作者承认联合国教科文组织-fcav 的犬类绝育计划为提供卵巢而提供的。这项工作得到了 fapesp (第2012号进程编号----14293-0) 和 capes 的赠款。

本实验是在犬类绝育手术中 , 用 4 个母狗的卵巢进行的。这项试验得到了教科文组织-fcav 动物使用道德委员会的批准 (第026995号议定书)。
1. 实验准备
<ol><li>准备或购买500毫升无菌的杜尔贝克的磷酸盐缓冲盐水 (dpbs), 不含钙或镁。</li>
	<li>通过将40μg 的酶混合在 dpbs 的1毫升中, 制备胶原酶 i 库存溶液。使用0.2μm 注射器过滤器进行过滤, 并在-20°c 时存储2毫升。</li>
	<li>用10% 的胎儿血清和1% 的抗生素从 dulbecco 的改良鹰培养基 (dmem) 低血糖中制备培养基。</li>
	<li>收集无菌材料: 剪刀和钳子、组织培养瓶、盘子、管道、10毫升和5毫升移液器。</li>
	<li>使用标准的细胞培养实验室设备: 生物安全柜 (bsc)、5% co 2 和38°c 的细胞培养孵化器和离心机。</li>
	<li>用戴手套的手清洁 bsc: 用 70% etoh 用紫外线灯对其进行消毒。</li>
</ol>2. 从卵巢中分离间充质干细胞
<ol><li>手术后, 将 pbs 中的卵巢放在锥形管的冰上, 直到它们到达实验室。</li>
	<li>用10毫升的 pbs 填充两个100毫米 petri 菜。</li>
	<li>从试管中取出卵巢, 并将其转移到第一个与 pbs 的培养皿中。用混合运动清洗它们。</li>
	<li>轻轻地拿回卵巢, 把它放到另一道菜里。用无菌的推拿器和剪刀, 将组织切成非常小的碎片, 大约1毫米大小。</li>
	<li>将卵巢组织转移到35毫米的培养皿中, 加入2毫升的胶原酶。把纸巾再切一点。</li>
	<li>将培养皿放在38°c 的孵化器中 3小时, 每20分钟以圆周运动轻轻摇晃培养皿。</li>
	<li>3小时后, 从孵化器中取出培养皿。</li>
	<li>将菜的内容物转移到15毫升管中。添加5毫升的扩展介质。</li>
	<li>离心前轻轻倒置管。在 2100 x g 的时间内离心管 7分钟, 取出上清液, 用3毫升膨胀介质重新悬浮颗粒。</li>
	<li>将颗粒转移到 t25 瓶中。在38°c 的情况下, 将瓶放入 5% co2 的孵化器中3小时。 注: 该程序最重要的部分是在孵育3小时后更换介质。</li>
	<li>从孵化器中取出瓶子, 取出含有剩余组织的介质。在瓶中加入3毫升新鲜的膨胀介质。</li>
	<li>每48小时更换一次介质, 观察瓶子的细胞融合。 注: 该过程的主要步骤可以在图 1中观察到。</li>
</ol>3. 卵巢间充质干细胞的扩张
<ol><li>
细胞通道
	<ol>
<li>当细胞到达汇合处时, 从瓶子中取出介质。</li>
		<li>用3毫升的 pbs 清洗瓶子。删除 pbs。</li>
		<li>加入1.5 毫升的胰蛋白酶, 在38°c 的孵化器中放入孵化器 3分钟, 轻轻轻拍瓶子, 帮助细胞分离。 注: 细胞应在初始电镀后达到大约5-7天的融合。</li>
		<li>加入3毫升的膨胀介质, 并将内容物转移到锥形管。</li>
		<li>在 2100 x g的时间内离心管 7分钟, 取出上清液, 加入1毫升的膨胀介质。</li>
		<li>轻轻均匀的管的内容。</li>
		<li>取10μl 的样本进行细胞计数, 并将细胞的管放回孵化器。</li>
		<li>将混合物的10μl 放入血细胞计中。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
对细胞进行计数
	<ol>
<li>使用显微镜的10倍目标, 并专注于血细胞仪的网格线。</li>
		<li>将单元格数到五个小方块中 (图 2)。</li>
		<li>将计数数乘以 50, 000 以估计每毫升的细胞数。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 骨髓间充质干细胞从卵巢的分化
注: 差异化检测是根据 hill 等人制定的准则进行的.9个。
<ol><li>种子 1.0 x10 4 细胞每口井, 一式三份, 使用4井培养皿。</li>
	<li>添加1毫升的扩展介质。</li>
	<li>用圆周运动轻轻搅拌盘子。</li>
	<li>24小时后, 用理想的分化媒体取代培养基。</li>
	<li>对于成骨、脂质和软骨原分化, 用诱导培养基孵育细胞, 每 3 d 更换一次, 每 3 d 一次, 每项检测都使用特定的分化试剂盒。</li>
	<li>对于神经源性谱系分化, 在诱导培养基中孵育细胞 10 d, 每 3 d 更换一次培养基。这里使用的培养基含有 dmem 低葡萄糖、2 mm 丙戊酸、1μm 氢化可的松、10μm 福斯科林、5mm 氯化钾、5μgml 胰岛素和200μm 丁基羟基烟唑。</li>
	<li>对于内胚层前体, 按照试剂制造商的说明在内皮介质中孵育5d。</li>
	<li>对于原始生殖细胞谱系分化, 在诱导培养基中孵育细胞 14d, 每 3 d 更换一次培养基。这里使用的介质含有 dmem、10% fbs、1 mm 丙酮酸钠、10 ngml lif、1 mm 非必要氨基酸, 2 mm l-谷氨酰胺, 5μg/ml 胰岛素, 0.1 mm β-硫醇, 60μm 酯烷, 20μgml 转铁蛋白, 10ngml 小鼠表皮生长因子, 1 ng/ml 人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子, 40 ngml 人胶质细胞系源性神经营养因子, 青霉素 15 mgl。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Gazit, Z., Pelled, G., Sheyn, D., Kimelman, N., Gazit, D., Atala, A., Lanza, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stem+cells.">Mesenchymal stem cells.</a> Handbook of Stem Cells (2nd Edition). , 513-527 (2013).</li><li>Zipori, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nature+of+stem+cells:+state+rather+than+entity.">The nature of stem cells: state rather than entity.</a> Nature Reviews Genetics. 5 (11), 873-878 (2004).</li><li>Auersperg, N., Wong, A. S., Choi, K. C., Kang, S. K., Leung, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ovarian+surface+epithelium:+biology,+endocrinology,+and+pathology.">Ovarian surface epithelium: biology, endocrinology, and pathology.</a> Endocrine Reviews. 22 (2), 255-288 (2001).</li><li>Ahmed, N., Thompson, E. W., Quinn, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epithelial-mesenchymal+interconversions+in+normal+ovarian+surface+epithelium+and+ovarian+carcinomas:+an+exception+to+the+norm.">Epithelial-mesenchymal interconversions in normal ovarian surface epithelium and ovarian carcinomas: an exception to the norm.</a> Journal of Cellular Physiology. 213 (3), 581-588 (2007).</li><li>Bukovsky, A., Svetlikova, M., Caudle, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oogenesis+in+cultures+derived+from+adult+human+ovaries.">Oogenesis in cultures derived from adult human ovaries.</a> Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 3 (1), 17 (2005).</li><li>Gong, S. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+stem+cell-like+cells+established+by+culture+of+adult+ovarian+cells+in+mice.">Embryonic stem cell-like cells established by culture of adult ovarian cells in mice.</a> Fertility and Sterility. 93 (8), 2594-2601 (2010).</li><li>Johnson, J., Canning, J., Kaneko, T., Pru, J. K., Tilly, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Germline+stem+cells+and+follicular+renewal+in+the+postnatal+mammalian+ovary.">Germline stem cells and follicular renewal in the postnatal mammalian ovary.</a> Nature. 428 (6979), 145 (2004).</li><li>Deans, R. J., Moseley, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stem+cells:+biology+and+potential+clinical+uses.">Mesenchymal stem cells: biology and potential clinical uses.</a> Experimental Hematology. 28 (8), 875-884 (2000).</li><li>Trinda Hill, A. B. T., Therrien, J., Garcia, J. M., Smith, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal-like+stem+cells+in+canine+ovary+show+high+differentiation+potential.">Mesenchymal-like stem cells in canine ovary show high differentiation potential.</a> Cell Proliferation. 50 (6), 12391 (2017).</li><li>Dominici, M. L. B. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minimal+criteria+for+defining+multipotent+mesenchymal+stromal+cells.+The+International+Society+for+Cellular+Therapy+position+statement.">Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement.</a> Cytotherapy. 8, 4315-4317 (2006).</li><li>Friedenstein, A. J., Piatetzky-Shapiro, I. I., Petrakova, K. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteogenesis+in+transplants+of+bone+marrow+cells.">Osteogenesis in transplants of bone marrow cells.</a> Development. 16 (3), 381-390 (1966).</li><li>Kuznetsov, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-colony+derived+strains+of+human+marrow+stromal+fibroblasts+form+bone+after+transplantation+in+vivo.">Single-colony derived strains of human marrow stromal fibroblasts form bone after transplantation in vivo.</a> Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 12 (9), 1335-1347 (1997).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

在此, 我们提供的证据表明, 骨髓间充质干细胞可以从犬卵巢组织中分离出来, 这被认为是卵巢切除术后的生物废物。由于在卵巢中可以找到许多细胞类型, 我们提出了一种协议, 选择骨髓间充质干细胞的基础上, 他们的快速坚持塑料, 成功地选择细胞生长在单层生长与成纤维细胞样的形态。
第一次从骨髓中提取骨髓间充质干细胞的报告是根据骨髓间充质干细胞在培...

在过去的十年里, 以干细胞为重点的已发表的研究数量大幅增加, 这一研究工作是由发现强大的再生医学疗法的集体目标推动的。干细胞有两个主要的定义标记: 自我更新和分化。与胚胎干细胞1相比, 间充质干细胞负责正常的组织周转, 分化能力更加有限.最近, 许多研究表明骨髓间充质干细胞有广泛的分化, 目前正在讨论的一个话题是胚胎干细胞和成人干细胞之间的差异是否存在。
卵巢表面上皮是未承诺的细胞层, 分化相对较少, 表达上皮和间充质标记 3, 保留分化为不同类型细胞的能力.环境信号4。干细胞在卵巢中的确切位置尚不清楚;然而, 有人提出, 在中的生物祖细胞会产生生殖细胞5。免疫学研究假设这些细胞的基质起源为 6或位于或接近卵巢表面7。由于间充质干细胞表达了在细胞粘附中发挥重要作用的众多受体, 因此设计了一项实验来检验选择具有快速粘附的细胞群可以清楚地分离出大量细胞的假设在本质上可以被描述为间充质。最近, 我们的小组报告了 mscs 的来源, 基于他们的粘附能力的培养前3小时培养培养培养皿的塑料表面, 以获得纯化的细胞群表现出快速粘附 9.在这里, 我们描述了从卵巢组织中分离间充质干细胞的方法。

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">DPBS&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">14190144</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Collagenase I</td>
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			<td style="width:123px;">17100017</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Tissue flask</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">CLS3056</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">DMEM low glucose</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">11054020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">FBS</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">12484-010</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">TrypLE express</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">12604021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">StemPro Adipogenesis Differentiation Kit</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A1007001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">StemPro Chondrogenesis Differentiation Kit</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A1007101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">StemPro Osteogenesis Differentiation Kit</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A1007201</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">STEMdiff Definitive Endoderm Kit</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">StemCell</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">5110</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">15070063</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">CD45</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">AbD Serotec</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">MCA 2035S</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">CD34</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">AbD Serotec</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">MCA 2411GA</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">CD90</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">AbD Serotec</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">MCA 1036G</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">CD44</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">AbD Serotec</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Nestin</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Milipore</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">MAB353</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">&#946;-Tubulin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Milipore</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">MAB1637</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">DDX4</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">PA5 -23378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">IgG- FITC</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">AbD Serotec</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">STAR80F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">IgG- FITC</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">AbD Serotec</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">STAR120F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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derivation and differentiation of canine ovarian mesenchymal stem cells

在过去的十年里, 人们对间充质干细胞 (mscs) 的兴趣增加了, 因为它们易于分离、扩张和培养。最近, 研究表明, 这些细胞具有广泛的分化能力。卵巢是细胞疗法的一个有希望的候选, 因为它富含骨髓间充质干细胞, 并经常在卵巢切除术后作为生物废物丢弃。本文介绍了从犬卵巢中提取的骨髓间充质干细胞的分离、扩展和分化过程, 而无需细胞分选技术。该方案是再生医学的重要工具, 因为这些高度可微化的细胞在临床试验和治疗用途中具有广泛的适用性。

犬卵巢间充质干细胞分离:
图 1总结了卵巢 msc 隔离过程。手术后, 组织切碎, 胶原酶消化, 和培养基改变3小时后的培养, 假定 msc 群体具有快速的塑料粘附性能, 成功地从犬卵巢组织中分离出来。收获的细胞迅速粘附在培养皿的塑料表面, 并成长为形态均匀的单层培养, 具有典型的 ms...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Derivation and Differentiation of Canine Ovarian Mesenchymal Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Derivation and Differentiation of Canine Ovarian Mesenchymal Stem Cells

在此, 我们描述了一种从犬卵巢组织中分离、扩张和分化间充质干细胞的方法。

犬卵巢间充质干细胞的提取与分化

Interest in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has increased over the past decade due to their ease of isolation, expansion, and culture. Recently, studies ...

该程序的总体目标是分离，扩大和区分从犬卵巢组织获得的中质茎销售。这个实验是用犬类绝育计划选择性手术后捐赠的四只母狗的卵巢进行的。这项实验得到了圣保罗州立大学动物使用伦理委员会的批准。代表性结果。讨论. 结论.

derivation-differentiation-canine-ovarian-mesenchymal-stem

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JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

5.6K 次观看.  São Paulo State University (UNESP). 该程序的总体目标是分离，扩大和区分从犬卵巢组织获得的中质茎销售。这个实验是用犬类绝育计划选择性手术后捐赠的四只母狗的卵巢进行的。这项实验得到了圣保罗州立大学动物使用伦理委员会的批准。代表性结果。讨论. 结论.

视频: Derivation and Differentiation of Canine Ovarian Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells (SMC), and endothelial cells and hold great promise in cell therapy against heart disease. Among various methods to isolate CPCs, differentiation of embryonic stem cell (ESC) into CPCs attracts great attention in the field since ESCs can provide unlimited cell source. As a result, numerous strategies have been developed to derive CPCs from ESCs. In this protocol, differentiation and purification of embryonic CPCs from both mouse and human ESCs is described. Due to the difficulty of using cell surface markers to isolate embryonic CPCs, ESCs are engineered with fluorescent reporters activated by CPC-specific cre recombinase expression. Thus, CPCs can be enriched by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). This protocol illustrates procedures to form embryoid bodies (EBs) from ESCs for CPC specification and enrichment. The isolated CPCs can be subsequently cultured for cardiac lineage differentiation and other biological assays. This protocol is optimized for robust and efficient derivation of CPCs from both mouse and human ESCs.

In this protocol, derivation of cardiac progenitor cells from both mouse and human embryonic stem cells will be illustrated. A major strategy in this protocol is to enrich cardiac progenitor cells with flow cytometry using fluorescent reporters engineered into the embryonic stem cell lines.

从胚胎干细胞衍生心脏祖细胞

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells (SMC), and endothelial cells and hold great ...

科研

发育生物学

Efficient Derivation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from Stem Cells

No cure has been discovered for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 55. AMD is complex multifactorial disease with an unknown etiology, although it is largely thought to occur due to death or dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a monolayer of cells that underlies the retina and provides critical support for photoreceptors. RPE cell replacement strategies may hold great promise for providing therapeutic relief for a large subset of AMD patients, and RPE cells that strongly resemble primary human cells (hRPE) have been generated in multiple independent labs, including our own. In addition, the uses for iPS-RPE are not limited to cell-based therapies, but also have been used to model RPE diseases. These types of studies may not only elucidate the molecular bases of the diseases, but also serve as invaluable tools for developing and testing novel drugs. We present here an optimized protocol for directed differentiation of RPE from stem cells. Adding nicotinamide and either Activin A or IDE-1, a small molecule that mimics its effects, at specific time points, greatly enhances the yield of RPE cells. Using this technique we can derive large numbers of low passage RPE in as early as three months.

Stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells may be used for multiple applications including cell-based therapies for retinal degeneration, disease modeling, and drug studies. Here we present a simple protocol for reproducibly deriving RPE from stem cells.

视网膜色素上皮细胞的干细胞高效的推导

No cure has been discovered for age-related macular degeneration  (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 55. AMD is complex ...

Derivation of Highly Purified Cardiomyocytes from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Small Molecule-modulated Differentiation and Subsequent Glucose Starvation

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have become an important cell source to address the lack of primary cardiomyocytes available for basic research and translational applications. To differentiate hiPSCs into cardiomyocytes, various protocols including embryoid body (EB)-based differentiation and growth factor induction have been developed. However, these protocols are inefficient and highly variable in their ability to generate purified cardiomyocytes. Recently, a small molecule-based protocol utilizing modulation of Wnt/&#946;-Catenin signaling was shown to promote cardiac differentiation with high efficiency. With this protocol, greater than 50%-60% of differentiated cells were cardiac troponin-positive cardiomyocytes were consistently observed. To further increase cardiomyocyte purity, the differentiated cells were subjected to glucose starvation to specifically eliminate non-cardiomyocytes based on the metabolic differences between cardiomyocytes and non-cardiomyocytes. Using this selection strategy, we consistently obtained a greater than 30% increase in the ratio of cardiomyocytes to non-cardiomyocytes in a population of differentiated cells. These highly purified cardiomyocytes should enhance the reliability of results from human iPSC-based in vitro disease modeling studies and drug screening assays.

Here, we describe a robust protocol for human cardiomyocyte derivation that combines small molecule-modulated cardiac differentiation and glucose deprivation-mediated cardiomyocyte purification, enabling production of purified cardiomyocytes for the purposes of cardiovascular disease modeling and drug screening.

从人类诱导多能干细胞使用小分子调制分化和随后的葡萄糖饥饿高度纯化心肌推导

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have become an important cell source to address the lack of primary cardiomyocytes ...

Feeder-free Derivation of Melanocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a platform to study human development in vitro under both normal and disease conditions. Researchers can direct the differentiation of hPSCs into the cell type of interest by manipulating the culture conditions to recapitulate signals seen during development. One such cell type is the melanocyte, a pigment-producing cell of neural crest (NC) origin responsible for protecting the skin against UV irradiation. This protocol presents an extension of a currently available in vitro Neural Crest differentiation protocol from hPSCs to further differentiate NC into fully pigmented melanocytes. Melanocyte precursors can be enriched from the Neural Crest protocol via a timed exposure to activators of WNT, BMP, and EDN3 signaling under dual-SMAD-inhibition conditions. The resultant melanocyte precursors are then purified and matured into fully pigmented melanocytes by culture in a selective medium. The resultant melanocytes are fully pigmented and stain appropriately for proteins characteristic of mature melanocytes.

This work describes an in vitro differentiation protocol to produce pigmented, mature melanocytes from human pluripotent stem cells via a neural crest and melanoblast intermediate stage using a feeder-free, 25 day protocol.

从人多能干细胞的黑素细胞的无饲养推导

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a platform to study human development in vitro under both normal and disease conditions. Researchers can ...

Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues

Specific gene transcription is a key biological process that underlies cell fate decision during embryonic development. The biological process is mediated by transcription factors which bind genomic regulatory regions including enhancers and promoters of cardiac constitutive genes. DNA is wrapped around histones that are subjected to chemical modifications. Modifications of histones further lead to repressed, activated or poised gene transcription, thus bringing another level of fine tuning regulation of gene transcription. Embryonic Stem cells (ES cells) recapitulate within embryoid bodies (i.e., cell aggregates) or in 2D culture the early steps of cardiac development. They provide in principle enough material for chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), a technology broadly used to identify gene regulatory regions. Furthermore, human ES cells represent a human cell model of cardiogenesis. At later stages of development, mouse embryonic tissues allow for investigating specific epigenetic landscapes required for determination of cell identity. Herein, we describe protocols of ChIP, sequential ChIP followed by PCR or ChIP-sequencing using ES cells, embryoid bodies and cardiac specific embryonic regions. These protocols allow to investigating the epigenetic regulation of cardiac gene transcription.

A fine tuning regulation of gene transcription underlies embryonic cell fate decision. Herein, we describe chromatin immunoprecipitation assays used to investigate epigenetic regulation of both cardiac differentiation of stem cells and cardiac development of mouse embryos.

心脏分化的表观遗传调控胚胎干细胞和组织

Specific gene transcription is a key biological process that underlies cell fate decision during embryonic development. The biological process is mediated ...

Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Derived from Human Placenta Tissue

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose dependent. Human term placenta is rich in MSC and is a physically large tissue that is generally discarded following birth. Placenta is an ideal starting material for the large-scale manufacture of multiple cell doses of allogeneic MSC. The placenta is a fetomaternal organ from which either fetal or maternal tissue can be isolated. This article describes the placental anatomy and procedure to dissect apart the decidua (maternal), chorionic villi (fetal), and chorionic plate (fetal) tissue. The protocol then outlines how to isolate MSC from each dissected tissue region, and provides representative analysis of expanded MSC derived from the respective tissue types. These methods are intended for pre-clinical MSC isolation, but have also been adapted for clinical manufacture of placental MSC for human therapeutic use.

Herein we describe methods for the dissection of fetal and maternal tissues from human term placenta, followed by isolation and expansion of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) from these tissues.

从人胎盘组织源分离和间充质干扩张/基质细胞

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Functional Cardiomyocyte-like Cells

Myocardial infarction and the subsequent ischemic cascade result in the extensive loss of cardiomyocytes, leading to congestive heart failure, the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising option for cell-based therapies to replace current, invasive techniques. MSCs can differentiate into mesenchymal lineages, including cardiac cell types, but complete differentiation into functional cells has not yet been achieved. Previous methods of differentiation were based on pharmacological agents or growth factors. However, more physiologically relevant strategies can also enable MSCs to undergo cardiomyogenic transformation. Here, we present a differentiation method using MSC aggregates on cardiomyocyte feeder layers to produce cardiomyocyte-like contracting cells.
Human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs) have been shown to have a greater differentiation potential than commonly investigated MSC types, such as bone marrow MSCs (BMSCs). As an ontogenetically younger source, we investigated the cardiomyogenic potential of first-trimester (FTM) HUCPVCs compared to older sources. FTM HUCPVCs are a novel, rich source of MSCs that retain their in utero immunoprivileged properties when cultured in vitro. Using this differentiation protocol, FTM and term HUCPVCs achieved significantly increased cardiomyogenic differentiation compared to BMSCs, as indicated by the increased expression of cardiomyocyte markers (i.e., myocyte enhancer factor 2C, cardiac troponin T, heavy chain cardiac myosin, signal regulatory protein &#945;, and connexin 43). They also maintained significantly lower immunogenicity, as demonstrated by their lower HLA-A expression and higher HLA-G expression. Applying aggregate-based differentiation, FTM HUCPVCs showed increased aggregate formation potential and generated contracting cells clusters within 1 week of co-culture on cardiac feeder layers, becoming the first MSC type to do so. 
Our results demonstrate that this differentiation strategy can effectively harness the cardiomyogenic potential of young MSCs, such as FTM HUCPVCs, and suggests that in vitro pre-differentiation could be a potential strategy to increase their regenerative efficacy in vivo.

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Functional Cardiomyocyte-like Cells

Here, we present a method to efficiently harness the cardiac differentiation potential of young sources of human mesenchymal stem cells in order to generate functional, contracting, cardiomyocyte-like cells in vitro.

在体外人骨髓间充质干细胞分化为心肌样细胞功能

Myocardial infarction and the subsequent ischemic cascade result in the extensive loss of cardiomyocytes, leading to congestive heart failure, the leading ...

Integration Free Derivation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Laminin 521 Matrix

Xeno-free and fully defined conditions are key parameters for robust and reproducible generation of homogenous human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells. Maintenance of hiPS cells on feeder cells or undefined matrices are susceptible to batch variances, pathogenic contamination and risk of immunogenicity. Utilizing the defined recombinant human laminin 521 (LN-521) matrix in combination with xeno-free and defined media formulations reduces variability and allows for the consistent generation of hiPS cells. The Sendai virus (SeV) vector is a non-integrating RNA-based system, thus circumventing concerns associated with the potential disruptive effect on genome integrity integrating vectors can have. Furthermore, these vectors have demonstrated relatively high efficiency in the reprogramming of dermal fibroblasts. In addition, enzymatic single cell passaging of cells facilitates homogeneous maintenance of hiPS cells without substantial prior experience of stem cell culture. Here we describe a protocol that has been extensively tested and developed with a focus on reproducibility and ease of use, providing a robust and practical way to generate defined and xeno-free human hiPS cells from fibroblasts.

Robust derivation of human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells was achieved by using non-integrating Sendai virus (SeV) vector mediated reprogramming of dermal fibroblasts. hiPS cell maintenance and clonal expansion was performed using xeno-free and chemically defined culture conditions with recombinant human laminin 521 (LN-521) matrix and Essential E8 (E8) Medium.

使用层粘连蛋白521矩阵整合人诱导多能干细胞的自由衍生

Xeno-free and fully defined conditions are key parameters for robust and reproducible generation of homogenous human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) ...

Rapid, Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing a detailed and thorough protocol is to clearly demonstrate each step and to make this readily available to researchers in the field. This protocol results in a homogenous layer of RPE with minimal or no manual dissection needed. The method presented here has been shown to be effective for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and human embryonic stem cells. Additionally, we describe methods for cryopreservation of intermediate cell banks that allow long-term storage. RPE generated using this protocol might be useful for iPSC disease-in-a-dish modeling or clinical application.

This protocol describes how to produce retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) from pluripotent stem cells. The method uses a combination of growth factors and small molecules to direct the differentiation of stem cells into immature RPE in fourteen days and mature, functional RPE after three months.

人胚胎或诱导多能干细胞对视网膜色素上皮细胞的快速定向分化

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and chromosome dynamics. While the germline is an excellent model, the analysis is often two dimensional due to the time and labor required for three-dimensional analysis. Major readouts in such studies are the number/position of nuclei and protein distribution within the germline. Here, we present a method to perform automated analysis of the germline using confocal microscopy and computational approaches to determine the number and position of nuclei in each region of the germline. Our method also analyzes germline protein distribution that enables the three-dimensional examination of protein expression in different genetic backgrounds. Further, our study shows variations in cytoskeletal architecture in distinct regions of the germline that may accommodate specific spatial developmental requirements. Finally, our method enables automated counting of the sperm in the spermatheca of each germline. Taken together, our method enables rapid and reproducible phenotypic analysis of the C. elegans germline.

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

We present an automated method for three-dimensional reconstruction of the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Our method determines the number and position of each nucleus within the germline and analyses germline protein distribution and cytoskeletal structure.

秀丽线虫生殖的计算分析研究细胞核、蛋白质和细胞骨架的分布

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...