here lead to successful outcomes. For example, it was discovered that decreases in self-deceptive responding lead to a decrease in affect. These methods provide data that are reliable and valid, and such methods provide research opportunities otherwise unavailable.&#160;Through the use of these methods, the overall knowledge base in the field of neuroscience is expanded, providing research opportunities to students such as those at our institution&#160;(Montclair State University is a Hispanic-Serving Institute) who are often denied such research experiences.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and low-frequency TMS (lfTMS) have&#160;been demonstrated to be major contributors to brain literature. Here we highlight the methods for investigating the cortical correlates of self-deception using TMS.

在资源有限的环境中采用经颅磁刺激来建立大脑行为关系

Neuroimaging is typically perceived as a resource demanding discipline. While this is the case in certain circumstances, institutions with limited ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>神经导航 tDCS 提高 fMRI 研究中电极放置的准确性

Neuronavigated Focalized Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Administered During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that allows the modulation of the excitability and plasticity of the human brain. Focalized tDCS setups use specific electrode arrangements to constrain the current flow to circumscribed brain regions. However, the effectiveness of focalized tDCS can be compromised by electrode positioning errors on the scalp, resulting in significant reductions of the current dose reaching the target brain regions for tDCS. Electrode placement guided by neuronavigation based on the individual&#39;s head and brain anatomy derived from structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data may be suited to improve positioning accuracy.
This protocol describes the method of neuronavigated electrode placement for a focalized tDCS setup, which is suitable for concurrent administration during functional MRI (fMRI). We also quantify the accuracy of electrode placement and investigate electrode drift in a concurrent tDCS-fMRI experiment. Critical steps involve the optimization of electrode positions based on current modeling that considers the individual&#39;s head and brain anatomy, the implementation of neuronavigated electrode placement on the scalp, and the administration of optimized and focal tDCS during fMRI.
The regional precision of electrode placement is quantified using the Euclidean norm (L2&#160;Norm) to determine deviations of the actual from the intended electrode positions during a concurrent tDCS-fMRI study. Any potential displacement of electrodes (drift) during the experiment is investigated by comparing actual electrode positions before and after the fMRI acquisition. In addition, we directly compare the placement accuracy of neuronavigated tDCS to that achieved by a scalp-based targeting approach (a 10-20 Electroencephalography (EEG) system). These analyses demonstrate superior placement accuracy for neuronavigation compared to scalp-based electrode placement and negligible electrode drift across a 20 min scanning period.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>在功能磁共振成像期间进行神经导航聚焦经颅直流电刺激

This protocol describes the method of neuronavigated electrode placement for focal, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) administered during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

在功能磁共振成像期间进行神经导航聚焦经颅直流电刺激

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that allows the modulation of the excitability and plasticity ...