AEC是一个简棺材尔兹纪念基金为医学研究和默克研究实验室的研究员。我们感谢D. Egli和C.考恩实验的意见和讨论。

<html>冷冻人类胚胎用于人类胚胎干细胞（HES）推导捐赠了研究，研究委员会人类受试者使用的胚胎干细胞研究监督委员会审查和批准在哈佛大学协议下的适当的知情同意。 书面协议，下面是基于考恩等人报告公布的参数。 2004年，稍作修改。 胚培养解冻使用滴15％Plasmanate补充，直至发展到扩大囊胚阶段的全球性媒体奎因的优势解冻套件和文化的人类胚胎。 Immunosurgery基于隔离的内细胞团制备方法： <ol><li>准备拆除的透明带和immunosurgery（见下文）设立滴的解决方案中的每个10厘米板的板。与矿物油覆盖，以防止水分蒸发。准备单列推导打算每个胚胎。 <ul><li> EmbryoMax酸性Tyrodes，使用的是。 </li><li>胚胎干细胞衍生的媒体：KO - DMEM 75％，10％十五分血清替代，10％Plasmanate，2.5％的胚胎干细胞的测试胎牛血清（FBS），2MM Glutamax我，1％非必需氨基酸，50个单位/ ml青霉素，50μg/ml链霉素，0.055mM B -巯基乙醇，5ng/ml碱性成纤维细胞生长因子。 </li><li>兔抗人红细胞抗体，重组，根据制造商的建议，在1:10稀释与胚胎干细胞衍生的媒体。 </li><li>豚鼠补体血清，重组，根据制造商的建议，在1:10稀释与胚胎干细胞衍生的媒体。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/574_2008_9_18_6/574_Figure-01.png" alt="574_Figure - 01" width="600" height="166" /> </li></ul></li><li>至37 ° C的组织培养箱内培养，使用前所有板块平衡。 </li><li>在传输胚胎中使用拉50μL-100μL毛细管移液器（VWR）。切割钻石笔，并配备了一个0.2微米的过滤器使用的口吸管管两端。 </li></ol> Immunosurgery程序： 注： <ul><li>在此过程中，滋养层细胞进行了简短的接触对人体细胞的抗体在补体活性的同时的破坏。因此，协议的工作原理最好的一个完整的滋养层的高品质的胚胎，因为只有胚泡的结构完整性，防止也正在受到免疫反应的ICM。 </li><li>所有的程序执行，使用配备加热阶段的清扫范围。 </li></ul>步骤： <ol><li>漱口吸管与FBS的胚胎转移，以防止胚胎粘连。 </li><li>囊胚从培养皿转移到胚胎举行的AT菜下降。 </li><li>开始转移从胚泡的胚胎干滴通过一系列降的过程。在第三个下拉，看溶解透明带（通常是5-30秒）。小心，不要过度治疗或胚胎的完整性可能会受到影响。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/574_2008_7_21_2/574_Figure-02.png" alt="574_Figure - 02" width="551" height="273" /> </li><li>通过一系列的胚胎干细胞衍生的媒体转移囊胚滴在冲洗。堆载预压与媒体的吸管是建议立即在反应中和。囊胚可以在这里举行，直到所有的加工。 </li><li>通过一系列抗体滴胚泡转移，留在第三个下拉在37℃孵育30分钟一个组织文化的孵化器中的C。 </li><li>通过一系列的胚胎干细胞衍生的媒体传输囊胚滴用清水冲洗干净小学。 </li><li>通过一系列的补充滴胚泡转移，在第三个下拉留下来观看滋养层细胞裂解。 “冒泡”的滋养层细胞裂解，因为他们在舞台上的前30秒，观察囊胚。如果在这段时间内观察，裂解，保持菜在显微镜阶段监测的反应，直到完成。如果没有冒泡的前30秒时，返回到孵化器，检查每5分钟，直到大部分的滋养层有溶解。这可能需要5-15分钟。密切监控反应，以尽量减少反应时间和潜在的损害胚胎内细胞团。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/574_2008_7_21_3/574_Figure-03.png" alt="574_Figure - 03" width="571" height="273" /> </li><li>通过一系列的胚胎干细胞衍生的媒体转移囊胚滴洗掉补体活性。 </li><li>略高于囊胚（10μLVWR毛细管拉）小直径是使用玻璃吸管，吸取囊胚和向下剥离大部分裂解的滋养层。 G“ALT =”574_Figure - 0“宽度=”577“HEIGHT =”270“/&gt; </li><li>板ICM的隔离到饲养层细胞的分裂灭活的小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞（MEFs）。 MEFs应准备推导前一天，并切换到胚胎干细胞衍生的媒体日。 4 NUNC菜很好的工作推导的最初步骤。 </li><li>请勿打扰板第1-2天。此后，每天检查胚胎干细胞克隆的产物（通常1-2个星期内明显）。媒体应改变在半卷第3天开始隔日。 </li></ol> ES细胞的生长和传代当胚胎干细胞的生长已达到大约0.5mm或更多，这是准备扩大机械采摘。 <ol><li>机械分散一半的生长和转移到含有新鲜馈线的新盘。胚胎干细胞团块应约30-50每一个细胞。保留一个备份为第一段（P1）另一半的产物。从几次，因为它的不断扩大，可以捡到的产物（P0）。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/574_2008_7_21_5/574_Figure-05.png" alt="574_Figure" width="639" height="219" /> </li><li>中学殖民地可以用同样的分散和扩大，直到通道3-5，此时新的细胞株可适应酶与胰酶传代，跨越更大的培养皿。血清培养基内容也应逐渐减少，在这些初步的通道，以1％和0％，以尽量减少胚胎干细胞的分化。 </li><li>所有建立的胚胎干细胞系应冻结，为未来的扩展早期通道的一部分库存。 </li><li>此外，每个单元格的行应为特征染色体核型分析，并在体外和体内的多能性和分化的研究证实。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Cowan, C. A., Klimanskaya, I., McMahon, J., Atienza, J., Whitmyer, J., Zucker, J. P., Wang, S. P., Morton, C. C., McMahon, A. P., Powers, D., Melton, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Derivation+of+embryonic+stem-cell+lines+from+human+blastocysts.">Derivation of embryonic stem-cell lines from human blastocysts.</a> N ENGL J MED. 350 (13), 1353-1356 (2004).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

这里介绍的协议，为研究人员提供一个简洁，易于后续如何推导出由immunosurgical内细胞团分离人类胚胎干细胞系的轮廓。

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Quinn's Advantage Thaw Kit </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sage</td>
<td>ART-8016</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Global medium</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Life Global</td>
<td>GMGB-050</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Plasmanate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Talecris</td>
<td>61325</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>EmbryoMax Acidic Tyrodes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Chemicon/Millipore</td>
<td>MR-004-D</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>KO-DMEM</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
<td>10829-018</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>KO-Serum Replacement</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
<td>10828-028</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>ES cell-tested fetal bovine serum, Defined</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Hyclone</td>
<td>SH30070.03</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glutamax-I</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
<td>35050-079</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Non-essential amino acids</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
<td>11140-076</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
<td>15070-063</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>13256-029</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Beta-mercaptoethanol </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
<td>21985-023</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Rabbit anti-human red blood cell primary antibody</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Rockland</td>
<td>109-4139</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Guinea-pig complement serum</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>S-1639</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Capillary pipettes in 10 microL, 50 microL, 100 microL sizes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Mouth pipettes with tubing</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>supplied with capillary pipettes from VWR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>0.2 microm Acrodisc syringe filter </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Pall Life Sciences</td>
<td>PN4192</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>0.5% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
<td>25300-120</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tissue culture dishes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tissue culture dishes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>NUNC</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Nikon SMZ1500 dissection scope equipped with Nikon Tokai Hit ThermoPlate warming stage </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (E12.5)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

derivation of human embryonic stem cells by immunosurgery

人类胚胎干细胞的自我更新和分化成人体的所有细胞类型的能力，表明他们持有为医疗作为解决发展和疾病的根本问题的研究工具的应用和巨大潜力。在这里，我们提供了一个简洁，为人类胚胎干细胞来自胚胎内细胞团由immunosurgical隔离的推导一步一步的协议。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery at JoVE.com

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

人类胚胎干细胞的推导Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both ...

derivation-of-human-embryonic-stem-cells-by-immunosurgery

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

33.7K 次观看.  Harvard. 人类胚胎干细胞的自我更新和分化成人体的所有细胞类型的能力，表明他们持有为医疗作为解决发展和疾病的根本问题的研究工具的应用和巨大潜力。在这里，我们提供了一个简洁，为人类胚胎干细胞来自胚胎内细胞团由immunosurgical隔离的推导一步一步的协议。

视频: Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem ES Cells

Yeah, so I'm Lauren Deon. I'm in charge of the Human Amgen stem cell co facility at MGH. Yeah, so I'm Lauren, I'm in charge of the Human AM stem cell co facility at MGH.So I've been working with human Amgen stem cells for years now since I was a postdoc in George De Lab before, from four, four years. And so right now we have two cell lines, H one and H nine, which are both from Y cell. And so the way we are expanding or maintaining these cells in culture is by, at least the way we are splitting these cells is by using collagenous.So what I usually do is for the first few passage after throwing the cells, I use a technical, the picking colonies. So in this case, I can check under the microscope which colonies are good and differentiate and nice shape, and I will collect only these colonies and I will cut them in few pieces and put them back in, in a fresh flat. And the, the colonies that look kind of differentiate it are just left them alone.The other way to pass the cells is by using trypsin. So I don't use this technique here. I think collagenase is a little bit safer because human being stem cells don't like to be individualized or they don't like to be alone.So if you do trypsin, if you use trypsin for a little bit too long, if you use it for like three to four minutes, which is the way we use strips in for other type of cells, human stem cells will be individualized and most of them will die or just differentiate or will not attach to the myth. So the idea is you have to keep the cells as clumps. You don't want them to be alone in the in, in the flask.So using collagenase, the advantage is to keep cells as plants. Using chipsy, you just select for cells that will survive this very, very harsh process of g opsonization. So these cells are usually very highly proliferative.So you get, you can adapt your cells to this tripsin process. The problem is that you have cells that they behave differently, they go much faster. And one risk is that you can get some commercial abnormality to, to this, to this very high division process.So you say that ization can cause selection of cells in culture for most proliferative cells.Right. More ative and probably also higher survival rates than other cells. So after proliferation, basically culture after proliferation in tripsin, after several passages become a different culture, these different properties.So it's, it's hard to figure out if they are exactly identical. If you do the test, the usual test, let's say you check markers, regular markers of end differentiated cells like OC four, nano one 60 SC four C, C3, all this molecule might still be expressed. If you do TER formation, this cells might still differentiate and be formed like al like normal cells.If you look at the karyotype, you might have some abnormality, but you might still have a normal karyotype. The, the, the selective advantage might be due to just a mutation that you cannot see by doing a karyotype. So the fact that they grow much faster is by itself I think a little bit worser.And if we want to use these cells for transplantation at some point, I would definitely not use this type of cells.Okay. So would you like to tell me what are the main technical problems with using this technique for, for passages of cells? So using S, yes.It's just a little bit longer and also it's, since the cells are not going as fast, it's just much longer to get a high number of cells to do some experiment. So it's just less convenient I would say. Would you like to tell me about few words about the goals of your experiment?How do you use CS cells? Okay, so my main project here is to get endothelial cells from human AB stem cells. And the idea is to be able to make blood.And we are working a lot with tissue bioengineering labs and one of their goal is to make tissue in vitro. But one of the limitation to this is the lack of blood vessels going through this tissues. So if we can bring endothelial cells or put endothelial cells in this tissue, we would have better growth of this tissue.So the idea few sources of cells are known for endothelial cells like cold blood or pressure blood, but it would be interesting to have another source of cells like human years. And the advantage is since human years can be expanded and most infinitely, you could modify these cells, make some inducible system and be able to use it. Then in your final product, your material cells, in this case.

人类胚胎干细胞（ES细胞）的繁殖

科研

生物学

Derivation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are derived from the blastocyst of the early embryo and are pluripotent in differentiative ability.  Their vast differentiative potential has made them the focus of much research centered on deducing how to coax them to generate clinically useful cell types.  The successful derivation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from mouse ESC has recently been accomplished and can be visualized in this video protocol.  HSC, arguably the most clinically exploited cell population, are used to treat a myriad of hematopoietic malignancies and disorders.  However, many patients that might benefit from HSC therapy lack access to suitable donors.  ESC could provide an alternative source of HSC for these patients.  The following protocol establishes a baseline from which ESC-HSC can be studied and inform efforts to isolate HSC from human ESC.  In this protocol, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies (EBs) for 6 days in commercially available serum pre-screened for optimal hematopoietic differentiation.  EBs are then dissociated and infected with retroviral HoxB4.  Infected EB-derived cells are plated on OP9 stroma, a bone marrow stromal cell line derived from the calvaria of  M-CSF-/- mice, and co-cultured in the presence of hematopoiesis promoting cytokines for ten days.  During this co-culture, the infected cells expand greatly, resulting in the generation a heterogeneous pool of 100s of millions of cells.  These cells can then be used to rescue and reconstitute lethally irradiated mice.

This protocol details the derivation of transplantable hematopoietic stem cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) and their subsequent injection into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Briefly, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies, which are then infected with retroviral HoxB4 and co-cultured with OP9 stromal cells and hematopoietic cytokines.

从小鼠胚胎干细胞的造血干细胞的推导

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are ...

Probing for Mitochondrial Complex Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles that have a primary role in cellular metabolism and homeostasis, regulation of the cell signaling network, and programmed cell death. Mitochondria produce ATP, regulate the cytoplasmic redox state and Ca2+ balance, catabolize fatty acids, synthesize heme, nucleotides, steroid hormones, amino acids, and help assemble iron-sulfur clusters in proteins. Mitochondria also have an essential role in heat production. Mutations of the mitochondrial genome cause several types of human disorder. The accumulation of mtDNA mutations correlates with aging and is suspected to have an important role in the development of cancer. Due to their vitally important role in all cell types, the function of mitochondria must also be critical for stem cells. Key advances have been made in our understanding of stem cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation capacity. But the functional activity of stem cells, in particular their energy status, was not yet been studied in detail. Almost nothing is known about the mitochondrial properties of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and their differentiated precursor progeny. One way to understand and evaluate the role of mitochondria in hESC function and developmental potential is to directly measure the activity of mitochondrial respiratory complexes. Here, we describe high resolution clear native gel electrophoresis and subsequent in gel activity visualization as a method for analyzing the five respiratory chain complexes of hESCs.

In this video, we will show you how the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes of human embryonic stem cells can be analyzed using in gel activity assays.

在人类胚胎干细胞的线粒体复杂的活动初探

Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles that have a primary role in cellular metabolism and homeostasis, regulation of the cell signaling network, and ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are characterized by two fundamental properties: self-renewal and multipotency that allows a stem cell to differentiate into virtually any cell type 1. The progression stem cell to differentiated cell is characterized by loss of multipotency, structural and morphological changes and the hierarchic activity of transcription factors and signaling molecules, whose activities establish and maintain cell-type specific gene expression patterns. At the molecular level, cell differentiation involves dynamic changes of the structure and composition of chromatin and the detection of those dynamic changes can provide valuable insights into the functional features of stem cells and the cell differentiation process 2,3. Chromatin is a highly compacted DNA-protein complex that forms when cells package chromosomal DNA with proteins, mainly histones 4. Stemcellness and cell differentiation has been correlated with the presence of specific arrays of regulatory proteins such as epigenetic factors, histone variants, and transcription factors 2,3,5.
 Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) provides a valuable method to monitor the presence of RNA, proteins, and protein modifications in chromatin 6,7. The comparison of chromatin from different cell types can elucidate dynamic changes in protein-chromatin associations that occur during cell differentiation.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation involves the purification of in vivo cross-linked chromatin. The isolated chromatin is reduced to smaller fragments by enzymatic digestion or mechanical force. Chromatin fragments are precipitated using specific antibodies to target proteins or protein and DNA modifications. The precipitated DNA or RNA is purified and used as a template for PCR or DNA microarray based assays. Prerequisites for a successful ChIP are high quality antibodies to the desired antigen and the availability of chromatin from control cells that do not express the target molecule. ChIP can correlate the presence of proteins, protein and RNA modifications, and RNA with specific target DNA, and depending on the choice of outread tool, detects the association of target molecules at specific target genes or in the context of an entire genome. The comparison of the distribution of proteins in the chromatin of differentiating cells can elucidate the dynamic changes of chromatin composition that coincide with the progression of cells along a cell lineage.

The differentiation of ESC coincides with cell-type specific changes in the structure and composition of chromatin. The detection of those changes provides valuable insights into the mechanisms that define stemcellness and cell differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) represents a valuable method to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell differentiation.

从人类胚胎干细胞的染色质免疫沉淀

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are ...

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells  

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be  fed  every day by performing a complete medium change to replenish lost nutrients and to keep the cultures free of unwanted differentiation factors. Although a small amount of differentiation is normal and expected in stem cell cultures, the culture should be routinely cleaned up by manually removing, or "picking" differentiated areas. Identifying and removing excess differentiation from hES cell cultures are essential techniques in the maintenance of a healthy population of cells.

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

This protocol demonstrates how to maintain healthy, undifferentiated human embryonic stem (ES) cells.

文化和维护人类胚胎干细胞

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be ...

Chromosomal Spread Preparation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Karyotyping

Although human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been shown to present a stable diploid karyotype 1, many studies have reported that depending on culture conditions they become prone to acquire chromosomal anomalies such as addition of whole or parts of chromosomes. Indeed, during long-term culture, karyotypic alterations are observed when enzymatic or chemical dissociation are used 2,3,4, while manual dissection of colonies for passaging retains a stable karyotype 5. Besides, changes in the environment such as the removal of feeder cells also seem to compromise the genetic integrity of hESC 3,6. Once chromosomal alterations could affect cellular physiology, the characterization of the genetic integrity of hESC in vitro is crucial considering hESC as an essential tool in embryogenesis studies and drug testing. Furthermore, for future therapeutic purposes chromosomal changes are a real concern as it is frequently associated to carcinogenesis.
Here we show a simple and useful method to obtain high quality chromosome spreads for subsequent analysis of chromosome set by G-banding, FISH, SKY or CGH techniques 7,8. We recommend checking the chromosomal status routinely with intervals of 5 passages in order to monitor the appearance of translocations and aneuploidies
Priscila Britto and Rafaela Sartore contributed equally to the paper.

Karyotyping is a simple and useful technique widely used for detecting genetic alterations. Here we describe a step by step protocol for chromosome spread preparation of human embryonic stem cells for monitoring the chromosomal status of these cells maintained in culture.

为核型分析人类胚胎干细胞的染色体蔓延制备

Although human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been shown to present a stable diploid karyotype 1, many studies have reported that depending on culture ...

Freezing and Thawing Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

人类胚胎干细胞冷冻和解冻

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells ...

Isolation and Derivation of Mouse Embryonic Germinal Cells

The ability of embryonic germinal cells (EG) to differentiate into primordial germinal cells (PGCs) and later into gametes during early developmental stages is a perfect model to address our hypothesis about cancer and infertility. This protocol shows how to isolate primordial germinal cells from developing gonads in 10.5-11.5 days post coitum (dpc) mouse embryos.  Developing gonadal ridges from mouse embryos (C57BL6J) were dissociated by mechanical disruption with collagenase, then plated in a mouse embryo fibroblast feeder layer (MEF-CF1) that was previously mitotically inactivated with mitomycin C in the presence of knockout media and supplemented with Leukemia Inhibitor Factor (LIF), basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF), and Stem Cell Factor (SCF).  Using these optimized methods for PCG identification, isolation, and establishment of culture conditions permits long term cultures of EG cells for more than 40 days.  The embryonic germinal cell lines showed embryonic phenotype and expression of common used markers of the pluripotent state.  Isolation and derivation of germinal cells in culture provide a tool to understand their development in vitro and offer the opportunity to monitor cumulative damage at genetic and epigenetic levels after exposure to oxidative stress.

The ability of embryonic germinal cells to differentiate into primordial germinal cells during early development stages is a perfect model to address our hypothesis about cancer and infertility. This protocol shows how to isolate primordial germinal cells from developing gonads in 10.5-11.5 days post coitum mouse embryos.

小鼠胚胎生殖细胞的分离和推导

The ability of embryonic germinal cells (EG) to differentiate into primordial germinal cells (PGCs) and later into gametes during early developmental ...

Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Oligodendrocyte Precursors

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant interest in deriving a pure population of lineage-committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) for transplantation. OPCs are characterized by the activity of the transcription factor Olig2 and surface expression of a proteoglycan NG2. Using the GFP-Olig2 (G-Olig2) mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) reporter line, we optimized conditions for the differentiation of mESCs into GFP+Olig2+NG2+ OPCs. In our protocol, we first describe the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from mESCs. Second, we describe treatment of mESC-derived EBs with small molecules: (1) retinoic acid (RA) and (2) a sonic hedgehog (Shh) agonist purmorphamine (Pur) under defined culture conditions to direct EB differentiation into the oligodendroglial lineage. By this approach, OPCs can be obtained with high efficiency (&gt;80%) in a time period of 30 days. Cells derived from mESCs in this protocol are phenotypically similar to OPCs derived from primary tissue culture. The mESC-derived OPCs do not show the spiking property described for a subpopulation of brain OPCs in situ. To study this electrophysiological property, we describe the generation of spiking mESC-derived OPCs by ectopically expressing NaV1.2 subunit. The spiking and nonspiking cells obtained from this protocol will help advance functional studies on the two subpopulations of OPCs.

We describe a small molecule-based protocol for differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). This protocol generates Olig2+NG2+ OPCs with high efficiency by 30 days of differentiation. We also describe a method to generate "spiking" OPCs that can fire action potentials.

胚胎干细胞分化成少突胶质前体

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant ...

Derivation of Mouse Trophoblast Stem Cells from Blastocysts

Specification of the trophectoderm is one of the earliest differentiation events of mammalian development. The trophoblast lineage derived from the trophectoderm mediates implantation and generates the fetal part of the placenta. As a result, the development of this lineage is essential for embryo survival. Derivation of trophoblast stem (TS) cells from mouse blastocysts was first described by Tanaka et al. 1998. The ability of TS cells to preserve the trophoblast specific property and their expression of stage- and cell type-specific markers after proper stimulation provides a valuable model system to investigate trophoblast lineage development whereby recapitulating early placentation events. Furthermore, trophoblast cells are one of the few somatic cell types undergoing natural genome amplification. Although the molecular pathways underlying trophoblast polyploidization have begun to unravel, the physiological role and advantage of trophoblast genome amplification remains largely elusive. The development of diploid stem cells into polyploid trophoblast cells in culture makes this ex vivo system an excellent tool for elucidating the regulatory mechanism of genome replication and instability in health and disease. Here we describe a protocol based on previous reports with modification published in Chiu et al. 2008.

In this video, we demonstrate the isolation of mouse blastocysts and the derivation of trophoblast stem cells from blastocysts. We also describe conditions for maintenance of the stem cell property as well as induction of differentiation in culture.

鼠标滋养层干细胞从胚泡的推导

Specification of the trophectoderm is one of the earliest differentiation events of mammalian development. The trophoblast lineage derived from the ...