이 사업은 보건분(No.YKK16098)의 주요 프로젝트 의료과학기술개발재단이 후원했습니다.

동물 실험은 난징 드럼 타워 병원의 기관 동물 관리 및 사용 위원회 (IACUC)에 의해 승인되었다.
1. 시약 및 동물의 준비
<ol><li>독소루비신 염산염(화이자, 미국)을 살균된 물에 용해합니다. 소용돌이는 1 mg / mL의 독스 용액을 얻고 4 ° C에서 유지합니다.</li>
	<li>C57BL/6 마우스를 사용 하 여 (8-10 주 오래 된; 25-30 g 무게). 이 연구를 위해, 마우스는 난징 대학의 모형 동물 연구 센터에서 구입하고 난징 드럼 타워 병원의 동물방에 보관되었습니다.</li>
	<li>병원체가 없는 마우스 케이지는 23°C의 일정한 온도에서 12h 빛/어두운 주기 하에서 유지되었다. 모든 동물은 정상적인 차우 다이어트에 공급되었고 음식과 물 광고 리비툼을 얻었습니다.</li>
</ol>2. DCM 동물 모델 설립
<ol><li>마우스를 정상(n = 5) 그룹과 Dox(n= 5) 그룹으로 무작위화한다.</li>
	<li>Dox 그룹에 대해 일주일에 1mL 살균 주사기를 사용하여 5 mg/kg의 용량으로 Dox 용액을 주체로 관리하십시오. 동일한 양의 식염수 용액으로 대조군 마우스를 동일한 방식으로 치료합니다.</li>
	<li>매주 두 그룹의 체중을 측정합니다. 이에 따라, 총 4주 동안 체중에 따라 주출량을 조절하고, 누적 투여량은 20mg/kg(그림1)이다. 참고: 4주에서 심초음파가 두 그룹 간의 심장 기능에 상당한 차이를 보였기 때문에 4주의 기간이 선택되었다.</li>
</ol>3. 심초음파 검사
<ol><li>넷째 주 말에, 마우스의 심초음파 검사를 실시합니다.</li>
	<li>2%의 이소플루란으로 마우스를 마취시다. 마우스가 이빨이 있는 트위저로 피부 의 꼬집에 반응하지 않거나 발가락과 꼬리를 자극하지 않으면 프로토콜을 계속하십시오.</li>
	<li>동물 취급 플랫폼에 마우스를 놓습니다. 마취를 유지하기 위해 동물의 코와 입을 코 콘으로 덮고 2 % 이소플루란을 전달하십시오. 참고: IP 마취의 경우 0.2 mL/20 g의 용량으로 4% 염산 수분을 주입하십시오.</li>
	<li>전기 면도기로 가슴 털을 조심스럽게 제거합니다. 트랜스토라시 코름카이그래피를 사용하여 생체 내 심장 기능을 평가합니다.</li>
	<li>233Hz의 프레임 속도로 파라스테탈 긴축 및 단축 뷰 모두에서 LV 심초음파를 수행합니다.</li>
	<li>M 모드 추적에서 평균 LV 종자 수축기 직경(LVIDd), LV 엔드 다이확장지름(LVID), 심실 중격 두께(IVS), LV 후방 벽 두께(LVPW)를 3-5심장 박동에서 측정합니다. 또한 에코카르디그래피를 기반으로 배출 분획(EF) 및 분수 단축(FS)을 계산합니다.</li>
</ol>4. 조직학적 염색
<ol><li>심초음파 분석 후, 염화칼륨 10%의 심폐실 주입으로 마우스를 희생한다.</li>
	<li>간과 폐가 창백해질 때까지 해부 후 약 30mL의 식염수로 심장을 퍼퓨즈하십시오.</li>
	<li>심장을 절제하고 혈액을 돌출하기 위해 인산염 완충액으로 철저히 씻으십시오.</li>
	<li>24 시간 동안 실온에서 심장을 4 % 포르말린으로 고정하고 파라핀 왁스가 냉각되고 고화되도록 파라핀 상자에 조직을 치료합니다.</li>
	<li>병리학적 염색을 위해 하트를 5 μm 두께의 슬라이스로 자른다.</li>
	<li>모세 근육을 포함하는 절개 를 해체하고 재수화합니다.<ol>
<li>인큐베이션은 55°C에서 30분 동안 슬라이드를 합니다. 그런 다음, 자일렌 2x로 각각 2분 씩 배양; 각각 2분 동안 100% 에탄올 2배; 각각 2분 동안 95% 에탄올 2x; 80% 에탄올 2 분; 75% 에탄올 2 분; 및 50% 에탄올은 2분 동안.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>헤마톡시린과 에신(H&E)과 마슨의 얼룩을 사용한 얼룩.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Weintraub, R. G., Semsarian, C., MacDonald, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dilated+cardiomyopathy.">Dilated cardiomyopathy.</a> Lancet. 390 (10092), 400-414 (2017).</li><li>Ichihara, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attenuation+of+oxidative+stress+and+cardiac+dysfunction+by+bisoprolol+in+an+animal+model+of+dilated+cardiomyopathy.">Attenuation of oxidative stress and cardiac dysfunction by bisoprolol in an animal model of dilated cardiomyopathy.</a> Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 350 (1), 105-113 (2006).</li><li>Fountoulakis, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alterations+in+the+heart+mitochondrial+proteome+in+a+desmin+null+heart+failure+model.">Alterations in the heart mitochondrial proteome in a desmin null heart failure model.</a> Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 38 (3), 461-474 (2005).</li><li>Fairweather, D., Rose, N. 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H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+therapeutic+anti-CD4+monoclonal+antibody+inhibits+T+cell+receptor+signal+transduction+in+mouse+autoimmune+cardiomyopathy.">A therapeutic anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody inhibits T cell receptor signal transduction in mouse autoimmune cardiomyopathy.</a> Chinese Medical Journal. 120 (15), 1319-1325 (2007).</li><li>Riad, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toll-like+receptor-4+deficiency+attenuates+doxorubicin-induced+cardiomyopathy+in+mice.">Toll-like receptor-4 deficiency attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy in mice.</a> European Journal of Heart Failure. 10 (3), 233-243 (2008).</li><li>Kankeu, C., Clarke, K., Passante, E., Huber, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Doxorubicin-induced+chronic+dilated+cardiomyopathy-the+apoptosis+hypothesis+revisited.">Doxorubicin-induced chronic dilated cardiomyopathy-the apoptosis hypothesis revisited.</a> Journal of Molecular Medicine. 95 (3), 239-248 (2017).</li><li>Zhao, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNA-140-5p+aggravates+doxorubicin-induced+cardiotoxicity+by+promoting+myocardial+oxidative+stress+via+targeting+Nrf2+and+Sirt2.">MicroRNA-140-5p aggravates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by promoting myocardial oxidative stress via targeting Nrf2 and Sirt2.</a> Redox Biology. 15, 284-296 (2018).</li><li>O'Connell, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short-term+and+long-term+models+of+doxorubicin-induced+cardiomyopathy+in+rats:+A+comparison+of+functional+and+histopathological+changes.">Short-term and long-term models of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy in rats: A comparison of functional and histopathological changes.</a> Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology. 69 (4), 213-219 (2017).</li><li>Yuan, Y. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CTRP3+protected+against+doxorubicin-induced+cardiac+dysfunction,+inflammation+and+cell+death+via+activation+of+Sirt1.">CTRP3 protected against doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction, inflammation and cell death via activation of Sirt1.</a> Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 114, 38-47 (2018).</li><li>Sun, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+TGF-beta+pathway+mediates+doxorubicin+effects+on+cardiac+endothelial+cells.">The TGF-beta pathway mediates doxorubicin effects on cardiac endothelial cells.</a> Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 90, 129-138 (2016).</li><li>Minotti, G., Menna, P., Salvatorelli, E., Cairo, G., Gianni, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anthracyclines:+molecular+advances+and+pharmacologic+developments+in+antitumor+activity+and+cardiotoxicity.">Anthracyclines: molecular advances and pharmacologic developments in antitumor activity and cardiotoxicity.</a> Pharmacological Reviews. 56 (2), 185-229 (2004).</li><li>Vejpongsa, P., Yeh, E. 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이해 상충이 선언되지 않았습니다.

Dox는 임상실습(12)에일반적으로 사용되는 비특이적 주기적인 항종양 화학요법 약물이다. 주요 부작용은 심근병증 및 후속심부전(13)을특징으로 하는 심근독성이다. 근본적인 기계장치는 심근 지질 과산화의 손상, 심근 육종 망상 Ca2+-ATPase 활동의 억제 및 심근 국소 레닌-안지오텐신 시스템의 활성화를 포함하며, 그 결과 AT II 생산 및 세포내 칼슘 과부하<...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61158">A Doxorubicin-Induced Murine Model of Dilated Cardiomyopathy In Vivo</a>. A figure was updated.
Figure 1 was updated from:
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61158/61158fig1v2.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of a Dox-induced dilated cardiomyopathy. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61158/61158fig1v2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
to:
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61158/61158fig1v5.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of a Dox-induced dilated cardiomyopathy. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61158/61158fig1v5large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61158">A Doxorubicin-Induced Murine Model of Dilated Cardiomyopathy In Vivo</a>. A figure was updated.

Erratum: A Doxorubicin-Induced Murine Model of Dilated Cardiomyopathy In Vivo

심장 마비의 가장 흔한 원인 중 하나 인 DCM은 심실 팽창 및 심장 기능 감소를 특징으로하며 전 세계적으로 심장 이식의 가장 일반적인 이유입니다1. 그것의 병인을 더 조사하고 효과적인 처리를 찾아기 위하여는, 성숙한 동물 모형에 접근은 특히 중요합니다. 설명된 실험의 목적은 인간 DCM과 유사한 DCM의 안정적인 마우스 모델을 확립하는 것이다.
DCM의 복잡한 병인으로 인해 해당 동물 모델을 만드는 방법에는 여러 가지가 있습니다. 자발적인 DCM 모델2는 비교적 안정적이지만 비용이 많이 들고 쉽게 사용할 수 없습니다. 유전자 변형 된 동물 모델3 잘 설립되지 않고 더 많은 실험적 사용이 필요합니다. 바이러스 감염4 또는 자가 면역 결함5에 의해 유도된 DCM 동물 모델은 쉽게 얻을 수 있지만, DCM을 전적으로 대표하지는 않는다. 심근 독성과 관련된 모델은 알코올 유도 DCM 모델 과 독스 유도 DCM 동물 모델을 포함한다.
독스 유도 심근병증 모델은 Dox6의회대 내 주입에 의해 얻어진다. 이 모델은 Dox의 가장 심각한 만성 부작용을 악용합니다: Dox 노출 후 환자는 임상 균일성7을가진 늦은 발병 DCM 증상을 개발한다. 독스 유도 산화 스트레스8 및 미토콘드리아 손상9,심근 세포 세포 세포증으로 이어지는, DCM의 병인에 있는 증상이다. 급성 및 만성 독스 치료 모델이 있습니다: 독스(15 mg/kg)의 단일 고용량은 심근병증10에대한 단기 모델을 유도하고, 반복적인 저용량 Dox 주사(주간 6회, 3 mg/kg)는 심근병증에 대한 장기 모델을 유도한다11. 제시된 연구에 기초하여, 야생형 마우스는 치료 종료시까지 DCM의 특성과 일치하는 심장의 5 mg/kg 디스플레이 형태 및 조직학으로 한 달에 한 번 주 1회 주입하여 DCM 모델을 확립하는 이상적인 방법을 제공한다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>4% paraformaldehyde</td><td>servicebio</td><td>CAS30525-89-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>C57BL/6 mice</td><td>Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University</td><td>\</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Doxorubicin hydrochloride</td><td>Pfizer</td><td>CAS25316-40-9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>echocardiography</td><td>Visualsonics</td><td>\</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hematoxylin and Eosin staining kit</td><td>Solarbio</td><td>G1120</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Masson staining kit</td><td>Solarbio</td><td>G1343</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>phosphate buffer solution</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P5368</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>potassium chloride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>CAS7447-40-7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sterilized syringe</td><td>Millipore</td><td>SLGP033RB</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a doxorubicin-induced murine model of dilated cardiomyopathy in vivo

팽창된 심근병증(DCM)은 고혈압, 용기, 선천성 또는 허혈성 심장 질환이 없는 경우 심실 팽창 및 우울한 심장 성능을 특징으로 하는 이질성 심근 장애의 스펙트럼을 말하며, 감염, 자가면역 또는 대사 이상 또는 가족 상속과 관련이 있을 수 있다. 그것은 가난한 예후와 혼잡 한 심부전으로 진행 될 수 있습니다. 독소루비신(Dox)은 화학요법 치료제로 널리 사용되고 있지만, 심근의 DCM과 같은 변화를 일으키기 때문에 그 사용은 제한적이다. 심근 독성은 산화 스트레스, 만성 염증 및 심근 세포 세포 세포증에 기인합니다. 이러한 독스 유도 DCM 증상을 악용하는 DCM의 모델이 확립되지 않았습니다.

심장 기능 확장된 심근병증은 진보적인 심실 팽창 및 수축 기능 장애를 특징으로 합니다. 도 2는 두 그룹의 대표적인 심초음파 이미지를 나타낸다. 독스 처리된 마우스는 현저하게 감소된 좌심실 방출 분획 및 좌심실 분수단축(도 3A, B)을보였다. LV 직경은 또한 확장기와 수축기 상 모두에서 증가(도 3<str...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Doxorubicin-Induced Murine Model of Dilated Cardiomyopathy In Vivo at JoVE.com

A Doxorubicin-Induced Murine Model of Dilated Cardiomyopathy In Vivo

설명된 것은 독소루비신의 장기 내류 주사를 통해 마우스에서 독소루비신 유도된 확장된 심근병증(DCM) 모델을 확립하는 프로토콜이다.

비보에서 확장 된 심근병증의 독소루비신 유도 뮤린 모델

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers to a spectrum of heterogeneous myocardial disorders characterized by ventricular dilation and depressed cardiac ...

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Medicine

4.4K 조회수.  Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University. 설명된 것은 독소루비신의 장기 내류 주사를 통해 마우스에서 독소루비신 유도된 확장된 심근병증(DCM) 모델을 확립하는 프로토콜이다.

비디오: A Doxorubicin-Induced Murine Model of Dilated Cardiomyopathy In Vivo

Displacement Analysis of Myocardial Mechanical Deformation (DIAMOND) Reveals Segmental Heterogeneity of Cardiac Function in Embryonic Zebrafish

Zebrafish are increasingly utilized as a model organism for cardiomyopathies and regeneration. Current methods evaluating cardiac function fail to reliably detect segmental mechanics and are not readily feasible in zebrafish. Here we present a semiautomated, open-source method for the quantitative assessment of four-dimensional (4D) segmental cardiac function: displacement analysis of myocardial mechanical deformation (DIAMOND). Transgenic embryonic zebrafish were imaged in vivo using a light-sheet fluorescence microscopy system with 4D cardiac motion synchronization. Acquired 3D digital hearts were reconstructed at end-systole and end-diastole, and the ventricle was manually segmented into binary datasets. Then, the heart was reoriented and isotropically resampled along the true short axis, and the ventricle was evenly divided into eight portions (I&#8211;VIII) along the short axis. Due to the different resampling planes and matrices at end-systole and end-diastole, a transformation matrix was applied for image registration to restore the original spatial relationship between the resampled systolic and diastolic image matrices. After image registration, the displacement vector of each segment from end-systole to end-diastole was calculated based on the displacement of mass centroids in three dimensions (3D). DIAMOND shows that basal myocardial segments adjacent to the atrioventricular canal undergo the highest mechanical deformation and are the most susceptible to doxorubicin-induced cardiac injury. Overall, DIAMOND provides novel insights into segmental cardiac mechanics in zebrafish embryos beyond traditional ejection fraction (EF) under both physiological and pathological conditions.

Displacement Analysis of Myocardial Mechanical Deformation DIAMOND Reveals Segmental Heterogeneity of Cardiac Function in Embryonic Zebrafish

The goal of this protocol is to detail a novel method for the assessment of segmental cardiac function in embryonic zebrafish under both physiological and pathological conditions.

심근 기계 변형의 변위 분석 (DIAMOND) 배아 제브라피시에 있는 심장 기능의 분할 이질성을 제시합니다

Zebrafish are increasingly utilized as a model organism for cardiomyopathies and regeneration. Current methods evaluating cardiac function fail to ...

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발생학

Permanent Ligation of the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery in Mice: A Model of Post-myocardial Infarction Remodelling and Heart Failure

Heart failure is a syndrome in which the heart fails to pump blood at a rate commensurate with cellular oxygen requirements at rest or during stress. It is characterized by fluid retention, shortness of breath, and fatigue, in particular on exertion. Heart failure is a growing public health problem, the leading cause of hospitalization, and a major cause of mortality. Ischemic heart disease is the main cause of heart failure.
Ventricular remodelling refers to changes in structure, size, and shape of the left ventricle. This architectural remodelling of the left ventricle is induced by injury (e.g., myocardial infarction), by pressure overload (e.g., systemic arterial hypertension or aortic stenosis), or by volume overload. Since ventricular remodelling affects wall stress, it has a profound impact on cardiac function and on the development of heart failure. A model of permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in mice is used to investigate ventricular remodelling and cardiac function post-myocardial infarction. This model is fundamentally different in terms of objectives and pathophysiological relevance compared to the model of transient ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. In this latter model of ischemia/reperfusion injury, the initial extent of the infarct may be modulated by factors that affect myocardial salvage following reperfusion. In contrast, the infarct area at 24 hr after permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery is fixed. Cardiac function in this model will be affected by 1) the process of infarct expansion, infarct healing, and scar formation; and 2) the concomitant development of left ventricular dilatation, cardiac hypertrophy, and ventricular remodelling.
Besides the model of permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, the technique of invasive hemodynamic measurements in mice is presented in detail.

Heart failure is the leading cause of hospitalization and a major cause of mortality. A model of permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in mice is applied to investigate ventricular remodelling and cardiac dysfunction post-myocardial infarction. The technique of invasive hemodynamic measurements in mice is presented.

마우스의 왼쪽 전방 내림차순 관상 동맥의 영구 결찰 : 심근 경색 리모델링과 심장 마비의 모델

Heart failure is a syndrome in which the heart fails to pump blood at a rate commensurate with cellular oxygen requirements at rest or during stress. It ...

의학

Preclinical Cardiac Electrophysiology Assessment by Dual Voltage and Calcium Optical Mapping of Human Organotypic Cardiac Slices

Human cardiac slice preparations have recently been developed as a platform for human physiology studies and therapy testing to bridge the gap between animal and clinical trials. Numerous animal and cell models have been used to examine the effects of drugs, yet these responses often differ in humans. Human cardiac slices offer an advantage for drug testing in that they are directly derived from viable human hearts. In addition to having preserved multicellular structures, cell-cell coupling, and extracellular matrix environments, human cardiac tissue slices can be used to directly test the effect of innumerable drugs on adult human cardiac physiology. What distinguishes this model from other heart preparations, such as whole hearts or wedges, is that slices can be subjected to longer-term culture. As such, cardiac slices allow for studying the acute as well as chronic effects of drugs. Furthermore, the ability to collect several hundred to a thousand slices from a single heart makes this a high-throughput model to test several drugs at varying concentrations and combinations with other drugs at the same time. Slices can be prepared from any given region of the heart. In this protocol, we describe the preparation of left ventricular slices by isolating tissue cubes from the left ventricular free wall and sectioning them into slices using a high precision vibrating microtome. These slices can then either be subjected to acute experiments to measure baseline cardiac electrophysiological function or cultured for chronic drug studies. This protocol also describes dual optical mapping of cardiac slices for simultaneous recordings of transmembrane potentials and intracellular calcium dynamics to determine the effects of the drugs being investigated.

This protocol describes the procedure for sectioning and culturing human cardiac slices for preclinical drug testing and details the use of optical mapping for recording transmembrane voltage and intracellular calcium signals simultaneously from these slices.

인간 조직형 심장 슬라이스의 이중 전압 및 칼슘 광학 매핑에 의한 전임상 심장 전극생리학 평가

Human cardiac slice preparations have recently been developed as a platform for human physiology studies and therapy testing to bridge the gap between ...

생체공학

Percutaneous Contrast Echocardiography-guided Intramyocardial Injection and Cell Delivery in a Large Preclinical Model

Cell and gene therapy are exciting and promising strategies for the purpose of cardiac regeneration in the setting of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Before they can be considered for use, and implemented in humans, extensive preclinical studies are required in large animal models to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and fate of the injectate (e.g., stem cells) once delivered into the myocardium. Small rodent models offer advantages (e.g., cost effectiveness, amenability for genetic manipulation); however, given inherent limitations of these models, the findings in these rarely translate into the clinic. Conversely, large animal models such as rabbits, have advantages (e.g., similar cardiac electrophysiology compared to humans and other large animals), whilst retaining a good cost-effective balance. Here, we demonstrate how to perform a percutaneous contrast echocardiography-guided intramyocardial injection (IMI) technique, which is minimally invasive, safe, well tolerated, and very effective in the targeted delivery of injectates, including cells, into several locations within the myocardium of a rabbit model. For the implementation of this technique, we also have taken advantage of a widely available clinical echocardiography system. After putting in practice the protocol described here, a researcher with basic ultrasound knowledge will become competent in the performance of this versatile and minimally invasive technique for routine use in experiments, aimed at hypothesis testing of the capabilities of cardiac regenerative therapeutics in the rabbit model. Once competency is achieved, the whole procedure can be performed within 25 min after anaesthetizing the rabbit.

Novel therapeutic strategies in cardiac regenerative medicine require extensive and detailed studies in large preclinical animal models before they can be considered for use in humans. Here, we demonstrate a percutaneous contrast echocardiography-guided intramyocardial injection technique in rabbits, which is valuable for hypothesis testing the efficacy of such novel therapies.

경 피 적인 대비 심장 초음파-가이드 Intramyocardial 주입 및 큰 전 임상 모델에서 셀 배달

Cell and gene therapy are exciting and promising strategies for the purpose of cardiac regeneration in the setting of heart failure with reduced ejection ...

Tachycardia-Induced Cardiomyopathy As a Chronic Heart Failure Model in Swine

A stable and reliable model of chronic heart failure is required for many experiments to understand hemodynamics or to test effects of new treatment methods. Here, we present such a model by tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy, which can be produced by rapid cardiac pacing in swine.
A single pacing lead is introduced transvenously into fully anaesthetized healthy swine, to the apex of the right ventricle, and fixated. Its other end is then tunneled dorsally to the paravertebral region. There, it is connected to an in-house modified heart pacemaker unit that is then implanted in a subcutaneous pocket. 
After 4 - 8 weeks of rapid ventricular pacing at rates of 200 - 240 beats/min, physical examination revealed signs of severe heart failure - tachypnea, spontaneous sinus tachycardia, and fatigue. Echocardiography and X-ray showed dilation of all heart chambers, effusions, and severe systolic dysfunction. These findings correspond well to decompensated dilated cardiomyopathy and are also preserved after the cessation of pacing.
This model of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy can be used for studying the pathophysiology of progressive chronic heart failure, especially hemodynamic changes caused by new treatment modalities like mechanical circulatory supports. This methodology is easy to perform and the results are robust and reproducible.

Here, we present a protocol to produce tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy in swine. This model represents a potent way to study the hemodynamics of progressive chronic heart failure and the effects of applied treatment.

돼지에서 만성 심장 마비 모델로 tachycardia 유발 심근

A stable and reliable model of chronic heart failure is required for many experiments to understand hemodynamics or to test effects of new treatment ...

A Doxorubicin-induced Cardiomyopathy Model in Adult Zebrafish

The genetically accessible adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been increasingly used as a vertebrate model for understanding human diseases such as cardiomyopathy. Because of its convenience and amenability to high throughput genetic manipulations, the generation of acquired cardiomyopathy models, such as the doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy (DIC) model in adult zebrafish, is opening the doors to new research avenues, including discovering cardiomyopathy modifiers via forward genetic screening. Different from the embryonic zebrafish DIC model, both initial acute and later chronic phases of cardiomyopathy can be determined in the adult zebrafish DIC model, enabling the study of stage-dependent signaling mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. However, variable results can be obtained with the current model, even in the hands of experienced investigators. To facilitate future implementation of the DIC model, we present a detailed protocol on how to generate this DIC model in adult zebrafish and describe two alternative ways of intraperitoneal (IP) injection. We further discuss options on how to reduce variations to obtain reliable results and provide suggestions on how to appropriately interpret the results.

A method to generate a doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy model in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) is described here. Two alternative ways of intraperitoneal injection are presented and conditions to reduce variations among different experimental groups are discussed.

성인 제 브라에서 독 소 루비 유발 심근 모델

The genetically accessible adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been increasingly used as a vertebrate model for understanding human diseases such as ...

Murine Myocardial Infarction Model using Permanent Ligation of Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery

Myocardial infarction (MI) and acute coronary diseases are among the most prominent causes of death in population with western lifestyle. The murine models of MI with permanent ligation of left-anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery closely mimics MI in humans. Murine models benefit from the extensive genetic engineering available nowadays. Here we propose a reproducible murine surgical model of myocardial infarction by permanent LAD coronary ligation. Our technique comprises anesthesia with ketamine/xylazine that can be rapidly reversed by administration of an antagonist, intubation without tracheotomy for mechanical-assisted ventilation, ventilation with application of extrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to avoid alveolar collapse, a thoracotomy method limiting to the minimum surgical lesions made to skeletal muscles, and lung inflation without thoracentesis. This method is sparsely invasive, reproducible and reduces post-surgery mortality and complications.

Herein we describe a surgical procedure showing how to achieve permanent ligation of the left-anterior descending coronary artery in mice. This model is of high relevance to investigate the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction and the concomitant biological processes.

왼쪽 전방 내림차순 관상 동맥의 영구 결찰을 사용하는 뮤린 심근 경색 모델

Myocardial infarction (MI) and acute coronary diseases are among the most prominent causes of death in population with western lifestyle. The murine ...

Revealing Subtle Changes in Cardiac Function using Transthoracic Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography in Mice

Left ventricular (LV) dysfunction paves the final pathway for a multitude of cardiac disorders. With the non-invasive high-frequency transthoracic dobutamine stress echocardiography in humans, a reductionist investigation approach to unmask subtle changes in cardiac function has become possible. Here, we provide a protocol for using this technique in mice to facilitate expanded analysis of LV architecture and function in physiology and pathology enabling the observation of alterations in models of cardiac disease hidden in unstressed hearts. This investigation can be performed in one and the same animal and allows both, basal and pharmacologically stress-induced measurements. We outline detailed criteria for appropriate anesthesia, imaging-based LV analysis, consideration of intra- and interobserver variability, and obtaining positive inotrope response that can be attained in mice after intraperitoneal injection of dobutamine under near physiological conditions. To recapitulate the characteristics of human physiology and disease in small animal models, we highlight critical pitfalls in evaluation, e.g., a pronounced Bowditch effect in mice. To further meet translational objectives, we compare stress-induced effects in humans and mice. When used in translational studies, attention must be paid to physiological differences between mice and human. Experimental rigor dictates that some parameters assessed in patients can only be used with caution due to restrictions in spatial and temporal resolution in mouse models.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>마우스에서 경흉부 도부타민 스트레스 심초음파를 사용하여 심장 기능의 미묘한 변화를 밝히기

Left ventricular dysfunction constitutes the final common pathway for a host of cardiac disorders. We here provide a detailed protocol of transthoracic dobutamine stress echocardiography approach for comprehensive evaluation of the left ventricular function of mouse models of cardiac disease as well as cardiac phenotyping.

마우스에서 경흉부 도부타민 스트레스 심초음파를 사용하여 심장 기능의 미묘한 변화를 밝히기

Left ventricular (LV) dysfunction paves the final pathway for a multitude of cardiac disorders. With the non-invasive high-frequency transthoracic ...

An Experimental Model of Myocardial Infarction for Studying Cardiac Repair and Remodeling in Knockout Mice

Cardiovascular disease is the most prevalent cause of death in Western countries, with acute myocardial infarction (MI) being the most prevalent form. This paper describes a protocol for studying the role of galectin 3 (Gal-3) in the temporal evolution of cardiac healing and remodeling in an experimental animal model of MI. 
The procedures described include an experimental model of MI with a permanent coronary ligature in male C57BL/6J (control) and Gal-3 knockout (KO) mice, an echocardiography procedure to study cardiac remodeling and systolic function in vivo, a histological evaluation of interstitial myocardial fibrosis with picrosirius red-stained and rhodamine-conjugated lectin-stained sections for studying myocyte hypertrophy by the cross-sectional area (MCSA), and the quantification of infarct size and cardiac remodeling (scar thinning, septum thickness, and expansion index) by planimetry in slices stained with Masson's trichrome and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. Gal-3 KO mice with MI showed disrupted cardiac remodeling and an increase in the scar thinning ratio and the expansion index. At the onset of MI, myocardial function and cardiac remodeling were also severely affected. At 4 weeks post MI, the natural evolution of fibrosis in infarcted Gal-3 KO mice was also affected. 
In summary, the experimental model of MI is a suitable model for studying the temporal evolution of cardiac repair and remodeling in mice with the genetic deletion of Gal-3 and other animal models. The lack of Gal-3 affects the dynamics of cardiac repair and disrupts the evolution of cardiac remodeling and function after MI.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>녹아웃 마우스의 심장 수리 및 리모델링을 연구하기 위한 심근 경색의 실험적 모델

Here, we describe an experimental model of myocardial infarction, an echocardiography procedure to study cardiac remodeling and function, and procedures for quantifying fibrosis and hypertrophy in picrosirius red-stained and rhodamine-stained sections, as well as the infarct size and expansion index in slices stained with Masson's trichrome.

녹아웃 마우스의 심장 수리 및 리모델링을 연구하기 위한 심근 경색의 실험적 모델

Cardiovascular disease is the most prevalent cause of death in Western countries, with acute myocardial infarction (MI) being the most prevalent form. ...

비보에서 확장 된 심근병증의 독소루비신 유도 뮤린 모델

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이 비디오의 챕터

심근 기계 변형의 변위 분석 (DIAMOND) 배아 제브라피시에 있는 심장 기능의 분할 이질성을 제시합니다

마우스의 왼쪽 전방 내림차순 관상 동맥의 영구 결찰 : 심근 경색 리모델링과 심장 마비의 모델

인간 조직형 심장 슬라이스의 이중 전압 및 칼슘 광학 매핑에 의한 전임상 심장 전극생리학 평가

경 피 적인 대비 심장 초음파-가이드 Intramyocardial 주입 및 큰 전 임상 모델에서 셀 배달

돼지에서 만성 심장 마비 모델로 tachycardia 유발 심근

성인 제 브라에서 독 소 루비 유발 심근 모델

왼쪽 전방 내림차순 관상 동맥의 영구 결찰을 사용하는 뮤린 심근 경색 모델

마우스에서 경흉부 도부타민 스트레스 심초음파를 사용하여 심장 기능의 미묘한 변화를 밝히기

마우스에서 경흉부 도부타민 스트레스 심초음파를 사용하여 심장 기능의 미묘한 변화를 밝히기

녹아웃 마우스의 심장 수리 및 리모델링을 연구하기 위한 심근 경색의 실험적 모델