这项工作得到了南京市卫生部医学科技发展基金会重点项目（编号:YKK16098）的支持。

动物实验获得南京鼓楼医院机构动物护理与使用委员会（IACUC）的批准。
1. 试剂和动物的制备
<ol><li>将盐酸阿霉素（辉瑞，美国）溶解在灭菌水中。涡旋以获得1mg / mL的Dox溶液并保持在4°C。</li>
	<li>使用C57BL / 6小鼠（8-10周大;25-30克体重）。本研究从南京大学模型动物研究中心购买小鼠，饲养在南京鼓楼医院动物房。</li>
	<li>将无病原体的小鼠笼保持在23°C恒温下12 h光/暗循环下。 所有动物都以正常的饮食为食，并随意获得食物和水。</li>
</ol>2. DCM动物模型的建立
<ol><li>将小鼠随机分为正常（n = 5）组和Dox（n = 5）组。</li>
	<li>对于Dox组，使用1mL灭菌注射器以5mg / kg的剂量腹膜内施用Dox溶液，每周1次。用相同量的盐水溶液以相同的方式处理对照小鼠。</li>
	<li>每周测量两组的体重。因此，每周根据体重调整注射剂量，共4周，累积剂量为20mg / kg（图1）。 注意:选择4周的时间段，因为4周时的超声心动图显示两组之间的心功能有显着差异。</li>
</ol>3. 超声心动图检查
<ol><li>在第四周结束时，对小鼠进行超声心动图检查。</li>
	<li>用2%异氟醚鼻内麻醉小鼠。如果小鼠对用齿镊子捏皮肤没有反应或刺激脚趾和尾巴，请继续使用该协议。</li>
	<li>将鼠标放在动物处理平台上，以仰卧姿势。为了维持麻醉，用鼻锥覆盖动物的鼻子和嘴巴，并提供2%的异氟醚。 注意:对于IP麻醉，以0.2 mL / 20g的剂量注射4%水合氯醛。</li>
	<li>用电动剃须刀小心地去除胸毛。使用经胸超声心动图评估体内心脏功能。</li>
	<li>以 233 Hz 的帧速率在胸骨旁长轴和短轴视图中执行左心电图，收缩末期和舒张末期尺寸分别定义为对应于 ECG T 波和 R 波的相位。</li>
	<li>在 M 型示踪中，测量 3-5 次心跳的平均左心室收缩末期直径 （LVIDDd）、左心室舒张末直径 （LVID）、室间隔厚度 （IVS） 和左心室后壁厚度 （LVPW）。还要根据超声心动图计算射血分数（EF）和分数缩短（FS）。</li>
</ol>4. 组织学染色
<ol><li>超声心动图分析后，通过脑室内注射10%氯化钾来处死小鼠。</li>
	<li>解剖后用约30 mL生理盐水灌注心脏，直到肝脏和肺部变得苍白。</li>
	<li>切除心脏，并在磷酸盐缓冲溶液中彻底清洗以挤出血液。</li>
	<li>在室温下将心脏固定在4%福尔马林中24小时，并在石蜡盒中处理组织，使石蜡冷却并凝固。</li>
	<li>将心切成5μm厚的切片进行病理染色。</li>
	<li>脱蜡和补充水分部分含有状肌肉。<ol>
<li>将载玻片在55°C孵育30分钟。然后，在二甲苯2x中孵育2分钟;100%乙醇2x，每次2分钟;95%乙醇2x，每次2分钟;80%乙醇2分钟;75%乙醇2分钟;和50%乙醇2分钟。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>使用苏木精和曙红（H&E）以及Masson染色剂染色。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Weintraub, R. G., Semsarian, C., MacDonald, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dilated+cardiomyopathy.">Dilated cardiomyopathy.</a> Lancet. 390 (10092), 400-414 (2017).</li><li>Ichihara, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attenuation+of+oxidative+stress+and+cardiac+dysfunction+by+bisoprolol+in+an+animal+model+of+dilated+cardiomyopathy.">Attenuation of oxidative stress and cardiac dysfunction by bisoprolol in an animal model of dilated cardiomyopathy.</a> Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 350 (1), 105-113 (2006).</li><li>Fountoulakis, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alterations+in+the+heart+mitochondrial+proteome+in+a+desmin+null+heart+failure+model.">Alterations in the heart mitochondrial proteome in a desmin null heart failure model.</a> Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 38 (3), 461-474 (2005).</li><li>Fairweather, D., Rose, N. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coxsackievirus-induced+myocarditis+in+mice:+a+model+of+autoimmune+disease+for+studying+immunotoxicity.">Coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis in mice: a model of autoimmune disease for studying immunotoxicity.</a> Methods. 41 (1), 118-122 (2007).</li><li>Wang, Z. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+therapeutic+anti-CD4+monoclonal+antibody+inhibits+T+cell+receptor+signal+transduction+in+mouse+autoimmune+cardiomyopathy.">A therapeutic anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody inhibits T cell receptor signal transduction in mouse autoimmune cardiomyopathy.</a> Chinese Medical Journal. 120 (15), 1319-1325 (2007).</li><li>Riad, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toll-like+receptor-4+deficiency+attenuates+doxorubicin-induced+cardiomyopathy+in+mice.">Toll-like receptor-4 deficiency attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy in mice.</a> European Journal of Heart Failure. 10 (3), 233-243 (2008).</li><li>Kankeu, C., Clarke, K., Passante, E., Huber, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Doxorubicin-induced+chronic+dilated+cardiomyopathy-the+apoptosis+hypothesis+revisited.">Doxorubicin-induced chronic dilated cardiomyopathy-the apoptosis hypothesis revisited.</a> Journal of Molecular Medicine. 95 (3), 239-248 (2017).</li><li>Zhao, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNA-140-5p+aggravates+doxorubicin-induced+cardiotoxicity+by+promoting+myocardial+oxidative+stress+via+targeting+Nrf2+and+Sirt2.">MicroRNA-140-5p aggravates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by promoting myocardial oxidative stress via targeting Nrf2 and Sirt2.</a> Redox Biology. 15, 284-296 (2018).</li><li>O'Connell, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short-term+and+long-term+models+of+doxorubicin-induced+cardiomyopathy+in+rats:+A+comparison+of+functional+and+histopathological+changes.">Short-term and long-term models of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy in rats: A comparison of functional and histopathological changes.</a> Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology. 69 (4), 213-219 (2017).</li><li>Yuan, Y. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CTRP3+protected+against+doxorubicin-induced+cardiac+dysfunction,+inflammation+and+cell+death+via+activation+of+Sirt1.">CTRP3 protected against doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction, inflammation and cell death via activation of Sirt1.</a> Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 114, 38-47 (2018).</li><li>Sun, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+TGF-beta+pathway+mediates+doxorubicin+effects+on+cardiac+endothelial+cells.">The TGF-beta pathway mediates doxorubicin effects on cardiac endothelial cells.</a> Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 90, 129-138 (2016).</li><li>Minotti, G., Menna, P., Salvatorelli, E., Cairo, G., Gianni, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anthracyclines:+molecular+advances+and+pharmacologic+developments+in+antitumor+activity+and+cardiotoxicity.">Anthracyclines: molecular advances and pharmacologic developments in antitumor activity and cardiotoxicity.</a> Pharmacological Reviews. 56 (2), 185-229 (2004).</li><li>Vejpongsa, P., Yeh, E. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevention+of+anthracycline-induced+cardiotoxicity:+challenges+and+opportunities.">Prevention of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity: challenges and opportunities.</a> Journal of The American College of Cardiology. 64 (9), 938-945 (2014).</li><li>Renu, K., V, G. A., P, B. T., Arunachalam, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanism+of+doxorubicin-induced+cardiomyopathy+-+An+update.">Molecular mechanism of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy - An update.</a> European Journal of Pharmacology. 818, 241-253 (2018).</li></ol>

未声明利益冲突。

Dox是临床实践中常用的非特异性周期性抗肿瘤化疗药物12。其主要副作用是心脏毒性，其特征是心肌病和随后的心力衰竭13。潜在的机制包括心肌脂质过氧化的损伤，心肌结节网Ca2 +- ATP酶活性的抑制以及心肌局部肾素 - 血管紧张素系统的激活，导致AT II产生增加和细胞内钙超负荷14。由于大剂量腹膜内注射Dox的致死作用，该协议中使用?...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61158">A Doxorubicin-Induced Murine Model of Dilated Cardiomyopathy In Vivo</a>. A figure was updated.
Figure 1 was updated from:
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61158/61158fig1v2.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of a Dox-induced dilated cardiomyopathy. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61158/61158fig1v2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
to:
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61158/61158fig1v5.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of a Dox-induced dilated cardiomyopathy. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61158/61158fig1v5large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61158">A Doxorubicin-Induced Murine Model of Dilated Cardiomyopathy In Vivo</a>. A figure was updated.

Erratum: A Doxorubicin-Induced Murine Model of Dilated Cardiomyopathy In Vivo

DCM是心力衰竭的最常见原因之一，其特征是心室扩张和心功能下降，是全球心脏移植的最常见原因1。为了进一步研究其发病机制并找到有效的治疗方法，获得成熟的动物模型尤为重要。所述实验的目的是建立类似于人类DCM的稳定的DCM小鼠模型。
由于DCM的发病机制复杂，有许多不同的方法来制作相应的动物模型。自发 DCM 型号2 相对稳定，但它们价格昂贵且不易获得。转基因动物模型3 尚未得到很好的建立，需要更多的实验性使用。由病毒感染4 或自身免疫缺陷5 诱导的DCM动物模型很容易获得，但它们并不完全代表DCM。与心肌毒性相关的模型包括酒精诱导的 DCM 模型和 Dox 诱导的 DCM 动物模型。
Dox诱导的心肌病模型是通过腹膜内注射Dox6获得的。该模型利用了Dox最严重的慢性副作用:Dox暴露后，患者出现具有临床均匀性的晚发性DCM症状7。Dox诱导的氧化应激8 和线粒体损伤9，导致心肌细胞凋亡，是DCM发病机制的症状。有急性和慢性Dox治疗模型:单次高剂量的Dox（15mg / kg）诱导心肌病10的短期模型，而重复的低剂量Dox注射（每周六次，3mg / kg）诱导心肌病的长期模型11。根据所提出的研究，野生型小鼠腹膜内注射一次，剂量为5mg / kg，为期一个月，在治疗结束时显示出与DCM特征一致的心脏形态和组织学，为建立DCM模型提供了理想的方法。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>4% paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>servicebio</td>
			<td>CAS30525-89-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6 mice</td>
			<td>Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University</td>
			<td>\</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Doxorubicin hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>CAS25316-40-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>echocardiography</td>
			<td>Visualsonics</td>
			<td>\</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematoxylin and Eosin staining kit</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>G1120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Masson staining kit</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>G1343</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphate buffer solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P5368</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>CAS7447-40-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sterilized syringe</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SLGP033RB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a doxorubicin-induced murine model of dilated cardiomyopathy in vivo

扩张型心肌病 （DCM） 是指一系列异质性心肌疾病，其特征在于在没有高血压、瓣膜、先天性或缺血性心脏病的情况下出现心室扩张和心脏功能低下，并且可能与感染、自身免疫或代谢异常或家族遗传有关。它可以进展为充血性心力衰竭，预后不良。阿霉素（Dox）被广泛用作化疗药物，但其使用受到限制，因为它会导致心肌的DCM样变化。其心肌毒性归因于氧化应激、慢性炎症和心肌细胞凋亡。利用这些DOX诱导的DCM症状的DCM模型尚未建立。

心脏功能 扩张型心肌病的特征是进行性心室扩张和收缩功能障碍。 图2 显示了两组的代表性超声心动图图像。Dox治疗的小鼠显示出显着降低的左心室射血分数和左心室分数缩短（图3A，B）。舒张期和收缩期的左心室直径也随之增加（图3C，D）。这表明Dox治疗的小鼠心脏功能受损。
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Doxorubicin-Induced Murine Model of Dilated Cardiomyopathy In Vivo at JoVE.com

A Doxorubicin-Induced Murine Model of Dilated Cardiomyopathy In Vivo

描述是通过长期腹膜内注射阿霉素在小鼠中建立阿霉素诱导的扩张型心肌病（DCM）模型的方案。

阿霉素诱导的体内扩张型心肌病小鼠模型

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers to a spectrum of heterogeneous myocardial disorders characterized by ventricular dilation and depressed cardiac ...

a-doxorubicin-induced-murine-model-of-dilated-cardiomyopathy-in-vivo

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

4.3K 次观看.  Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University. 描述是通过长期腹膜内注射阿霉素在小鼠中建立阿霉素诱导的扩张型心肌病（DCM）模型的方案。

视频: A Doxorubicin-Induced Murine Model of Dilated Cardiomyopathy In Vivo

Murine Model of Wound Healing

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. Impaired wound healing, which occurs in diabetic patients for example, can lead to severe unfavorable outcomes such as amputation. There is, therefore, an increasing impetus to develop novel agents that promote wound repair. The testing of these has been limited to large animal models such as swine, which are often impractical. Mice represent the ideal preclinical model, as they are economical and amenable to genetic manipulation, which allows for mechanistic investigation. However, wound healing in a mouse is fundamentally different to that of humans as it primarily occurs via contraction. Our murine model overcomes this by incorporating a splint around the wound. By splinting the wound, the repair process is then dependent on epithelialization, cellular proliferation and angiogenesis, which closely mirror the biological processes of human wound healing. Whilst requiring consistency and care, this murine model does not involve complicated surgical techniques and allows for the robust testing of promising agents that may, for example, promote angiogenesis or inhibit inflammation. Furthermore, each mouse acts as its own control as two wounds are prepared, enabling the application of both the test compound and the vehicle control on the same animal. In conclusion, we demonstrate a practical, easy-to-learn, and robust model of wound healing, which is comparable to that of humans.

A murine model of cutaneous wound healing that can be used to assess therapeutic compounds in physiological and pathophysiological settings.

伤口愈合的小鼠模型

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. ...

科研

医学

A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of Willis perforation (CWp) and proven by intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. Thereby a homogenous blood distribution in subarachnoid spaces surrounding the arterial circulation and cerebellar fissures is achieved. Animal physiology is maintained by intubation, mechanical ventilation, and continuous on-line monitoring of various physiological and cardiovascular parameters: body temperature, systemic blood pressure, heart rate, and hemoglobin saturation. Thereby the cerebral perfusion pressure can be tightly monitored resulting in a less variable volume of extravasated blood. This allows a better standardization of endovascular filament perforation in mice and makes the whole model highly reproducible. Thus it is readily available for pharmacological and pathophysiological studies in wild type and genetically altered mice.

A standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage by intraluminal Circle of Willis perforation is described. Vessel perforation and subarachnoid bleeding are monitored by intracranial pressure monitoring. In addition various vital parameters are recorded and controlled to maintain physiologic conditions.

蛛网膜下腔出血的小鼠模型

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid  hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of  Willis ...

A Preclinical Murine Model of Hepatic Metastases

Numerous murine models have been developed to study human cancers and advance the understanding of cancer treatment and development. Here, a preclinical, murine pancreatic tumor model of hepatic metastases via a hemispleen injection of syngeneic murine pancreatic tumor cells is described. This model mimics many of the clinical conditions in patients with metastatic disease to the liver. Mice consistently develop metastases in the liver allowing for investigation of the metastatic process, experimental therapy testing, and tumor immunology research.

A preclinical, murine model of hepatic metastases performed via a hemispleen injection technique.

肝转移的临床前小鼠模型

Numerous murine models have been developed to study human cancers and advance the understanding of cancer treatment and development. Here, a preclinical, ...

Depletion of Mouse Cells from Human Tumor Xenografts Significantly Improves Downstream Analysis of Target Cells

The use of in vitro cell line models for cancer research has been a useful tool. However, it has been shown that these models fail to reliably mimic patient tumors in different assays1. Human tumor xenografts represent the gold standard with respect to tumor biology, drug discovery, and metastasis research 2-4. Tumor xenografts can be derived from different types of material like tumor cell lines, tumor tissue from primary patient tumors4 or serially transplanted tumors. When propagated in vivo, xenografted tissue is infiltrated and vascularized by cells of mouse origin. Multiple factors such as the tumor entity, the origin of xenografted material, growth rate and region of transplantation influence the composition and the amount of mouse cells present in tumor xenografts. However, even when these factors are kept constant, the degree of mouse cell contamination is highly variable.
Contaminating mouse cells significantly impair downstream analyses of human tumor xenografts. As mouse fibroblasts show high plating efficacies and proliferation rates, they tend to overgrow cultures of human tumor cells, especially slowly proliferating subpopulations. Mouse cell derived DNA, mRNA, and protein components can bias downstream gene expression analysis, next-generation sequencing, as well as proteome analysis 5. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a fast and easy method to isolate untouched human tumor cells from xenografted tumor tissue. This procedure is based on the comprehensive depletion of cells of mouse origin by combining automated tissue dissociation with the benchtop tissue dissociator and magnetic cell sorting. Here, we demonstrate that human target cells can be can be obtained with purities higher than 96% within less than 20 min independent of the tumor type.

Human tumor xenografts are vascularized and infiltrated by cells of mouse origin during the growth phase in vivo. To circumvent the bias caused by these contaminating cells during downstream analysis, we developed a method allowing for comprehensive depletion of all mouse cells by magnetic cell sorting.

从人类肿瘤异种移植的小鼠细胞的消耗显着改善靶细胞下游分析

The use of in vitro cell line models for cancer research has been a useful tool. However, it has been shown that these models fail to reliably mimic ...

Tachycardia-Induced Cardiomyopathy As a Chronic Heart Failure Model in Swine

A stable and reliable model of chronic heart failure is required for many experiments to understand hemodynamics or to test effects of new treatment methods. Here, we present such a model by tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy, which can be produced by rapid cardiac pacing in swine.
A single pacing lead is introduced transvenously into fully anaesthetized healthy swine, to the apex of the right ventricle, and fixated. Its other end is then tunneled dorsally to the paravertebral region. There, it is connected to an in-house modified heart pacemaker unit that is then implanted in a subcutaneous pocket. 
After 4 - 8 weeks of rapid ventricular pacing at rates of 200 - 240 beats/min, physical examination revealed signs of severe heart failure - tachypnea, spontaneous sinus tachycardia, and fatigue. Echocardiography and X-ray showed dilation of all heart chambers, effusions, and severe systolic dysfunction. These findings correspond well to decompensated dilated cardiomyopathy and are also preserved after the cessation of pacing.
This model of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy can be used for studying the pathophysiology of progressive chronic heart failure, especially hemodynamic changes caused by new treatment modalities like mechanical circulatory supports. This methodology is easy to perform and the results are robust and reproducible.

Here, we present a protocol to produce tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy in swine. This model represents a potent way to study the hemodynamics of progressive chronic heart failure and the effects of applied treatment.

心动过速诱发的心肌病作为猪慢性心力衰竭模型的研究

A stable and reliable model of chronic heart failure is required for many experiments to understand hemodynamics or to test effects of new treatment ...

A Doxorubicin-induced Cardiomyopathy Model in Adult Zebrafish

The genetically accessible adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been increasingly used as a vertebrate model for understanding human diseases such as cardiomyopathy. Because of its convenience and amenability to high throughput genetic manipulations, the generation of acquired cardiomyopathy models, such as the doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy (DIC) model in adult zebrafish, is opening the doors to new research avenues, including discovering cardiomyopathy modifiers via forward genetic screening. Different from the embryonic zebrafish DIC model, both initial acute and later chronic phases of cardiomyopathy can be determined in the adult zebrafish DIC model, enabling the study of stage-dependent signaling mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. However, variable results can be obtained with the current model, even in the hands of experienced investigators. To facilitate future implementation of the DIC model, we present a detailed protocol on how to generate this DIC model in adult zebrafish and describe two alternative ways of intraperitoneal (IP) injection. We further discuss options on how to reduce variations to obtain reliable results and provide suggestions on how to appropriately interpret the results.

A method to generate a doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy model in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) is described here. Two alternative ways of intraperitoneal injection are presented and conditions to reduce variations among different experimental groups are discussed.

阿霉素诱发成年斑马鱼的心肌病模型

The genetically accessible adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been increasingly used as a vertebrate model for understanding human diseases such as ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

用线 Myography 测定小鼠肠系膜动脉的等轴收缩力

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Assessing Therapeutic Angiogenesis in a Murine Model of Hindlimb Ischemia

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a serious condition that entails a high risk of lower limb amputation. Despite revascularization being the gold-standard therapy, a considerable number of CLI patients are not suited for either surgical or endovascular revascularization. Angiogenic therapies are emerging as an option for these patients but are currently still under investigation. Before application in humans, those therapies must be tested in animal models and its mechanisms must be clearly understood. An animal model of hindlimb ischemia (HLI) has been developed by the ligation and excision of the distal external iliac and femoral arteries and veins in mice. A comprehensive panel of tests was assembled to assess the effects of ischemia and putative angiogenic therapies at functional, histologic and molecular levels. Laser Doppler was used for the flow measurement and functional assessment of perfusion. Tissue response was evaluated by the analysis of capillary density after staining with the anti-CD31 antibody on histological sections of gastrocnemius muscle and by measurement of collateral vessel density after diaphonization. Expression of angiogenic genes was quantified by RT-PCR targeting selected angiogenic factors exclusively in endothelial cells (ECs) after laser capture microdissection from mice gastrocnemius muscles. These methods were sensitive in identifying differences between ischemic and non-ischemic limbs and between treated and non-treated limbs. This protocol provides a reproducible model of CLI and a framework for testing angiogenic therapies.

Here, a critical hindlimb ischemia experimental model is presented followed by a battery of functional, histologic and molecular tests&#160;to assess the effectiveness of angiogenic therapies.&#8203;

评估下肢缺血的Murine模型的治疗血管生成

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a serious condition that entails a high risk of lower limb amputation. Despite revascularization being the gold-standard ...

In Vivo Mouse Model of Spinal Implant Infection

Spine implant infections portend poor outcomes as diagnosis is challenging and surgical eradication is at odds with mechanical spinal stability. The purpose of this method is to describe a novel mouse model of spinal implant infection (SII) that was created to provide an inexpensive, rapid, and accurate in vivo tool to test potential therapeutics and treatment strategies for spinal implant infections.
In this method, we present a model of posterior-approach spinal surgery in which a stainless-steel k-wire is transfixed into the L4 spinous process of 12-week old C57BL/6J wild-type mice and inoculated with 1 x 103 CFU of a bioluminescent strain of Staphylococcus aureus Xen36 bacteria. Mice are then longitudinally imaged for bioluminescence in vivo on post-operative days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, 21, 25, 28, and 35. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) signals from a standardized field of view are quantified to measure in vivo bacterial burden.
To quantify bacteria adhering to implants and peri-implant tissue, mice are euthanized and the implant and surrounding soft tissue are harvested. Bacteria are detached from the implant by sonication, cultured overnight and then colony forming units (CFUs) are counted. The results acquired from this method include longitudinal bacterial counts as measured by in vivo S. aureus bioluminescence (mean maximum flux) and CFU counts following euthanasia.
While prior animal models of instrumented spine infection have involved invasive, ex vivo tissue analysis, the mouse model of SII presented in this paper leverages noninvasive, real time in vivo optical imaging of bioluminescent bacteria to replace static tissue study. Applications of the model are broad and may include utilizing alternative bioluminescent bacterial strains, incorporating other types of genetically engineered mice to contemporaneously study host immune response, and evaluating current or investigating new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities such as antibiotics or implant coatings.

The protocol describes a novel in vivo mouse model of spinal implant infection where a stainless-steel k-wire implant is infected with bioluminescent Staphylococcus aureus Xen36. Bacterial burden is monitored longitudinally with bioluminescent imaging and confirmed with colony forming unit counts after euthanasia.

脊柱植入物感染的体内小鼠模型

Spine implant infections portend poor outcomes as diagnosis is challenging and surgical eradication is at odds with mechanical spinal stability. The ...

Murine Precision-Cut Liver Slices as an Ex Vivo Model of Liver Biology

Understanding the mechanisms of liver injury, hepatic fibrosis, and cirrhosis that underlie chronic liver diseases (i.e., viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic liver disease, and liver cancer) requires experimental manipulation of animal models and in vitro cell cultures. Both techniques have limitations, such as the requirement of large numbers of animals for in vivo manipulation. However, in vitro cell cultures do not reproduce the structure and function of the multicellular hepatic environment. The use of precision-cut liver slices is a technique in which uniform slices of viable mouse liver are maintained in laboratory tissue culture for experimental manipulation. This technique occupies an experimental niche that exists between animal studies and in vitro cell culture methods. The presented protocol describes a straightforward and reliable method to isolate and culture precision-cut liver slices from mice. As an application of this technique, ex vivo liver slices are treated with bile acids to simulate cholestatic liver injury and ultimately assess the mechanisms of hepatic fibrogenesis.

This protocol provides a simple and reliable method for the production of viable precision-cut liver slices from mice. The ex vivo tissue samples can be maintained under laboratory tissue culture conditions for multiple days, providing a flexible model to examine liver pathobiology.

毛利精密切肝片作为肝脏生物学的Ex Vivo模型

Understanding the mechanisms of liver injury, hepatic fibrosis, and cirrhosis that underlie chronic liver diseases (i.e., viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic ...