Name: combining behavior and eeg to study the effects of mindfulness meditation on episodic memory
Uploaded: 2020-05-11T14:45:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 16 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combining Behavior and EEG to Study the Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Episodic Memory at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了鲍登学院行政部门和鲍登生命科学研究奖学金，Peter J. Grua和Mary G. O'Connell教师/学生研究奖以及Kufe家庭学生研究奖学金的支持。我们感谢本杰明·蒂普顿（Benjamin Tipton）领导正念冥想课程，感谢汉娜·里斯（Hannah Reese）在实验设计和分析方面的帮助。

所有程序均由鲍登学院机构审查委员会批准，符合联邦保护人类受试者的指导方针。
1.实验对象招募和准备
<ol><li>招募40名18-29岁的受试者，他们冥想天真，右撇子，英语流利，视力正常或矫正为正常，没有神经系统疾病。 注意:研究年幼的儿童和老年人需要单独的年龄特定研究。额叶和顶叶的发育对于执行情景记忆任务很重要。并且脑电图随年龄的变化而存在差异。研究年幼的儿童和老年人需要特定年龄的认知任务和专门的脑电图记录和数据分析协议，这些协议不适应。仅招募右撇子受试者以减少脑电图活动的变异性。</li>
	<li>将 40 名受试者随机分配到正念冥想实验组或候补名单对照组，每组共 20 名受试者。</li>
	<li>安排实验课程和正念冥想训练，以便正念冥想实验组和候补名单对照组的训练前和训练后实验课程之间的延迟相等（有关课程的视觉描述，请参见 图 1 ）。</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61247/61247fig1.jpg"> 图 1:会话的视觉描述。 受试者完成了五方面正念问卷（FFMQ）46 ，并在训练前和训练后实验期间记录了脑电图，同时执行了情景记忆任务。受试者被随机分配到正念冥想训练四周或留在候补名单上接受正念冥想训练。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61247/61247fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的大图。</a>
<ol start="4"><li>告知受试者行为测试，脑电图记录和正念冥想训练所涉及的程序。确保受试者不要在为研究而进行的冥想之外进行冥想。</li>
</ol>2. 正念问卷
<ol><li>对于每个实验环节，让受试者完成五面正念问卷（FFMQ）46 （见 补充文件1）。</li>
	<li>分析正念数据。<ol><li>通过计算FFMQ总数以及观察，描述，意识，非判断和非反应量表的分数来衡量每个受试者的正念，方法是将每个子量表的分数相加（请注意，对于某些项目，评分必须根据FFMQ46 中的说明进行反转（即将1更改为5，2更改为4，4至2和5至1）（请参阅 补充文件1中的评分说明）。</li>
		<li>比较受试者的FFMQ总数以及正念冥想实验组和候补名单对照组在训练前和训练后实验课程中的观察，描述，意识，非判断和非反应分数。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>3.情景记忆任务
<ol><li>根据 Kucera 和 Francis47 单词规范，准备一个包含 800 个等同于词频的形容词的列表（见 补充文件 2）。</li>
	<li>对于每个实验环节，让受试者通过呈现 10 个单词并执行如下所述的编码任务来练习编码阶段。</li>
	<li>对于每个实验会话，让受试者执行编码阶段。<ol><li>让受试者研究200个形容词的列表，并创建由形容词描述的空间场景的心理图像（放置任务），或者思考单词的含义并评价其愉快度（愉快的任务）。</li>
		<li>在呈现每个单词后，要求受试者评估他们执行编码任务的程度（有关编码过程的视觉描述，请参见 图 2 ）。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>对于每个实验环节，让受试者通过呈现编码练习中显示的 10 个单词和 5 个新单词来练习源检索阶段，并执行如下所述的源检索任务。</li>
	<li>对于每个实验会话，让受试者在记录脑电图的同时执行源检索阶段。<ol><li>呈现编码时显示的 200 个单词与 200 个新单词随机混合。将对应于每个行为条件的时间戳发送到 EEG 记录。单词应该以 20 块的形式呈现，让受试者休息一下，让他们的眼睛休息一下。</li>
		<li>在每个单词的呈现过程中，要求受试者指出该单词是否是新的，或者他们是否认识到它在编码阶段正在研究。对于识别的单词，要求受试者指出来源，该单词是在放置任务还是愉快任务中学习的（有关源检索过程的视觉描述，请参见 图2 ）。 注意:情景记忆任务可以使用任何为行为研究而设计的软件进行设计，例如EPrime，它可以使用任务事件将时间戳发送到EEG记录（参见 材料表）。教程和示例实验可在线获得（例如，https://pstnet.com、https://step.talkbank.org48）。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61247/61247fig2.jpg"> 图2:实验范式的视觉描述。在情景记忆任务中，受试者研究形容词，并想象一个场景（放置任务）或判断其愉快程度（愉快任务）。在源检索阶段，受试者决定对每个单词执行哪个任务（"旧地方任务"或"旧的愉快任务"）或"新"。这个数字是从Nyhus等人60修改而来的。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61247/61247fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的大图。</a>
<ol start="6"><li>根据行为状况和受试者的反应标记每个试验（见图 3 和 图4），并分析情景记忆行为数据。<ol><li>通过计算项目歧视来衡量受试者记忆源信息的能力（项目 d'，见 图3）: Z（命中率） – Z（误报率）</li>
		<li>通过计算来源辨别来衡量受试者记忆源信息的能力（来源 d'，见 图4）。 Z（正确的源速率） – Z（不正确的源速率）</li>
		<li>比较正念冥想实验组和候补名单对照组在训练前和训练后实验课程中的受试者项目和来源歧视（项目和来源 d'）。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61247/61247fig3.jpg"> 图 3:单词记忆测量中包含的数据类别。 根据行为状况和受试者的反应对试验进行标记，并用于计算项目歧视（ 项目d'）。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61247/61247fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的大图。</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61247/61247fig4.jpg"> 图 4:源存储器测量中包含的数据类别。 根据行为状况和受试者的反应对试验进行标记，并用于计算来源歧视（来源 d'）。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61247/61247fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的大图。</a>
4. 脑电记录与分析
<ol><li>设置脑电图帽（见 材料表）。 注意:脑电图封顶教程和其他有用信息可通过在线资源（例如，https://pursue.richmond.edu49）获得。<ol><li>测量受试者的头部，并根据扩展的国际10-20系统将所有电极放在正确尺寸的脑电图帽上。</li>
		<li>用酒精湿巾清洁受试者的额头。</li>
		<li>通过分开他们的头发然后将脑电图帽涂在受试者的头部，然后用带有钝针的鲁尔锁注射器插入导电凝胶。</li>
		<li>使用脑电图记录软件，单击阻抗并确保它们低于研究人员选择使用的特定脑电图系统推荐的电阻水平。</li>
		<li>要求受试者在实验过程中尽可能保持静止。当受试者静止时以及眨眼或下巴或面部运动时，向受试者显示脑电图信号。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>记录脑电图。<ol><li>通过单击编辑工作区，使用 EEG 记录软件设置 EEG 放大器，并设置为使用 .1\u2012100 Hz 带通滤波器和 500 Hz 采样率采集所有受试者的信号。</li>
		<li>开始脑电图记录。</li>
		<li>开始源检索阶段，并确保源检索任务的时间戳显示在脑电图记录中。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>受试者完成源检索任务后，用去离子水和消毒剂清洁脑电图帽和电极。</li>
	<li>处理和分析脑电图数据。<ol><li>高通滤波1 Hz数据，低通滤波100 Hz数据。</li>
		<li>使用周围通道识别和插值不良通道50.</li>
		<li>将数据重新引用到平均参考文献51。</li>
		<li>从源检索任务中分割相对于每个时间戳开始的数据，并减去刺激前基线周期。</li>
		<li>识别并消除脑电图数据中的伪影，例如眨眼和眼动伪影。检测并剔除具有大伪影（电压波动超过 1，000 μV 或数据超出标准值 5 个标准偏差）的试验。在运行独立成分分析（ICA）52 并识别和去除噪声成分53后重建脑电图。</li>
		<li>使用Morlet小波变换将EEG数据转换为3 Hz至125 Hz的100个对数间隔频率的时频域，小波从3 Hz的3个周期增加到125 Hz的25个周期。</li>
		<li>比较正念冥想实验组和候补名单对照组中相对于刺激前基线的θ功率，在右额叶和左顶叶通道的训练前和训练后实验会话中，在源检索期间显示效果54，55，56，57。所有分析都应控制多重比较。 注意:EEG数据可以使用专为信号处理而设计的公开软件（如EEGLab 58）进行处理和分析。EEGLab培训研讨会和教程可通过Swartz计算神经科学中心（https://sccn.ucsd.edu/eeglab/index.php）获得。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>5. 正念冥想训练
<ol><li>聘请接受过正念减压 （MBSR） 技术培训的正念冥想教练59. 注意:接受过MBSR技术培训的讲师可以在线找到（例如 https://www.brown.edu/public-health/mindfulness/programs/mbsr-teacher-recognition）。</li>
	<li>让正念冥想实验组中的 20 名受试者每周与正念冥想教练会面一小时，持续四周。 注意:标准的MBSR课程为期八周，包括呼吸意识，坐姿冥想，瑜伽和放松技巧。正念冥想训练应包括标准MBSR课程的各个方面，例如呼吸意识和坐着冥想（见 补充文件3）。这些与集中注意力和执行功能有关的做法最有可能有助于情景记忆。</li>
	<li>让受试者每天使用正念冥想教练提供的引导呼吸意识冥想录音练习至少 20 分钟。</li>
	<li>通过每日电子邮件调查询问受试者练习正念冥想的分钟，他们在冥想期间做了什么，以及练习如何进行，从而跟踪每日正念冥想练习（见 材料表）。 注意:研究人员应考虑排除那些没有花费大量时间练习正念冥想的受试者。</li>
	<li>完成正念冥想训练后尽快安排训练后的实验课程。 注意:研究人员应考虑排除在完成正念冥想训练后不久无法完成训练后实验课程的受试者。请联系使用脑电图技术进行随机对照实验的认知神经科学专家以获取更多信息。</li>
</ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

目前的协议提供了第一个证据，证明正念冥想可以增加源记忆和θ振荡。通过将正念冥想训练与行为和神经测量相结合，我们能够更好地理解正念冥想对情景记忆及其神经相关性的影响。
尽管之前的研究已经分别研究了正念冥想对情景记忆的行为影响17，18，19，20和正念冥想的神经影响1，21，22，23，24，25，26，27，28，29，30，31，32，33，34，35，36，37，38，39，40，41，42，43，44，45，没有研究将情景记忆期间的行为和脑电图结合起来。此外，以前关于正念冥想的研究经常研究专家冥想者1，17，21，22，23，24，25，26，27，28，29，30，32，33，35， 36，37，38，39，40，41，43，44，因此存在自我选择偏差的风险。通过使用随机分配的正念冥想和候补名单对照组的纵向设计，我们能够更好地控制组差异。最后，以前关于正念冥想的研究经常使用完整的8周MBSR课程，但目前的研究显示，只有4周的正念冥想训练就有显着效果。
成功实施这些方法有许多关键步骤。首先，随机分配到正念冥想实验组或候补名单对照组对于确保两组大致相等至关重要。其次，重要的是要将正念冥想训练集中在MBSR课程中与集中注意力和执行功能（例如呼吸意识）相关的方面，因为这些方面最有可能有助于情景记忆。第三，重要的是要让受试者花大量时间练习正念冥想，并准确报告他们每天冥想的时间。第四，重要的是要将正念冥想实验组和候补名单对照组之间的训练前和训练后实验时间相等，以控制时间，并在正念冥想训练后尽快安排训练后的实验课程，以便正念冥想训练的效果在测试前不会消散。第五，正念冥想很可能通过增加注意力和执行功能来影响情景记忆。因此，使用需要执行功能（如源记忆）的情景记忆任务非常重要。最后，重要的是获得没有伪影的高质量脑电图数据。
尽管这种方法与现有方法相比具有优势，但应注意一些局限性。正念冥想对源记忆的影响很弱。这可能是由于使用具有良好记忆力的健康年轻人的受试者，或者受试者练习正念冥想的时间有限。为期4周的正念冥想训练比标准的8周MBSR课程短，平均而言，受试者没有报告每天花费整整20分钟练习正念冥想。此外，没有活跃的对照组，因此尚不清楚正念冥想在增强源记忆或θ振荡方面与其他治疗方法相比如何。最后，这里使用的EEG分析方法没有将周期性振荡功率的贡献与可能影响结果解释的非周期性1 / f非振荡功率分开。因此，未来的研究应考虑使用记忆能力较弱的受试者，实施完整的8周MBSR课程，采用主动控制条件，并使用新开发的分析方法将振荡活动与1/f非振荡活动分开61。
因此，目前的方法成功地将行为和脑电图结合起来，研究正念冥想对情景记忆的影响。未来的研究应该使用这些方法来比较正念冥想与其他已被证明可以改善情景记忆并改变大脑结构和功能的治疗方法。此外，未来的研究应该结合行为和神经测量，以检查正念冥想对认知其他方面的影响。通过结合行为和神经测量，并将正念冥想与替代疗法进行比较，我们将能够更好地确定最有希望的认知增强治疗方法。

最近人们对正念冥想感兴趣，以治疗精神疾病的症状和增强认知能力，但仍有很多研究要做，以了解正念冥想对认知功能的影响。先前的研究表明，正念冥想可以减轻压力，抑郁，广泛性焦虑症，成瘾，注意力缺陷障碍和疼痛障碍的症状1，2，3，4，5，6，7，8，9，以及增加注意力和执行功能2，3，4，5，6，7，10，11，12，13，14，15，16.
尽管对正念冥想对认知的影响感兴趣，但对正念冥想对情景记忆的影响的研究很少17.鉴于注意力和执行功能对情节编码和检索的贡献，正念冥想也应该增加情节记忆。最近的一些行为研究表明，正念训练可以增加识别记忆回忆18，19 和自由回忆20。
除了正念冥想对认知的行为影响外，以前的研究还研究了正念冥想对大脑的影响。正念冥想已被证明可以改变大脑的结构和功能。重要的是，正念冥想已被证明可以改变与情景记忆相关的网络中的大脑结构和功能21，22，23;具体增加前额叶皮层的灰质体积和活性1，24，25，26，27，28，29，30，31，32 和海马体 25，27，28，33，34，35，36，37 以及增加 θ（4\u20128 Hz）功率和相干性1，36，38，39，40，41，42，43，44，45。
因此，以前的研究分别研究了正念冥想对情景记忆的行为影响17，18，19，20和正念冥想的神经影响1，21，22，23，24，25，26，27，28，29，30，31，32，33，34，35，36，37，38，39，40，41，42，43，44，45.为了了解正念冥想对情景记忆及其神经相关性的影响，测量情景记忆期间的行为和大脑活动非常重要。研究情景记忆神经相关性的一种方法是脑电图（EEG）。在这里，我们描述了一种在测量脑电图时将正念冥想训练与情景记忆任务相结合的方法。通过将正念冥想的训练与情景记忆的行为和神经测量相结合，我们可以更好地了解正念冥想对认知功能的影响。

<table><tbody><tr><td>BrainVision actiCHamp</td><td>Brain Products GmbH, Gilching, Germany</td><td>BP-09020</td><td>64-channel EEG system</td></tr><tr><td>BrainVision Recorder</td><td>Brain Products GmbH, Gilching, Germany</td><td>BP-00020</td><td>EEG recording software for EEG data acquisition</td></tr><tr><td>E-Prime 2.0 Professional</td><td>Psychology Software Tools, Inc., Sharpsburg, PA</td><td>PST-100577</td><td>Software designed for behavioral research that can interface with the EEG recording</td></tr><tr><td>Qualtrics</td><td>Qualtrics, Provo, UT</td><td>Core XM</td><td>Survey tool</td></tr></tbody></table>

combining behavior and eeg to study the effects of mindfulness meditation on episodic memory

尽管最近人们对正念冥想如何影响情景记忆以及大脑结构和功能感兴趣，但没有研究检查正念冥想对情景记忆的行为和神经影响。在这里，我们提出了一个协议，该协议结合了正念冥想训练，情景记忆任务和脑电图，以检查正念冥想如何改变行为表现和情景记忆的神经相关性。将正念冥想实验组中的受试者与候补名单对照组进行比较。正念冥想实验组的受试者花了四周的时间训练和练习正念冥想。使用五方面正念问卷（FFMQ）在训练前后测量正念。使用源识别任务在训练前后测量情景记忆。在源识别任务的检索阶段，记录脑电图。结果表明，正念冥想训练后，右额叶和左顶叶通道的正念、源识别行为表现和脑电θ功率增加。此外，正念的增加与右额通道θ功率的增加相关。因此，结合正念冥想训练、情景记忆任务和脑电图获得的结果揭示了正念冥想对情景记忆的行为和神经影响。

报告了40名冥想幼稚，右撇子，流利英语受试者的代表性结果（正念冥想实验组10名男性和10名女性受试者年龄在18至22岁之间，候补名单对照组中7名男性和13名女性受试者年龄在18至22岁之间）。使用混合方差分析（ANOVA）分析行为和脑电图数据，比较正念冥想实验组和候补名单对照组（实验，对照）跨时间（训练前，训练后）。所有事后测试都针对多次比较进行了校正。
正念问卷 首先，分析评估了正念冥想训练是否成功。受试者花费大量时间练习正念冥想，并且根据FFMQ测量，他们的正念增加。具体而言，FFMQ总量（F（1，38） = 11.15，MSE = 67.67，p <. 01）的组与时间之间存在交互作用，FFMQ描述（F（1，38） = 3.35，MSE = 12.26，p = .08）和非判断（F（1，38） = 3.87，MSE = 15.37 ，p = .06）量表的组与时间之间存在 边际交互作用。正念冥想实验组的FFMQ总量（F（1，19） = 15.60，MSE = 63.34，p < .01），描述（F（1，19） = 6.36，MSE = 8.44，p = .02）和非法官（F（1，19） = 10.12，MSE = 8.60， p < .01）量表的 分数从训练前到训练后增加，而候补名单对照组没有变化（见表1）。
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1"><tbody><tr><td></td>
			<td colspan="2">实验的</td>
			<td colspan="2">控制</td>
		</tr><tr><td></td>
			<td>预培训</td>
			<td>培训后</td>
			<td>预培训</td>
			<td>培训后</td>
		</tr><tr><td>总</td>
			<td>128.13 (2.38)</td>
			<td>138.07 (3.24)</td>
			<td>123.59 (4.19)</td>
			<td>121.25 (4.77)</td>
		</tr><tr><td>观察</td>
			<td>26.98 (1.16)</td>
			<td>28.70 (1.00)</td>
			<td>23.83 (1.14)</td>
			<td>23.70 (1.26)</td>
		</tr><tr><td>描述</td>
			<td>29.5 (1.36)</td>
			<td>31.82 (.99)</td>
			<td>27.10 (1.25)</td>
			<td>26.55 (1.26)</td>
		</tr><tr><td>意识</td>
			<td>25.25 (1.06)</td>
			<td>26.95 (1.12)</td>
			<td>25.27 (.94)</td>
			<td>24.05 (1.28)</td>
		</tr><tr><td>非法官</td>
			<td>24.65 (1.26)</td>
			<td>27.60 (1.40)</td>
			<td>27.50 (1.42)</td>
			<td>27.00 (2.05)</td>
		</tr><tr><td>非复发性</td>
			<td>21.75 (.99)</td>
			<td>23.00 (1.08)</td>
			<td>19.90 (1.09)</td>
			<td>19.95 (1.16)</td>
		</tr></tbody></table>表1:五方面正念问卷数据。 与训练后实验相比，正念冥想实验和训练前候补名单对照组的 FFMQ 总分数以及观察、描述、意识、非判断和非反应分数。将显示括号中带有标准误差的平均值。此表已从Nyhus等人60修改而来。
情景记忆 其次，分析检查了正念冥想对情景记忆任务行为表现的影响。正念冥想训练导致通过来源歧视（来源d'）衡量的源记忆增加。虽然组和时间之间没有相互作用（F（1，38） = 1.16，MSE = .12，p = .29），但成对比较显示，正念冥想实验组从训练前到训练后的来源歧视增加（F（1，19）=10.53，MSE=.12，p<.01），但候补名单对照组没有（见表2）。 
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1"><tbody><tr><td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td colspan="2">实验的</td>
			<td colspan="2">控制</td>
		</tr><tr><td></td>
			<td>条件</td>
			<td>预培训</td>
			<td>培训后</td>
			<td>预培训</td>
			<td>培训后</td>
		</tr><tr><td>打</td>
			<td>放置正确的源</td>
			<td>.66 (.02)</td>
			<td>.67 (.03)</td>
			<td>.71 (.03)</td>
			<td>.69 (.02)</td>
		</tr><tr><td></td>
			<td>宜人正确的来源</td>
			<td>.61 (.03)</td>
			<td>.72 (.03)</td>
			<td>.64 (.05)</td>
			<td>.74 (.03)</td>
		</tr><tr><td>发</td>
			<td>放置不正确的源</td>
			<td>.34 (.02)</td>
			<td>.33 (.03)</td>
			<td>.29 (.03</td>
			<td>.31 (.02)</td>
		</tr><tr><td></td>
			<td>愉悦感来源不正确</td>
			<td>.39 (.03)</td>
			<td>.28 (.03)</td>
			<td>.36 (.05)</td>
			<td>.26 (.03)</td>
		</tr><tr><td>来源 d'</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>.70 (.11)</td>
			<td>1.06 (.12)</td>
			<td>1.04 (.17)</td>
			<td>1.23 (.14)</td>
		</tr><tr><td>来源 c</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>-.06 (.05)</td>
			<td>.07 (.05)</td>
			<td>-.12 (.12)</td>
			<td>.10 (.07)</td>
		</tr></tbody></table>表 2:源行为数据。正念冥想实验的命中率、误报率、源辨别（来源 d'）和反应偏差（来源 c）与训练后实验的比较。将显示括号中带有标准误差的平均值。此表已从Nyhus等人60修改而来。
脑电图结果 第三，脑电图分析检查了正念冥想对情景记忆神经相关性的影响。具体来说，在1000至1500毫秒的右额叶和左顶叶通道中检查了θ功率，因为这些影响已在多个源检索任务54，55，56，57中发现。对于左顶叶通道，组与时间相互作用（F（1，37） = 9.52，MSE = .92，p < .01）。正念冥想实验组的θ功率从训练前增加到训练后（F（1，19） = 17.37，MSE = .23，p< .01），但候补名单对照组没有增加（见图5）。
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61247/61247fig5.jpg"> 图5:正念冥想对θ功率的影响。 正念冥想实验的θ功率和训练前训练的候补名单对照组与训练后实验课程的比较。（A）右额信道中跨时间和频率的时频频谱图。（B）左顶叶通道中跨时间和频率的时频频谱图。（C） 1000<ins cite="mailto:Author">–</ins>1500 ms 所有通道的 Theta 功率以及训练前到训练后的差异。（C）黑色*标记分析右额叶和左顶叶区域的通道。色标:从刺激前基线的分贝变化和训练前的 p值到训练后的差异。这个数字是从Nyhus等人60修改而来的。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61247/61247fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的大图。</a>
最后，在正念冥想实验组中检查正念变化与情景记忆行为表现变化与脑电图的相关性。FFMQ描述分数从训练前到训练后的增加与右额通道从训练前到训练后的脑电图θ功率增加之间存在正相关关系（r = .72， n = 20， p < .01，双尾，Bonferrroni校正;见 图6）。
<img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61247/61247fig6.jpg"> 图 6:FFMQ 变化与θ功率之间的相关性。 训练前和训练后在右额通道中命中和正确拒绝的θ功率平均差异与FFMQ差异之间的相关性 描述训练前和训练后之间的分数。这个数字是从Nyhus等人60修改而来的。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61247/61247fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的大图。</a>
补充文件 1.<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61247/Supplemental_File_1-FFMQ.pdf" target="_blank">请点击这里下载此文件。</a>
补充文件 2.<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61247/Supplemental_File_2_Stims.xlsx" target="_blank">请点击这里下载此文件。</a>
补充文件 3.<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61247/Supplemental_File_3_BowdoinResearchOutline.docx" target="_blank">请点击这里下载此文件。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combining Behavior and EEG to Study the Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Episodic Memory at JoVE.com

Combining Behavior and EEG to Study the Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Episodic Memory

在这里，我们提出了一种结合正念冥想训练、情景记忆任务和脑电图的协议，以了解正念冥想对情景记忆的行为和神经影响。

结合行为和脑电图研究正念冥想对情景记忆的影响

Although there has been recent interest in how mindfulness meditation can affect episodic memory as well as brain structure and function, no study has ...

combining-behavior-eeg-to-study-effects-mindfulness-meditation-on

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

7.1K 次观看.  Bowdoin College. 在这里，我们提出了一种结合正念冥想训练、情景记忆任务和脑电图的协议，以了解正念冥想对情景记忆的行为和神经影响。

视频: Combining Behavior and EEG to Study the Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Episodic Memory

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory

Explicit (often verbal) reports are typically used to investigate memory (e.g. "Tell me what you remember about the person you saw at the bank yesterday."), however such reports can often be unreliable or sensitive to response bias 1, and may be unobtainable in some participant populations. Furthermore, explicit reports only reveal when information has reached consciousness and cannot comment on when memories were accessed during processing, regardless of whether the information is subsequently accessed in a conscious manner. Eye movement monitoring (eye tracking) provides a tool by which memory can be probed without asking participants to comment on the contents of their memories, and access of such memories can be revealed on-line 2,3. Video-based eye trackers (either head-mounted or remote) use a system of cameras and infrared markers to examine the pupil and corneal reflection in each eye as the participant views a display monitor. For head-mounted eye trackers, infrared markers are also used to determine head position to allow for head movement and more precise localization of eye position. Here, we demonstrate the use of a head-mounted eye tracking system to investigate memory performance in neurologically-intact and neurologically-impaired adults. Eye movement monitoring procedures begin with the placement of the eye tracker on the participant, and setup of the head and eye cameras. Calibration and validation procedures are conducted to ensure accuracy of eye position recording. Real-time recordings of X,Y-coordinate positions on the display monitor are then converted and used to describe periods of time in which the eye is static (i.e. fixations) versus in motion (i.e., saccades). Fixations and saccades are time-locked with respect to the onset/offset of a visual display or another external event (e.g. button press). Experimental manipulations are constructed to examine how and when patterns of fixations and saccades are altered through different types of prior experience. The influence of memory is revealed in the extent to which scanning patterns to new images differ from scanning patterns to images that have been previously studied 2, 4-5. Memory can also be interrogated for its specificity; for instance, eye movement patterns that differ between an identical and an altered version of a previously studied image reveal the storage of the altered detail in memory 2-3, 6-8. These indices of memory can be compared across participant populations, thereby providing a powerful tool by which to examine the organization of memory in healthy individuals, and the specific changes that occur to memory with neurological insult or decline 2-3, 8-10.

Eye movement monitoring (or eye tracking) reveals where in space the eyes linger, when and for how long. Here, we demonstrate how eye tracking can be used to investigate the integrity of memory in multiple participant populations, without requiring verbal, or otherwise explicit, reports.

眼运动监测内存

Explicit (often verbal) reports are typically used to investigate memory (e.g. "Tell me what you remember about the person you saw at the bank ...

科研

神经科学

Eye Tracking, Cortisol, and a Sleep vs. Wake Consolidation Delay: Combining Methods to Uncover an Interactive Effect of Sleep and Cortisol on Memory

Although rises in cortisol can benefit memory consolidation, as can sleep soon after encoding, there is currently a paucity of literature as to how these two factors may interact to influence consolidation. Here we present a protocol to examine the interactive influence of cortisol and sleep on memory consolidation, by combining three methods: eye tracking, salivary cortisol analysis, and behavioral memory testing across sleep and wake delays. To assess resting cortisol levels, participants gave a saliva sample before viewing negative and neutral objects within scenes. To measure overt attention, participants&#8217; eye gaze was tracked during encoding. To manipulate whether sleep occurred during the consolidation window, participants either encoded scenes in the evening, slept overnight, and took a recognition test the next morning, or encoded scenes in the morning and remained awake during a comparably long retention interval. Additional control groups were tested after a 20&#160;min&#160;delay in the morning or evening, to control for time-of-day effects. Together, results showed that there is a direct relation between resting cortisol at encoding and subsequent memory, only following a period of sleep. Through eye tracking, it was further determined that for negative stimuli, this beneficial effect of cortisol on subsequent memory may be due to cortisol strengthening the relation between where participants look during encoding and what they are later able to remember. Overall, results obtained by a combination of these methods uncovered an interactive effect of sleep and cortisol on memory consolidation.

We present a protocol used to discover an interactive effect between sleep and cortisol on memory consolidation, particularly for negative arousing images. Specifically, the experimental design utilizes eye tracking, salivary cortisol analysis, and behavioral memory testing &#8211; methods that can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

眼睛跟踪，皮质醇和睡眠与唤醒延迟合并：合并方法来揭开睡眠和皮质醇的交互式影响记忆

Although rises in cortisol can benefit memory consolidation, as can sleep soon after encoding, there is currently a paucity of literature as to how these ...

行为学

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

Our laboratory uses event-related EEG potentials (ERPs) to understand and support behavioral investigations of episodic memory in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Whereas behavioral data inform us about the patients' performance, ERPs allow us to record discrete changes in brain activity. Further, ERPs can give us insight into the onset, duration, and interaction of independent cognitive processes associated with memory retrieval. In patient populations, these types of studies are used to examine which aspects of memory are impaired and which remain relatively intact compared to a control population. The methodology for collecting ERP data from a vulnerable patient population while these participants perform a recognition memory task is reviewed. This protocol includes participant preparation, quality assurance, data acquisition, and data analysis. In addition to basic setup and acquisition, we will also demonstrate localization techniques to obtain greater spatial resolution and source localization using high-density (128 channel) electrode arrays.

The methodology for collecting high-density event-related potential data while patients with Alzheimer's disease perform a recognition memory task is reviewed. This protocol will include subject preparation, quality assurance, data acquisition, and data analysis.

情节记忆的特点，采用事件相关电位研究在阿尔茨海默氏症患者

Our laboratory uses event-related EEG potentials (ERPs) to understand and support behavioral investigations of episodic memory in patients with amnestic ...

医学

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

Recollection of emotional autobiographical memories (AMs) is important to healthy cognitive and affective functioning 1 - remembering positive AMs is associated with increased personal well-being and self-esteem 2, whereas remembering and ruminating on negative AMs may lead to affective disorders 3. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the brain mechanisms underlying AM retrieval in general (reviewed in 4, 5), less is known about the effect of emotion on the subjective re-experience of AMs and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the fact that, unlike the investigations of the emotion effect on memory for laboratory-based microevents (reviewed in 6, 7-9), often times AM studies do not have a clear focus on the emotional aspects of remembering personal events (but see 10). Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of recollecting emotional AMs using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Cues for these memories are collected prior to scanning by means of an autobiographical memory questionnaire (AMQ), therefore allowing for proper selection of emotional AMs based on their phenomenological properties (i.e., intensity, vividness, personal significance). This protocol can be used in healthy and clinical populations alike.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of recollecting emotional autobiographical memories, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

情感自传回忆的神经关联的脑成像研究

Recollection of emotional autobiographical memories (AMs) is important to healthy cognitive and affective functioning 1 - remembering positive AMs is ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the neural mechanisms underlying this enhancing effect of emotion on memory. A method that has proven particularly influential in the 
investigation of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion is the so-called subsequent memory paradigm (SMP). This method was originally used to investigate the 
neural correlates of non-emotional memories3, and more recently we and others also applied it successfully to studies of emotional memory (reviewed in4, 5-7). 
Here, we describe a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion using the SMP in conjunction with 
event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An important feature of the SMP is that it allows separation of brain activity specifically 
associated with memory from more general activity associated with perception. Moreover, in the context of investigating the impact of emotional stimuli, 
SMP allows identification of brain regions whose activity is susceptible to emotional modulation of both general/perceptual and memory-specific processing. 
This protocol can be used in healthy subjects8-15, as well as in clinical patients where there are alterations in the neural correlates of emotion perception 
and biases in remembering emotional events, such as those suffering from depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)16, 17.

We present a protocol that uses functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion. This protocol allows identification of brain activity specifically linked to memory-related processing, contrary to more general perceptual processing, and can be used with healthy and clinical populations.

脑成像的情感记忆的促进作用调查

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the ...

Using Wavelet Entropy to Demonstrate how Mindfulness Practice Increases Coordination between Irregular Cerebral and Cardiac Activities

In both the East and West, traditional teachings say that the mind and heart are somehow closely correlated, especially during spiritual practice. One difficulty in proving this objectively is that the natures of brain and heart activities are quite different. In this paper, we propose a methodology that uses wavelet entropy to measure the chaotic levels of both electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) data and show how this may be used to explore the potential coordination between the mind and heart under different experimental conditions. Furthermore, Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) was used to identify the brain regions in which the EEG wavelet entropy was the most affected by the experimental conditions. As an illustration, the EEG and ECG were recorded under two different conditions (normal rest and mindful breathing) at the beginning of an 8-week standard Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR) training course (pretest) and after the course (posttest). Using the proposed method, the results consistently showed that the wavelet entropy of the brain EEG decreased during the MBSR mindful breathing state as compared to that during the closed-eye resting state. Similarly, a lower wavelet entropy of heartrate was found during MBSR mindful breathing. However, no difference in wavelet entropy during MBSR mindful breathing was found between the pretest and posttest. No correlation was observed between the entropy of brain waves and the entropy of heartrate during normal rest in all participants, whereas a significant correlation was observed during MBSR mindful breathing. Additionally, the most well-correlated brain regions were located in the central areas of the brain. This study provides a methodology for the establishment of evidence that mindfulness practice (i.e., mindful breathing) may increase the coordination between mind and heart activities.

This manuscript describes how to use the wavelet entropy index to analyze high-density electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) data. We show that the irregularity of cerebral and cardiac activities became more coordinated during mindfulness-based stress reduction practice.

使用小波熵来证明正念练习如何增加不规则脑与心脏活动之间的协调

In both the East and West, traditional teachings say that the mind and heart are somehow closely correlated, especially during spiritual practice. One ...

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

Episodic memory is a complex memory system which allows recall and mental re-experience of previous episodes from one&#39;s own life. Real-life episodic memories are about events in their spatiotemporal context and are typically visuospatial, rather than verbal. Yet often, tests of episodic memory use verbal material to be recalled (word lists, stories). The Real-World What-Where-When memory test requires participants to hide a total of 16 different objects in 16 different locations over two temporal occasions, 2 h apart. Another two hours later, they are then asked to recall which objects (What) they had hidden in which locations (Where) and on which of the two occasions (When). In addition to counting the number of correctly recalled complete what-where-when combinations, this task can also be used to test real-world spatial memory and object memory. This task is sensitive to normal cognitive aging, and correlates well with performance on other episodic memory tasks, while at the same time providing more ecological validity and being cheap and easy to run.

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

The Real-World What-Where-When memory test is a novel episodic memory test, in which participants need to recall which objects have been hidden in which locations on which of two distinct occasions. It is easy to run and is sensitive to normal cognitive aging.

一个现实世界<em&gt;什么，在哪里，当</em&gt;记忆测试

Episodic memory is a complex memory system which allows recall and mental re-experience of previous episodes from one&#39;s own life. Real-life episodic ...

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Prior research demonstrated that learning information via retrieval practice, which entails studying and taking practice tests, resulted in less memory impairment under stress than learning information via repeated studying. The present experiment combined three experimental procedures to further examine the memory mechanisms underlying the efficacy of retrieval practice in the context of stress. A list-discrimination task was implemented, in which participants learned two distinct wordlists. This was combined with a retrieval-practice manipulation, as half of the participants engaged in practice testing and half engaged in conventional studying during learning. A week later, participants underwent stress induction, using the Trier Social Stress Test. Before and after stress induction, participants completed tests of item and source memory (i.e., list discrimination). The combination of these three procedures yielded informative results: retrieval practice, in the context of stress, improved item memory but not source memory relative to conventional studying. Limitations and future directions for the use of this methodology are discussed.

The present experiment combined three experimental procedures &#8212; a retrieval-practice learning manipulation, a list-discrimination task, and a stress-induction technique &#8212; to examine the influences of different learning strategies and acute stress on multiple measures of episodic memory.

使用实践测试、公开演讲和源监控来考察学习策略和压力对表位记忆的影响

Prior research demonstrated that learning information via retrieval practice, which entails studying and taking practice tests, resulted in less memory ...

Simultaneous Monitoring of Wireless Electrophysiology and Memory Behavioral Test as a Tool to Study Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Brainwaves amplitude obtained from electroencephalography (EEG) has been well-recognized as a basis for cognitive capacity, memory, and learning on animals and humans. Adult neurogenesis mechanism is also linked to memory and learning improvement. Traditionally, researchers used to assess learning and memory parameters in rodent models by behavioral tasks. Therefore, the simultaneous monitoring of behavioral changes and EEG is particularly interesting in correlating data between brain activity and task-related behaviors. However, most of the equipment required to perform both studies are either complex, expensive, or uses a wired setup network that hinders the natural animals&#8217; movement. In this study, EEG was recorded with a wireless electrophysiology device along with the execution of a novel object recognition task (NORT). The animal&#8217;s behavior was monitored simultaneously by a video tracking system. Both recordings were analyzed offline by their timestamps which were synched to link EEG signals with the animal&#8217;s actions. Subjects consist of adult Wistar rats after medium-term environmental enrichment treatment. Six skull screw electrodes were fixed in pairs on both hemispheres over frontal, central, and parietal regions and were referenced to an electrode located posterior of the nasal bone. NORT protocol consists of exposing the animal to two identical objects for 10 min. After 2 h and 24 h, one of the objects was replaced with a novel one. Exploration time for each object was monitored by a behavioral tracking software (BTS) and EEG data recording. The analysis of the EEG synced with behavioral data consists of estimations of alpha and beta relative band power and comparisons between novel object recognition versus familiar object exploration, between three experimental stages. In this manuscript, we have discussed electrodes manufacturing process, epidural electrodes implantation surgery, environmental enrichment protocol, NORT protocol, BTS setup, EEG &#8211; BTS coupling for simultaneous monitoring in real-time, and EEG data analysis based on automatic events detection.

The protocol presented here provides information on the simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and behavioral assessment in real-time. We have discussed all steps involved in this protocol as an attractive solution for researchers in many fields of neuroscience, particularly in learning and memory areas.

同时监测无线电生理学和记忆行为测试作为研究海马神经发生的工具

Brainwaves amplitude obtained from electroencephalography (EEG) has been well-recognized as a basis for cognitive capacity, memory, and learning on ...

Learning and Memory: The Remember-Know Task

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212;University of Southern California
Our experience of memory is varied and complex. Sometimes we remember events in vivid detail, while other times we may only have a vague sense of familiarity. Memory researchers have made a distinction between memories that are recollected versus those that are familiar. A recollected item is one that is not only remembered, but carries with it details of the time at which it was learned or encoded. Like a recollected item, a familiar item is also remembered, but is void of any details about the circumstances surrounding its encoding. Many studies of recollection and familiarity have focused on the medial temporal lobe (MTL), specifically the hippocampus, since its involvement in memory encoding, consolidation, and retrieval is well-known and well-studied.1-3
This video shows how to administer the Remember-Know task4 to compare brain activation in these two types of memory retrieval. In this context, remember is another term for recollection, while know refers to memories that are familiar but not explicitly recollected. In this version of the Remember-Know task, participants are exposed to a series of color images, and asked to remember what they see. Inside an fMRI scanner, they will be exposed to both images that were studied and to novel images, and they will make a "remember," "know," or "new" judgment about each image, indicating what kind of memory they have for that item. Following the scan, whole brain and hippocampal activity will be examined to determine differential activity related to recollection and familiarity. This study is based on a study performed by Gimbel and Brewer.5

The Remember-Know Task: Memory Recall and Brain Activation

学习和记忆: 记得知道任务

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212;University of Southern California
Our experience of memory is varied and complex. ...