这项工作得到了鲍登学院行政部门和鲍登生命科学研究奖学金，Peter J. Grua和Mary G. O'Connell教师/学生研究奖以及Kufe家庭学生研究奖学金的支持。我们感谢本杰明·蒂普顿（Benjamin Tipton）领导正念冥想课程，感谢汉娜·里斯（Hannah Reese）在实验设计和分析方面的帮助。

所有程序均由鲍登学院机构审查委员会批准，符合联邦保护人类受试者的指导方针。
1.实验对象招募和准备
<ol><li>招募40名18-29岁的受试者，他们冥想天真，右撇子，英语流利，视力正常或矫正为正常，没有神经系统疾病。 注意:研究年幼的儿童和老年人需要单独的年龄特定研究。额叶和顶叶的发育对于执行情景记忆任务很重要。并且脑电图随年龄的变化而存在差异。研究年幼的儿童和老年人需要特定年龄的认知任务和专门的脑电图记录和数据分析协议，这些协议不适应。仅招募右撇子受试者以减少脑电图活动的变异性。</li>
	<li>将 40 名受试者随机分配到正念冥想实验组或候补名单对照组，每组共 20 名受试者。</li>
	<li>安排实验课程和正念冥想训练，以便正念冥想实验组和候补名单对照组的训练前和训练后实验课程之间的延迟相等（有关课程的视觉描述，请参见 图 1 ）。</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61247/61247fig1.jpg"> 图 1:会话的视觉描述。 受试者完成了五方面正念问卷（FFMQ）46 ，并在训练前和训练后实验期间记录了脑电图，同时执行了情景记忆任务。受试者被随机分配到正念冥想训练四周或留在候补名单上接受正念冥想训练。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61247/61247fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的大图。</a>
<ol start="4"><li>告知受试者行为测试，脑电图记录和正念冥想训练所涉及的程序。确保受试者不要在为研究而进行的冥想之外进行冥想。</li>
</ol>2. 正念问卷
<ol><li>对于每个实验环节，让受试者完成五面正念问卷（FFMQ）46 （见 补充文件1）。</li>
	<li>分析正念数据。<ol><li>通过计算FFMQ总数以及观察，描述，意识，非判断和非反应量表的分数来衡量每个受试者的正念，方法是将每个子量表的分数相加（请注意，对于某些项目，评分必须根据FFMQ46 中的说明进行反转（即将1更改为5，2更改为4，4至2和5至1）（请参阅 补充文件1中的评分说明）。</li>
		<li>比较受试者的FFMQ总数以及正念冥想实验组和候补名单对照组在训练前和训练后实验课程中的观察，描述，意识，非判断和非反应分数。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>3.情景记忆任务
<ol><li>根据 Kucera 和 Francis47 单词规范，准备一个包含 800 个等同于词频的形容词的列表（见 补充文件 2）。</li>
	<li>对于每个实验环节，让受试者通过呈现 10 个单词并执行如下所述的编码任务来练习编码阶段。</li>
	<li>对于每个实验会话，让受试者执行编码阶段。<ol><li>让受试者研究200个形容词的列表，并创建由形容词描述的空间场景的心理图像（放置任务），或者思考单词的含义并评价其愉快度（愉快的任务）。</li>
		<li>在呈现每个单词后，要求受试者评估他们执行编码任务的程度（有关编码过程的视觉描述，请参见 图 2 ）。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>对于每个实验环节，让受试者通过呈现编码练习中显示的 10 个单词和 5 个新单词来练习源检索阶段，并执行如下所述的源检索任务。</li>
	<li>对于每个实验会话，让受试者在记录脑电图的同时执行源检索阶段。<ol><li>呈现编码时显示的 200 个单词与 200 个新单词随机混合。将对应于每个行为条件的时间戳发送到 EEG 记录。单词应该以 20 块的形式呈现，让受试者休息一下，让他们的眼睛休息一下。</li>
		<li>在每个单词的呈现过程中，要求受试者指出该单词是否是新的，或者他们是否认识到它在编码阶段正在研究。对于识别的单词，要求受试者指出来源，该单词是在放置任务还是愉快任务中学习的（有关源检索过程的视觉描述，请参见 图2 ）。 注意:情景记忆任务可以使用任何为行为研究而设计的软件进行设计，例如EPrime，它可以使用任务事件将时间戳发送到EEG记录（参见 材料表）。教程和示例实验可在线获得（例如，https://pstnet.com、https://step.talkbank.org48）。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61247/61247fig2.jpg"> 图2:实验范式的视觉描述。在情景记忆任务中，受试者研究形容词，并想象一个场景（放置任务）或判断其愉快程度（愉快任务）。在源检索阶段，受试者决定对每个单词执行哪个任务（"旧地方任务"或"旧的愉快任务"）或"新"。这个数字是从Nyhus等人60修改而来的。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61247/61247fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的大图。</a>
<ol start="6"><li>根据行为状况和受试者的反应标记每个试验（见图 3 和 图4），并分析情景记忆行为数据。<ol><li>通过计算项目歧视来衡量受试者记忆源信息的能力（项目 d'，见 图3）: Z（命中率） – Z（误报率）</li>
		<li>通过计算来源辨别来衡量受试者记忆源信息的能力（来源 d'，见 图4）。 Z（正确的源速率） – Z（不正确的源速率）</li>
		<li>比较正念冥想实验组和候补名单对照组在训练前和训练后实验课程中的受试者项目和来源歧视（项目和来源 d'）。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61247/61247fig3.jpg"> 图 3:单词记忆测量中包含的数据类别。 根据行为状况和受试者的反应对试验进行标记，并用于计算项目歧视（ 项目d'）。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61247/61247fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的大图。</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61247/61247fig4.jpg"> 图 4:源存储器测量中包含的数据类别。 根据行为状况和受试者的反应对试验进行标记，并用于计算来源歧视（来源 d'）。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61247/61247fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的大图。</a>
4. 脑电记录与分析
<ol><li>设置脑电图帽（见 材料表）。 注意:脑电图封顶教程和其他有用信息可通过在线资源（例如，https://pursue.richmond.edu49）获得。<ol><li>测量受试者的头部，并根据扩展的国际10-20系统将所有电极放在正确尺寸的脑电图帽上。</li>
		<li>用酒精湿巾清洁受试者的额头。</li>
		<li>通过分开他们的头发然后将脑电图帽涂在受试者的头部，然后用带有钝针的鲁尔锁注射器插入导电凝胶。</li>
		<li>使用脑电图记录软件，单击阻抗并确保它们低于研究人员选择使用的特定脑电图系统推荐的电阻水平。</li>
		<li>要求受试者在实验过程中尽可能保持静止。当受试者静止时以及眨眼或下巴或面部运动时，向受试者显示脑电图信号。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>记录脑电图。<ol><li>通过单击编辑工作区，使用 EEG 记录软件设置 EEG 放大器，并设置为使用 .1\u2012100 Hz 带通滤波器和 500 Hz 采样率采集所有受试者的信号。</li>
		<li>开始脑电图记录。</li>
		<li>开始源检索阶段，并确保源检索任务的时间戳显示在脑电图记录中。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>受试者完成源检索任务后，用去离子水和消毒剂清洁脑电图帽和电极。</li>
	<li>处理和分析脑电图数据。<ol><li>高通滤波1 Hz数据，低通滤波100 Hz数据。</li>
		<li>使用周围通道识别和插值不良通道50.</li>
		<li>将数据重新引用到平均参考文献51。</li>
		<li>从源检索任务中分割相对于每个时间戳开始的数据，并减去刺激前基线周期。</li>
		<li>识别并消除脑电图数据中的伪影，例如眨眼和眼动伪影。检测并剔除具有大伪影（电压波动超过 1，000 μV 或数据超出标准值 5 个标准偏差）的试验。在运行独立成分分析（ICA）52 并识别和去除噪声成分53后重建脑电图。</li>
		<li>使用Morlet小波变换将EEG数据转换为3 Hz至125 Hz的100个对数间隔频率的时频域，小波从3 Hz的3个周期增加到125 Hz的25个周期。</li>
		<li>比较正念冥想实验组和候补名单对照组中相对于刺激前基线的θ功率，在右额叶和左顶叶通道的训练前和训练后实验会话中，在源检索期间显示效果54，55，56，57。所有分析都应控制多重比较。 注意:EEG数据可以使用专为信号处理而设计的公开软件（如EEGLab 58）进行处理和分析。EEGLab培训研讨会和教程可通过Swartz计算神经科学中心（https://sccn.ucsd.edu/eeglab/index.php）获得。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>5. 正念冥想训练
<ol><li>聘请接受过正念减压 （MBSR） 技术培训的正念冥想教练59. 注意:接受过MBSR技术培训的讲师可以在线找到（例如 https://www.brown.edu/public-health/mindfulness/programs/mbsr-teacher-recognition）。</li>
	<li>让正念冥想实验组中的 20 名受试者每周与正念冥想教练会面一小时，持续四周。 注意:标准的MBSR课程为期八周，包括呼吸意识，坐姿冥想，瑜伽和放松技巧。正念冥想训练应包括标准MBSR课程的各个方面，例如呼吸意识和坐着冥想（见 补充文件3）。这些与集中注意力和执行功能有关的做法最有可能有助于情景记忆。</li>
	<li>让受试者每天使用正念冥想教练提供的引导呼吸意识冥想录音练习至少 20 分钟。</li>
	<li>通过每日电子邮件调查询问受试者练习正念冥想的分钟，他们在冥想期间做了什么，以及练习如何进行，从而跟踪每日正念冥想练习（见 材料表）。 注意:研究人员应考虑排除那些没有花费大量时间练习正念冥想的受试者。</li>
	<li>完成正念冥想训练后尽快安排训练后的实验课程。 注意:研究人员应考虑排除在完成正念冥想训练后不久无法完成训练后实验课程的受试者。请联系使用脑电图技术进行随机对照实验的认知神经科学专家以获取更多信息。</li>
</ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

目前的协议提供了第一个证据，证明正念冥想可以增加源记忆和θ振荡。通过将正念冥想训练与行为和神经测量相结合，我们能够更好地理解正念冥想对情景记忆及其神经相关性的影响。
尽管之前的研究已经分别研究了正念冥想对情景记忆的行为影响17，18，19，20和正念冥想的神经影响1，21，22，23，24，25，26，27，28，29，30，31，32，33，34，35，36，37，38，39，40，41，42，43，44，45，没有研究将情景记忆期间的行为和脑电图结合起来。此外，以前关于正念冥想的研究经常研究专家冥想者1，17，21，22，23，24，25，26，27，28，29，30，32，33，35， 36，37，38，39，40，41，43，44，因此存在自我选择偏差的风险。通过使用随机分配的正念冥想和候补名单对照组的纵向设计，我们能够更好地控制组差异。最后，以前关于正念冥想的研究经常使用完整的8周MBSR课程，但目前的研究显示，只有4周的正念冥想训练就有显着效果。
成功实施这些方法有许多关键步骤。首先，随机分配到正念冥想实验组或候补名单对照组对于确保两组大致相等至关重要。其次，重要的是要将正念冥想训练集中在MBSR课程中与集中注意力和执行功能（例如呼吸意识）相关的方面，因为这些方面最有可能有助于情景记忆。第三，重要的是要让受试者花大量时间练习正念冥想，并准确报告他们每天冥想的时间。第四，重要的是要将正念冥想实验组和候补名单对照组之间的训练前和训练后实验时间相等，以控制时间，并在正念冥想训练后尽快安排训练后的实验课程，以便正念冥想训练的效果在测试前不会消散。第五，正念冥想很可能通过增加注意力和执行功能来影响情景记忆。因此，使用需要执行功能（如源记忆）的情景记忆任务非常重要。最后，重要的是获得没有伪影的高质量脑电图数据。
尽管这种方法与现有方法相比具有优势，但应注意一些局限性。正念冥想对源记忆的影响很弱。这可能是由于使用具有良好记忆力的健康年轻人的受试者，或者受试者练习正念冥想的时间有限。为期4周的正念冥想训练比标准的8周MBSR课程短，平均而言，受试者没有报告每天花费整整20分钟练习正念冥想。此外，没有活跃的对照组，因此尚不清楚正念冥想在增强源记忆或θ振荡方面与其他治疗方法相比如何。最后，这里使用的EEG分析方法没有将周期性振荡功率的贡献与可能影响结果解释的非周期性1 / f非振荡功率分开。因此，未来的研究应考虑使用记忆能力较弱的受试者，实施完整的8周MBSR课程，采用主动控制条件，并使用新开发的分析方法将振荡活动与1/f非振荡活动分开61。
因此，目前的方法成功地将行为和脑电图结合起来，研究正念冥想对情景记忆的影响。未来的研究应该使用这些方法来比较正念冥想与其他已被证明可以改善情景记忆并改变大脑结构和功能的治疗方法。此外，未来的研究应该结合行为和神经测量，以检查正念冥想对认知其他方面的影响。通过结合行为和神经测量，并将正念冥想与替代疗法进行比较，我们将能够更好地确定最有希望的认知增强治疗方法。

最近人们对正念冥想感兴趣，以治疗精神疾病的症状和增强认知能力，但仍有很多研究要做，以了解正念冥想对认知功能的影响。先前的研究表明，正念冥想可以减轻压力，抑郁，广泛性焦虑症，成瘾，注意力缺陷障碍和疼痛障碍的症状1，2，3，4，5，6，7，8，9，以及增加注意力和执行功能2，3，4，5，6，7，10，11，12，13，14，15，16.
尽管对正念冥想对认知的影响感兴趣，但对正念冥想对情景记忆的影响的研究很少17.鉴于注意力和执行功能对情节编码和检索的贡献，正念冥想也应该增加情节记忆。最近的一些行为研究表明，正念训练可以增加识别记忆回忆18，19 和自由回忆20。
除了正念冥想对认知的行为影响外，以前的研究还研究了正念冥想对大脑的影响。正念冥想已被证明可以改变大脑的结构和功能。重要的是，正念冥想已被证明可以改变与情景记忆相关的网络中的大脑结构和功能21，22，23;具体增加前额叶皮层的灰质体积和活性1，24，25，26，27，28，29，30，31，32 和海马体 25，27，28，33，34，35，36，37 以及增加 θ（4\u20128 Hz）功率和相干性1，36，38，39，40，41，42，43，44，45。
因此，以前的研究分别研究了正念冥想对情景记忆的行为影响17，18，19，20和正念冥想的神经影响1，21，22，23，24，25，26，27，28，29，30，31，32，33，34，35，36，37，38，39，40，41，42，43，44，45.为了了解正念冥想对情景记忆及其神经相关性的影响，测量情景记忆期间的行为和大脑活动非常重要。研究情景记忆神经相关性的一种方法是脑电图（EEG）。在这里，我们描述了一种在测量脑电图时将正念冥想训练与情景记忆任务相结合的方法。通过将正念冥想的训练与情景记忆的行为和神经测量相结合，我们可以更好地了解正念冥想对认知功能的影响。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:572px;" width="573">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">BrainVision actiCHamp</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Brain Products GmbH, Gilching, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP-09020</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">64-channel EEG system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">BrainVision Recorder</td>
			<td>Brain Products GmbH, Gilching, Germany</td>
			<td>BP-00020</td>
			<td>EEG recording software for EEG data acquisition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">E-Prime 2.0 Professional</td>
			<td>Psychology Software Tools, Inc., Sharpsburg, PA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PST-100577</td>
			<td>Software designed for behavioral research that can interface with the EEG recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Qualtrics</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Qualtrics, Provo, UT</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Core XM</td>
			<td>Survey tool</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

combining behavior and eeg to study the effects of mindfulness meditation on episodic memory

尽管最近人们对正念冥想如何影响情景记忆以及大脑结构和功能感兴趣，但没有研究检查正念冥想对情景记忆的行为和神经影响。在这里，我们提出了一个协议，该协议结合了正念冥想训练，情景记忆任务和脑电图，以检查正念冥想如何改变行为表现和情景记忆的神经相关性。将正念冥想实验组中的受试者与候补名单对照组进行比较。正念冥想实验组的受试者花了四周的时间训练和练习正念冥想。使用五方面正念问卷（FFMQ）在训练前后测量正念。使用源识别任务在训练前后测量情景记忆。在源识别任务的检索阶段，记录脑电图。结果表明，正念冥想训练后，右额叶和左顶叶通道的正念、源识别行为表现和脑电θ功率增加。此外，正念的增加与右额通道θ功率的增加相关。因此，结合正念冥想训练、情景记忆任务和脑电图获得的结果揭示了正念冥想对情景记忆的行为和神经影响。

报告了40名冥想幼稚，右撇子，流利英语受试者的代表性结果（正念冥想实验组10名男性和10名女性受试者年龄在18至22岁之间，候补名单对照组中7名男性和13名女性受试者年龄在18至22岁之间）。使用混合方差分析（ANOVA）分析行为和脑电图数据，比较正念冥想实验组和候补名单对照组（实验，对照）跨时间（训练前，训练后）。所有事后测试都针对多次比较进行了校正。
正念问卷 首先，分析评估了正念冥想训练是否成功。受试者花费大量时间练习正念冥想，并且根据FFMQ测量，他们的正念增加。具体而言，FFMQ总量（F（1，38） = 11.15，MSE = 67.67，p <. 01）的组与时间之间存在交互作用，FFMQ描述（F（1，38） = 3.35，MSE = 12.26，p = .08）和非判断（F（1，38） = 3.87，MSE = 15.37 ，p = .06）量表的组与时间之间存在 边际交互作用。正念冥想实验组的FFMQ总量（F（1，19） = 15.60，MSE = 63.34，p < .01），描述（F（1，19） = 6.36，MSE = 8.44，p = .02）和非法官（F（1，19） = 10.12，MSE = 8.60， p < .01）量表的 分数从训练前到训练后增加，而候补名单对照组没有变化（见表1）。
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1"><tbody><tr><td></td>
			<td colspan="2">实验的</td>
			<td colspan="2">控制</td>
		</tr><tr><td></td>
			<td>预培训</td>
			<td>培训后</td>
			<td>预培训</td>
			<td>培训后</td>
		</tr><tr><td>总</td>
			<td>128.13 (2.38)</td>
			<td>138.07 (3.24)</td>
			<td>123.59 (4.19)</td>
			<td>121.25 (4.77)</td>
		</tr><tr><td>观察</td>
			<td>26.98 (1.16)</td>
			<td>28.70 (1.00)</td>
			<td>23.83 (1.14)</td>
			<td>23.70 (1.26)</td>
		</tr><tr><td>描述</td>
			<td>29.5 (1.36)</td>
			<td>31.82 (.99)</td>
			<td>27.10 (1.25)</td>
			<td>26.55 (1.26)</td>
		</tr><tr><td>意识</td>
			<td>25.25 (1.06)</td>
			<td>26.95 (1.12)</td>
			<td>25.27 (.94)</td>
			<td>24.05 (1.28)</td>
		</tr><tr><td>非法官</td>
			<td>24.65 (1.26)</td>
			<td>27.60 (1.40)</td>
			<td>27.50 (1.42)</td>
			<td>27.00 (2.05)</td>
		</tr><tr><td>非复发性</td>
			<td>21.75 (.99)</td>
			<td>23.00 (1.08)</td>
			<td>19.90 (1.09)</td>
			<td>19.95 (1.16)</td>
		</tr></tbody></table>表1:五方面正念问卷数据。 与训练后实验相比，正念冥想实验和训练前候补名单对照组的 FFMQ 总分数以及观察、描述、意识、非判断和非反应分数。将显示括号中带有标准误差的平均值。此表已从Nyhus等人60修改而来。
情景记忆 其次，分析检查了正念冥想对情景记忆任务行为表现的影响。正念冥想训练导致通过来源歧视（来源d'）衡量的源记忆增加。虽然组和时间之间没有相互作用（F（1，38） = 1.16，MSE = .12，p = .29），但成对比较显示，正念冥想实验组从训练前到训练后的来源歧视增加（F（1，19）=10.53，MSE=.12，p<.01），但候补名单对照组没有（见表2）。 
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1"><tbody><tr><td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td colspan="2">实验的</td>
			<td colspan="2">控制</td>
		</tr><tr><td></td>
			<td>条件</td>
			<td>预培训</td>
			<td>培训后</td>
			<td>预培训</td>
			<td>培训后</td>
		</tr><tr><td>打</td>
			<td>放置正确的源</td>
			<td>.66 (.02)</td>
			<td>.67 (.03)</td>
			<td>.71 (.03)</td>
			<td>.69 (.02)</td>
		</tr><tr><td></td>
			<td>宜人正确的来源</td>
			<td>.61 (.03)</td>
			<td>.72 (.03)</td>
			<td>.64 (.05)</td>
			<td>.74 (.03)</td>
		</tr><tr><td>发</td>
			<td>放置不正确的源</td>
			<td>.34 (.02)</td>
			<td>.33 (.03)</td>
			<td>.29 (.03</td>
			<td>.31 (.02)</td>
		</tr><tr><td></td>
			<td>愉悦感来源不正确</td>
			<td>.39 (.03)</td>
			<td>.28 (.03)</td>
			<td>.36 (.05)</td>
			<td>.26 (.03)</td>
		</tr><tr><td>来源 d'</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>.70 (.11)</td>
			<td>1.06 (.12)</td>
			<td>1.04 (.17)</td>
			<td>1.23 (.14)</td>
		</tr><tr><td>来源 c</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>-.06 (.05)</td>
			<td>.07 (.05)</td>
			<td>-.12 (.12)</td>
			<td>.10 (.07)</td>
		</tr></tbody></table>表 2:源行为数据。正念冥想实验的命中率、误报率、源辨别（来源 d'）和反应偏差（来源 c）与训练后实验的比较。将显示括号中带有标准误差的平均值。此表已从Nyhus等人60修改而来。
脑电图结果 第三，脑电图分析检查了正念冥想对情景记忆神经相关性的影响。具体来说，在1000至1500毫秒的右额叶和左顶叶通道中检查了θ功率，因为这些影响已在多个源检索任务54，55，56，57中发现。对于左顶叶通道，组与时间相互作用（F（1，37） = 9.52，MSE = .92，p < .01）。正念冥想实验组的θ功率从训练前增加到训练后（F（1，19） = 17.37，MSE = .23，p< .01），但候补名单对照组没有增加（见图5）。
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61247/61247fig5.jpg"> 图5:正念冥想对θ功率的影响。 正念冥想实验的θ功率和训练前训练的候补名单对照组与训练后实验课程的比较。（A）右额信道中跨时间和频率的时频频谱图。（B）左顶叶通道中跨时间和频率的时频频谱图。（C） 1000<ins cite="mailto:Author">–</ins>1500 ms 所有通道的 Theta 功率以及训练前到训练后的差异。（C）黑色*标记分析右额叶和左顶叶区域的通道。色标:从刺激前基线的分贝变化和训练前的 p值到训练后的差异。这个数字是从Nyhus等人60修改而来的。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61247/61247fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的大图。</a>
最后，在正念冥想实验组中检查正念变化与情景记忆行为表现变化与脑电图的相关性。FFMQ描述分数从训练前到训练后的增加与右额通道从训练前到训练后的脑电图θ功率增加之间存在正相关关系（r = .72， n = 20， p < .01，双尾，Bonferrroni校正;见 图6）。
<img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61247/61247fig6.jpg"> 图 6:FFMQ 变化与θ功率之间的相关性。 训练前和训练后在右额通道中命中和正确拒绝的θ功率平均差异与FFMQ差异之间的相关性 描述训练前和训练后之间的分数。这个数字是从Nyhus等人60修改而来的。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61247/61247fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的大图。</a>
补充文件 1.<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61247/Supplemental_File_1-FFMQ.pdf" target="_blank">请点击这里下载此文件。</a>
补充文件 2.<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61247/Supplemental_File_2_Stims.xlsx" target="_blank">请点击这里下载此文件。</a>
补充文件 3.<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61247/Supplemental_File_3_BowdoinResearchOutline.docx" target="_blank">请点击这里下载此文件。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combining Behavior and EEG to Study the Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Episodic Memory at JoVE.com

Combining Behavior and EEG to Study the Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Episodic Memory

在这里，我们提出了一种结合正念冥想训练、情景记忆任务和脑电图的协议，以了解正念冥想对情景记忆的行为和神经影响。

结合行为和脑电图研究正念冥想对情景记忆的影响

Although there has been recent interest in how mindfulness meditation can affect episodic memory as well as brain structure and function, no study has ...

combining-behavior-eeg-to-study-effects-mindfulness-meditation-on

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

7.0K 次观看.  Bowdoin College. 在这里，我们提出了一种结合正念冥想训练、情景记忆任务和脑电图的协议，以了解正念冥想对情景记忆的行为和神经影响。

视频: Combining Behavior and EEG to Study the Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Episodic Memory

State-Dependency Effects on TMS:  A Look at Motive Phosphene Behavior

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.1,2 Within the field of TMS, the term state dependency refers to the initial, baseline condition of the particular neural region targeted for stimulation. As can be inferred, the effects of TMS can (and do) vary according to this primary susceptibility and responsiveness of the targeted cortical area.3,4,5

In this experiment, we will examine this concept of state dependency through the elicitation and subjective experience of motive phosphenes. Phosphenes are visually perceived flashes of small lights triggered by electromagnetic pulses to the visual cortex. These small lights can assume varied characteristics depending upon which type of visual cortex is being stimulated. In this particular study, we will be targeting motive phosphenes as elicited through the stimulation of V1/V2 and the V5/MT+ complex visual regions.6

In this article, we examine the effects of visually relevant state dependency on TMS induced motive phosphenic presentations.

依赖国家对TMS的:一看动机幻视行为

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate ...

科研

神经科学

Combining Computer Game-Based Behavioural Experiments With High-Density EEG and Infrared Gaze Tracking

Experimental paradigms are valuable insofar as the timing and other parameters of their stimuli are well specified and controlled, and insofar as they yield data relevant to the cognitive processing that occurs under ecologically valid conditions. These two goals often are at odds, since well controlled stimuli often are too repetitive to sustain subjects' motivation. Studies employing electroencephalography (EEG) are often especially sensitive to this dilemma between ecological validity and experimental control: attaining sufficient signal-to-noise in physiological averages demands large numbers of repeated trials within lengthy recording sessions, limiting the subject pool to individuals with the ability and patience to perform a set task over and over again. This constraint severely limits researchers' ability to investigate younger populations as well as clinical populations associated with heightened anxiety or attentional abnormalities. Even adult, non-clinical subjects may not be able to achieve their typical levels of performance or cognitive engagement: an unmotivated subject for whom an experimental task is little more than a chore is not the same, behaviourally, cognitively, or neurally, as a subject who is intrinsically motivated and engaged with the task. A growing body of literature demonstrates that embedding experiments within video games may provide a way between the horns of this dilemma between experimental control and ecological validity. The narrative of a game provides a more realistic context in which tasks occur, enhancing their ecological validity (Chaytor &amp; Schmitter-Edgecombe, 2003). Moreover, this context provides motivation to complete tasks. In our game, subjects perform various missions to collect resources, fend off pirates, intercept communications or facilitate diplomatic relations. In so doing, they also perform an array of cognitive tasks, including a Posner attention-shifting paradigm (Posner, 1980), a go/no-go test of motor inhibition, a psychophysical motion coherence threshold task, the Embedded Figures Test (Witkin, 1950, 1954) and a theory-of-mind (Wimmer &amp; Perner, 1983) task. The game software automatically registers game stimuli and subjects' actions and responses in a log file, and sends event codes to synchronise with physiological data recorders. Thus the game can be combined with physiological measures such as EEG or fMRI, and with moment-to-moment tracking of gaze. Gaze tracking can verify subjects' compliance with behavioural tasks (e.g. fixation) and overt attention to experimental stimuli, and also physiological arousal as reflected in pupil dilation (Bradley et al., 2008). At great enough sampling frequencies, gaze tracking may also help assess covert attention as reflected in microsaccades - eye movements that are too small to foveate a new object, but are as rapid in onset and have the same relationship between angular distance and peak velocity as do saccades that traverse greater distances. The distribution of directions of microsaccades correlates with the (otherwise) covert direction of attention (Hafed &amp; Clark, 2002).

Procedures for recording high-density EEG and gaze data during computer game-based cognitive tasks are described. Using a video game to present cognitive tasks enhances ecological validity without sacrificing experimental control.

结合电玩与高密度的脑电图和红外视线跟踪基于行为的实验

Experimental paradigms are valuable insofar as the timing and other parameters of their stimuli are well specified and controlled, and insofar as they ...

Vibrodissociation of Neurons from Rodent Brain Slices to Study Synaptic Transmission and Image Presynaptic Terminals

Mechanical dissociation of neurons from the central nervous system has the advantage that presynaptic boutons remain attached to the isolated neuron of interest. This allows for examination of synaptic transmission under conditions where the extracellular and postsynaptic intracellular environments can be well controlled. A vibration-based technique without the use of proteases, known as vibrodissociation, is the most popular technique for mechanical isolation. A micropipette, with the tip fire-polished to the shape of a small ball, is placed into a brain slice made from a P1-P21 rodent. The micropipette is vibrated parallel to the slice surface and lowered through the slice thickness resulting in the liberation of isolated neurons. The isolated neurons are ready for study within a few minutes of vibrodissociation. This technique has advantages over the use of primary neuronal cultures, brain slices and enzymatically isolated neurons including: rapid production of viable, relatively mature neurons suitable for electrophysiological and imaging studies; superior control of the extracellular environment free from the influence of neighboring cells; suitability for well-controlled pharmacological experiments using rapid drug application and total cell superfusion; and improved space-clamp in whole-cell recordings relative to neurons in slice or cell culture preparations. This preparation can be used to examine synaptic physiology, pharmacology, modulation and plasticity. Real-time imaging of both pre- and postsynaptic elements in the living cells and boutons is also possible using vibrodissociated neurons. Characterization of the molecular constituents of pre- and postsynaptic elements can also be achieved with immunological and imaging-based approaches.

This report demonstrates a technique for mechanical isolation of individual viable neurons retaining attached presynaptic boutons. Vibrodissociated neurons have the advantages of rapid production, excellent pharmacological control and improved space-clamp without influence from neighboring cells. This method can be used for imaging of synaptic elements and patch-clamp recording.

Vibrodissociation从啮齿动物脑切片的神经元，研究突触传递和图像突触前的码头

Mechanical dissociation of neurons from the central nervous system has the advantage that presynaptic boutons remain attached to the isolated neuron of ...

Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro

Migraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options. We seek to define how neural immune signaling modulates the susceptibility to migraine, modeled in vitro using spreading depression (SD), as a means to develop novel therapeutic targets for episodic and chronic migraine. SD is the likely cause of migraine aura and migraine pain. It is a paroxysmal loss of neuronal function triggered by initially increased neuronal activity, which slowly propagates within susceptible brain regions. Normal brain function is exquisitely sensitive to, and relies on, coincident low-level immune signaling. Thus, neural immune signaling likely affects electrical activity of SD, and therefore migraine. Pain perception studies of SD in whole animals are fraught with difficulties, but whole animals are well suited to examine systems biology aspects of migraine since SD activates trigeminal nociceptive pathways. However, whole animal studies alone cannot be used to decipher the cellular and neural circuit mechanisms of SD. Instead, in vitro preparations where environmental conditions can be controlled are necessary. Here, it is important to recognize limitations of acute slices and distinct advantages of hippocampal slice cultures. Acute brain slices cannot reveal subtle changes in immune signaling since preparing the slices alone triggers: pro-inflammatory changes that last days, epileptiform behavior due to high levels of oxygen tension needed to vitalize the slices, and irreversible cell injury at anoxic slice centers. 
In contrast, we examine immune signaling in mature hippocampal slice cultures since the cultures closely parallel their in vivo counterpart with mature trisynaptic function; show quiescent astrocytes, microglia, and cytokine levels; and SD is easily induced in an unanesthetized preparation. Furthermore, the slices are long-lived and SD can be induced on consecutive days without injury, making this preparation the sole means to-date capable of modeling the neuroimmune consequences of chronic SD, and thus perhaps chronic migraine. We use electrophysiological techniques and non-invasive imaging to measure neuronal cell and circuit functions coincident with SD. Neural immune gene expression variables are measured with qPCR screening, qPCR arrays, and, importantly, use of cDNA preamplification for detection of ultra-low level targets such as interferon-gamma using whole, regional, or specific cell enhanced (via laser dissection microscopy) sampling. Cytokine cascade signaling is further assessed with multiplexed phosphoprotein related targets with gene expression and phosphoprotein changes confirmed via cell-specific immunostaining. Pharmacological and siRNA strategies are used to mimic and modulate SD immune signaling.

Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro

Migraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are immense healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options. We seek to define how neural immune signaling modulates the susceptibility to migraine, modeled in vitro using spreading depression in hippocampal slice cultures, as a means to develop novel therapeutic targets.

使用扩频萧条的情节和慢性偏头痛的神经免疫信号建模<em在体外</em

Migraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options.  We seek to define how neural immune ...

Optical Recording of Suprathreshold Neural Activity with Single-cell and Single-spike Resolution

Signaling of information in the vertebrate central nervous system is often carried by populations of neurons rather than individual neurons. Also propagation of suprathreshold spiking activity involves populations of neurons. Empirical studies addressing cortical function directly thus require recordings from populations of neurons with high resolution. Here we describe an optical method and a deconvolution algorithm to record neural activity from up to 100 neurons with single-cell and single-spike resolution. This method relies on detection of the transient increases in intracellular somatic calcium concentration associated with suprathreshold electrical spikes (action potentials) in cortical neurons. High temporal resolution of the optical recordings is achieved by a fast random-access scanning technique using acousto-optical deflectors (AODs)1. Two-photon excitation of the calcium-sensitive dye results in high spatial resolution in opaque brain tissue2. Reconstruction of spikes from the fluorescence calcium recordings is achieved by a maximum-likelihood method. Simultaneous electrophysiological and optical recordings indicate that our method reliably detects spikes (&gt;97% spike detection efficiency), has a low rate of false positive spike detection (&lt; 0.003 spikes/sec), and a high temporal precision (about 3 msec) 3. This optical method of spike detection can be used to record neural activity in vitro and in anesthetized animals in vivo3,4.

Understanding the function of the vertebrate central nervous system requires recordings from many neurons because cortical function arises on the level of populations of neurons. Here we describe an optical method to record suprathreshold neural activity with single-cell and single-spike resolution, dithered random-access scanning. This method records somatic fluorescence calcium signals from up to 100 neurons with high temporal resolution. A maximum-likelihood algorithm deconvolves the underlying suprathreshold neural activity from the somatic fluorescence calcium signals. This method reliably detects spikes with high detection efficiency and a low rate of false positives and can be used to study neural populations in vitro and in vivo.

阈上的神经活动的单细胞和单穗的分辨率的光学的方法记录

Signaling of information in the vertebrate central nervous system is often carried by populations of neurons rather than individual neurons. Also ...

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

The ability to probe defined neural circuits in awake, freely-moving animals with cell-type specificity, spatial precision, and high temporal resolution has been a long sought tool for neuroscientists in the systems-level search for the neural circuitry governing complex behavioral states. Optogenetics is a cutting-edge tool that is revolutionizing the field of neuroscience and represents one of the first systematic approaches to enable causal testing regarding the relation between neural signaling events and behavior. By combining optical and genetic approaches, neural signaling can be bi-directionally controlled through expression of light-sensitive ion channels (opsins) in mammalian cells. The current protocol describes delivery of specific wavelengths of light to opsin-expressing cells in deep brain structures of awake, freely-moving rodents for neural circuit modulation. Theoretical principles of light transmission as an experimental consideration are discussed in the context of performing in vivo optogenetic stimulation. The protocol details the design and construction of both simple and complex laser configurations and describes tethering strategies to permit simultaneous stimulation of multiple animals for high-throughput behavioral testing.

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

Optogenetics has become a powerful tool for use in behavioral neuroscience experiments. This protocol offers a step-by-step guide to the design and set-up of laser systems, and provides a full protocol for carrying out multiple and simultaneous in vivo optogenetic stimulations compatible with most rodent behavioral testing paradigms.

在啮齿动物中枢神经系统的体内光遗传学刺激

The ability to probe defined neural circuits in awake, freely-moving animals with cell-type specificity, spatial precision, and high temporal resolution ...

Using Linear Agarose Channels to Study Drosophila Larval Crawling Behavior

Drosophila larval crawling is emerging as a powerful model to study neural control of sensorimotor behavior. However, larval crawling behavior on flat open surfaces is complex,&#160;including: pausing, turning, and meandering. This complexity in the repertoire of movement hinders detailed analysis of the events occurring during a single crawl stride cycle. To overcome this obstacle, linear agarose channels were made that constrain larval behavior to straight, sustained, rhythmic crawling. In principle, because agarose channels and the Drosophila larval body are both optically clear, the movement of larval structures labeled by genetically-encoded fluorescent probes can be monitored in intact, freely-moving larvae. In the past, larvae were placed in linear channels and crawling at the level of whole organism, segment, and muscle were analyzed1. In the future, larvae crawling in channels can be used for calcium imaging to monitor neuronal activity. Moreover, these methods can be used with larvae of any genotype and with any researcher-designed channel. Thus the protocol presented below is widely applicable for studies using the Drosophila larva as a model to understand motor control.

Using Linear Agarose Channels to Study Drosophila Larval Crawling Behavior

The Drosophila larva is a powerful model system to study neural control of behavior. This publication describes the use of linear agarose channels to elicit sustained bouts of linear crawling and methods to quantify the dynamics of larval structures during repetitive crawling behavior.

用线性琼脂糖渠道研究<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;幼虫爬行行为

Drosophila larval crawling is emerging as a powerful model to study neural control of sensorimotor behavior. However, larval crawling behavior on flat ...

Time-dependent Increase in the Network Response to the Stimulation of Neuronal Cell Cultures on Micro-electrode Arrays

Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) can be used to investigate drug toxicity, design paradigms for next-generation personalized medicine, and study network dynamics in neuronal cultures. In contrast with more traditional methods, such as patch-clamping, which can only record activity from a single cell, MEAs can record simultaneously from multiple sites in a network, without requiring the arduous task of placing each electrode individually. Moreover, numerous control and stimulation configurations can be easily applied within the same experimental setup, allowing for a broad range of dynamics to be explored. One of the key dynamics of interest in these in vitro studies has been the extent to which cultured networks display properties indicative of learning. Mouse neuronal cells cultured on MEAs display an increase in response following training induced by electrical stimulation. This protocol demonstrates how to culture neuronal cells on MEAs; successfully record from over 95% of the plated dishes; establish a protocol to train the networks to respond to patterns of stimulation; and sort, plot, and interpret the results from such experiments. The use of a proprietary system for stimulating and recording neuronal cultures is demonstrated. Software packages are also used to sort neuronal units. A custom-designed graphical user interface is used to visualize post-stimulus time histograms, inter-burst intervals, and burst duration, as well as to compare the cellular response to stimulation before and after a training protocol. Finally, representative results and future directions of this research effort are discussed.

Mouse neuronal cells cultured on multi-electrode arrays display an increase in response following electrical stimulation. This protocol demonstrates how to culture neurons, how to record activity, and how to establish a protocol to train the networks to respond to patterns of stimulation.

时间依赖性增加对微电极阵列刺激神经元细胞培养物的网络响应

Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) can be used to investigate drug toxicity, design paradigms for next-generation personalized medicine, and study network ...

Combining Optogenetics with Artificial microRNAs to Characterize the Effects of Gene Knockdown on Presynaptic Function within Intact Neuronal Circuits

The purpose of this protocol is to characterize the effect of gene knockdown on presynaptic function within intact neuronal circuits. We describe a workflow on how to combine artificial microRNA (miR)-mediated RNA interference with optogenetics to achieve selective stimulation of manipulated presynaptic boutons in acute brain slices. The experimental approach involves the use of a single viral construct and a single neuron-specific promoter to drive the expression of both an optogenetic probe and artificial miR(s) against presynaptic gene(s). When stereotactically injected in the brain region of interest, the expressed construct makes it possible to stimulate with light exclusively the neurons with reduced expression of the gene(s) under investigation. This strategy does not require the development and maintenance of genetically modified mouse lines and can in principle be applied to other organisms and to any neuronal gene of choice. We have recently applied it to investigate how the knockdown of alternative splice isoforms of presynaptic P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) regulates short-term synaptic plasticity at CA3 to CA1 excitatory synapses in acute hippocampal slices. A similar approach could also be used to manipulate and probe the neuronal circuitry in vivo.

This protocol provides a workflow on how to combine artificial microRNA-mediated RNA interference with optogenetics to stimulate specifically presynaptic boutons with reduced expression of selective gene(s) within intact neuronal circuits.

光遗传学与人工 microRNAs 相结合对完整神经元回路中基因击倒对突触前功能的影响

The purpose of this protocol is to characterize the effect of gene knockdown on presynaptic function within intact neuronal circuits. We describe a ...

Noninvasive EEG Recordings from Freely Moving Piglets

The method allows the recording of high-quality electroencephalograms (EEGs) from freely moving piglets directly in the pigpen. We use a one-channel telemetric electroencephalography system in combination with standard self-adhesive hydrogel electrodes. The piglets are calmed down without the use of sedatives. After their release into the pigpen, the piglets behave normally&#8212;they drink and sleep in the same cycle as their siblings. Their sleep phases are used for the EEG recordings.

Here, we present a protocol to record telemetric electroencephalograms (EEGs) from freely moving piglets directly in the pigpen without the use of a sedative, making it possible to record typical EEG patterns during non-REM sleep, like spindle bursts.

自由移动仔猪的无创脑电图记录

The method allows the recording of high-quality electroencephalograms (EEGs) from freely moving piglets directly in the pigpen. We use a one-channel ...