感谢所有参与者通过不同的任务迭代帮助开发了这种方法。还感谢所有通过多年来不同的迭代帮助的学生：Natasha Dubes，Emma Denning，Victoria Bellhouse，Stephen Holland，Melissa Anderson，Katie Shaw，Sarah Morgan，Karla Butterworth，Michael Craig，Lauren Wray，Olivia Sanderson ，Daniel Lai，Rajameenakshi Boopathy和Chun Kit Ho。这项研究由纽卡斯尔大学对学生研究项目的贡献提供资金。

该协议经纽卡斯尔大学医学科学伦理委员会批准（批准号515_1）。 1.准备研究<ol><li>在运行研究之前，收集20个小的，容易识别/描述的对象， 例如 ， 茶灯 玩具挖掘机 玩具青蛙 一件衣服挂钩 勺子 一组键 一个按钮 唇膏 玩具雪人 瓶盖 一死 打火机 梳子 腕带 挂锁 蝴蝶针 一把尺子 吉他琴 一个电池 一个U盘</li><li>随机选择第一个会话中的8个对象，第二个会话的对象为8个。应该有4个额外的对象在任何一个会话中都不会使用。一旦对象被选中，在所有参与者的相同位置和相同的会话中使用相同的对象。 </li><li> 嘛要使用的16个物体的照片。制作两张这些照片：第一个会话的第一张（8个对象）和第二个会话的第二张（8个对象）。 <ol><li>按照参与者需要找到的顺序将对象的图像放在工作表上。对图像进行编号以避免任何混淆。 图1显示了一个例子。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55646/55646fig1.jpg" /> 图1：对象标识表。这些是放在20个对象堆叠旁边的纸张。在第1阶段将左手板放置在第1阶段，在第2阶段放置右手板。参与者应按照纸张上的顺序从桩中拾取物体。注意，在阶段2中，所有来自第1阶段的物体已经被收集起来并再次添加到桩中，使得在阶段期间2，参与者再次搜索一堆20个对象开始。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55646/55646fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> <ol start="4"><li> 识别房间周围的16个隐藏位置。理想的情况是，房间里有许多东西。这些位置应该由实际上不在房间里的人明确地描述。此外，尝试使这些位置与房间中的清晰对象完全关联，因为这将空间记忆减少到对象 - 对象关联。 <ol><li>将每个对象分配给一个隐藏位置，确保第一个和第二个会话中使用的位置随机散布。 </li></ol></li><li>在学习期间，确保房间布局保持不变。在多用途房间，请确保每个参与者之间的房间可以以相同的方式放回。 </li></ol><ol><li>在参加者到达之前，将20个对象堆放在测试室的固定位置，旁边的会话1的对象图片。参与者使用图片查找堆叠中的对象的原因是强制他们注意对象的身份。 </li><li>当参加者到达时，首先给他们一个解释研究的信息单张，通过研究与他们交谈，并让他们阅读并签署同意书。 </li><li> 将参加者带到测试室门口，并说明他们在房间里需要做什么。这些说明可以修改为引发有意识的记忆或偶然的记忆。 <ol><li>为了有意识地记住，请向参与者阅读这些说明： “这个任务的目的是为了在房间里隐藏一些物体，稍后你会被要求记住不舒服的桌子上放着一堆物品。在堆栈旁边，您将在此任务中找到一张需要隐藏的8个对象的图片。每张图片的左下方有一个数字，表示您必须隐藏这些对象的顺序。 您只能一次拾起和隐藏一个对象。我会指向你应该隐藏每个对象的位置。进入房间后，您应该开始大声计数秒数，并继续这样做，直到你离开房间。 在本研究的后期，我们将重复这个不同的对象和不同的位置。之后，你会被要求记住你藏在哪个对象，你藏在哪里，在哪个场合。如果您有任何问题，请现在询问，因为一旦进入房间，您将无法再进行。这不是一个时间的任务，所以请花费你需要的时间。“ </li><li>对于偶然的记忆，请阅读这些说明给参与者： “的目的这个任务是测试你的多任务能力。您将需要大声地计数秒数，而不会减慢或跳过数字，而我尝试分散您的对象，寻找并放置在房间周围的不同的地方。我会记录你的声音，以便稍后分析你的计数。 对于牵引者，您将在书桌上看到一堆物体。在堆栈旁边，您将在此任务中找到一张需要隐藏的8个对象的图片。每张图片的左下方有一个数字，表示您必须隐藏这些对象的顺序。您只能一次拾起和隐藏一个对象。我会指向你应该隐藏每个对象的位置。进入房间后，您应该开始大声计数秒数，并继续这样做，直到你离开房间。 在本研究的后期，我们将重复这一点，以测试你是否随着实践而变得更好。如果您有任何问题，请现在询问，因为您不会一旦我们进入房间。这不是一个时间的任务，所以请花费你需要的时间，但不要忘记保持计数稳定。“ </li></ol></li><li> 把参与者带到房间里，展示一堆物体。让参与者找到并采取第一个对象。指示对象需要放置在哪里，并让参与者将对象放在那里。 <ol><li>然后让参与者返回下一个对象，依此类推，对于图片上的所有8个对象。时间由参与者发现和隐藏对象的速度决定。这通常不会超过2分钟。 </li></ol></li><li>在会议结束时，请参加者离开房间。 </li></ol>第一次休息<ol><li>在会话1和会话2之间约2小时。要求参与者在此间隔期间执行不同的任务，或者要求他们离开（ 例如有）午餐），并在指定的时间回来。 </li><li>在参与者返回之前，将所有隐藏的物体从房间中取出并放回堆中。 </li><li>将图片替换为会议2的图片。 </li></ol>会议2 <ol><li>提醒参加者在会议1之前给出的指示。 </li><li>将参与者带入房间，重复第2.4节，但现在有不同的对象和位置。同样，时间由参与者确定。 </li><li>把参与者带回房间。 </li></ol>第二次休息<ol><li>再次指示参与者2小时后回来，或者在此间隔期间再次运行电池测试。 </li><li>从隐藏处删除所有物体。该参与者不再需要房间。 </li></ol> 6.会议3 <ol><li>如果参与者被指示进行偶然的记忆，那么deb<html>现在请他们告诉他们这个任务的真正目的。通过询问参与者是否怀疑该任务是记忆任务来检查欺骗的有效性。 </li><li> 请他们自由地回忆起他们隐藏在哪个位置和哪两个场合的哪些对象。请他们按照他们记住的顺序写下这些。鼓励他们回忆任何可能的信息，包括不完整的信息（如记住一个对象，而不是其位置等 ）。 <ol><li>尽可能多地给予参与者尽可能多的回忆。如果他们愿意，让他们画一张地图或图表。 </li></ol></li><li>在他们回忆了所有可能的信息后，请他们完成生动的规模和任务沉思量表（ 图2 ）。 </li></ol>55646fig2.jpg“/&gt; 图2：主观经验报告。在报告对象，位置和阶段的记忆后，要求参与者完成这两个尺度，报告其记忆的主观体验（上限）以及每个隐藏阶段之后实际排练材料的数量。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55646/55646fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> <ol start="4"><li>参与者进一步送走。 </li></ol>数据提取和分析<ol><li> 对于评分表，创建所有16个对象的列表，以及所有16个位置的另一个列表。 <ol><li>对于每个对象和位置，确定是否将其与正确的会话和位置/对象（分别为What-Where-When）结合记住，无论是否与正确的会话（on什么时候或只有Where-When）或只有正确的位置/对象（分别只有What-Where），或者是否被正确调用，但没有任何正确的组合（只有什么和唯一的地方）。正确调用“What-Where-Where”组合和“What-Where”组合的数量应与两个列表匹配。 </li></ol></li><li>分析完整的What-Where-When组合之前。因为总共有16个组合被召回，所以将实际正确调用的组合的数目视为来自二项式分布（16&#39;是 - 否&#39;答案）的数量，应使用广义线性模型，使用二项式分布具有日志链接功能。 </li><li>然后分析3个不完整的组合。要使用相同的分析来做到这一点，分析未被正确调用的组合的剩余数量中不完全召回的每种类型的组合的总数，作为完整的何时组合。例如如果参与者召回5个正确的组合，那么分析不完全的组合（16-5 =）11个可能的不完全组合。 </li><li>分析回收的对象或位置的数量，没有任何组合，以类似的方式排除尚未被考虑的剩余组合。 </li></ol>

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M., Jungbluth, C., Adolph, D., Pietrowsky, R., Dere, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+and+measurement+of+episodic+memories+in+healthy+adults.">Induction and measurement of episodic memories in healthy adults.</a> J Neurosci Meth. 189, 88-96 (2010).</li><li>Kessels, R. P. C., Postma, A., De Haan, E. H. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Object+Relocation:+A+program+for+setting+up,+running,+and+analyzing+experiments+on+memory+for+object+locations.">Object Relocation: A program for setting up, running, and analyzing experiments on memory for object locations.</a> Behav Res Meth, Instr, Comp. 31, 423-428 (1999).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可以披露的。

<html>数据显示，其他应用于测量情景记忆的任务的性能预测了现实世界中哪些地方的内存任务的性能。然而，这些相关性可能代表不同任务使用的认知能力的共享子集。现实世界什么地方 - 当记忆任务比这些其他任务具有优势，因为它测试人们的记忆在两个实际的事件发生在真实的时空背景下。然而，不同于向人们介绍自己生活中的事件，在这种情况下，实验者或临床医生确切地知道事件发生了?...

独一无二的记忆是从自己的过去的独特事件的记忆，这些事件经历了作为原始事件（精神时间旅行） 1,2的复原。这也是许多形式痴呆症早期阶段受影响的第一类记忆之一3,4 。内侧颞叶，特别是海马，被认为是处于情景记忆5中的重要结构，因此影响海马功能的任何条件，如老化和许多情绪障碍，也被认为影响情绪记忆功能。因此，情景记忆功能可以是一系列神经和精神病症的有用的生物标志物。 然而，量化记忆的方法仍然不太理想。现实世界每天的情景记忆是他们的时空背景下独特事件的综合记忆7 ，通常附带编码4 。在诊所和学术研究中使用的两种最常用的方法是单词列表学习8 ，并从自己的过去3叙述一个故事。两种方法都有优缺点。单词列表对故事方式的优势在于评估者确切知道正确的答案。这很难从参与者/患者的过去的自发故事中评估，因为经常没有客观证据可用，甚至家庭成员的帐户也可能在其中有不正确的细节。故事的优点是，他们实际上评估了情景记忆的典型内容和结构：时空背景下的事件，有关发生的事情，何时何地结合在一起7 。词列表<html>不需要任何上下文被回忆，并且经常被排练几次（ 例如 Rey听觉语言学习任务）。 最近，已经进行了几次尝试来构建情景记忆任务，其结合了两种经典测试的优点，同时最大限度地减少了缺点9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21 ， 22 。目前的协议是Newcastle大学开发的最新版本的What-Where-When时代记忆测试这个概念是基于与Clayton和Dickinson 23开始的非人类动物的工作，并适应与一系列其他物种的工作24,25,26,27,28，一些其中已经证实了这种范式对于内侧颞叶损伤的敏感性29.它是将几何尝试与成人18,20,30,31组合在一起的情景记忆测试中的几个尝试之一，但唯一的一个在真实环境中进行，无需使用计算机，使参与者/患者易于参与和低成本实施。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>These materials are just examples. Any 20 easy-to-name small objects will do.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>- A tea light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>- A toy digger</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>- A toy frog</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>- A clothing hook</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>- A spoon</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>- A set of keys</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>- A button</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>- A lip balm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>- A toy snowman</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>- A bottle cap</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>- A die</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>- A lighter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>- A comb</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>- A wrist band</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>- A padlock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>- A butterfly pin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>- A ruler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>- A guitar plectrum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>- A battery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>- A USB stick</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a real-world what-where-when memory test

剧情记忆是一个复杂的记忆系统，允许从自己的生活回忆和心理重新体验以前的剧集。现实生活中的情景记忆是关于他们的时空背景下的事件，通常是视觉空间，而不是言语。然而，经常使用语言记忆的测试来回忆（单词列表，故事）。现实世界什么地方 - 当记忆测试要求参与者在两个时间场合中在16个不同位置隐藏共16个不同的对象，间隔2 h。另外两个小时后，他们被要求回忆哪些对象（什么）他们隐藏在哪个位置（哪里）和哪两个场合（何时）。除了对正确调用的数量进行计数以外，什么时候组合，此任务也可用于测试现实世界的空间存储器和对象存储器。这个任务对正常的认知衰老敏感，并且与其他情景记忆的表现相关性很好任务，同时提供更多的生态有效性，便宜且易于运行。

年龄较小的人（65岁以上）记得少于年龄的人（18-25岁; X 2 （1）= 9.5; p = 0.002; 图3 ）。请注意，虽然老年人作为一个群体的表现比年轻人更差，但一些老年人的表现比一些年轻人还好。如果预测其他条件，这种变化可能是有用的。 还可以调查其他情景记忆测试如何预测“What-Where-Where”组合时的内?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test at JoVE.com

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

现实世界什么地方 - 当记忆测试是一种新颖的情景记忆测试时，参与者需要回忆哪些对象已隐藏在哪两个不同场合的哪个位置。它很容易运行，对正常的认知衰老敏感。

一个现实世界<em&gt;什么，在哪里，当</em&gt;记忆测试

Episodic memory is a complex memory system which allows recall and mental re-experience of previous episodes from one&#39;s own life. Real-life episodic ...

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A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

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11.1K 次观看.  Newcastle University. 现实世界什么地方 - 当记忆测试是一种新颖的情景记忆测试时，参与者需要回忆哪些对象已隐藏在哪两个不同场合的哪个位置。它很容易运行，对正常的认知衰老敏感。 

视频: A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic &#946;-Blocker

The basic design used in our human fear-conditioning studies on disrupting reconsolidation includes testing over different phases across three consecutive days. On day 1 - the fear acquisition phase, healthy participants are exposed to a series of picture presentations. One picture stimulus (CS1+) is repeatedly paired with an aversive electric stimulus (US), resulting in the acquisition of a fear association, whereas another picture stimulus (CS2-) is never followed by an US. On day 2 - the memory reactivation phase, the participants are re-exposed to the conditioned stimulus without the US (CS1-), which typically triggers a conditioned fear response. After the memory reactivation we administer an oral dose of 40 mg of propranolol HCl, a &#946;-adrenergic receptor antagonist that indirectly targets the protein synthesis required for reconsolidation by inhibiting the noradrenaline-stimulated CREB phosphorylation. On day 3 - the test phase, the participants are again exposed to the unreinforced conditioned stimuli (CS1- and CS2-) in order to measure the fear-reducing effect of the manipulation. This retention test is followed by an extinction procedure and the presentation of situational triggers to test for the return of fear. Potentiation of the eye blink startle reflex is measured as an index for conditioned fear responding. Declarative knowledge of the fear association is measured through online US expectancy ratings during each CS presentation. In contrast to extinction learning, disrupting reconsolidation targets the original fear memory thereby preventing the return of fear. Although the clinical applications are still in their infancy, disrupting reconsolidation of fear memory seems to be a promising new technique with the prospect to persistently dampen the expression of fear memory in patients suffering from anxiety disorders and other psychiatric disorders.

Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic &amp;#946;-Blocker

Disrupting reconsolidation is a promising approach to dampen the behavioral expression of fear memory in patients with anxiety disorders or posttraumatic stress disorder. In a series of human fear conditioning studies we showed that disrupting reconsolidation by the noradrenergic &#946;-blocker propranolol is very effective in erasing conditioned fear responding.

由去甲肾上腺素能β受体阻滞剂破坏恐惧记忆在人类再固结

The basic design used in our human fear-conditioning studies on disrupting reconsolidation includes testing over different phases across three consecutive ...

科研

行为学

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their behavioral flexibility and required memory duration, the number of goals and pathways, and also the overall task complexity. A confounding feature in many of these tasks is the lack of control over the strategy employed by the rodents to reach the goal, e.g., allocentric (declarative-like) or egocentric (procedural) based strategies. The double-H maze is a novel water-escape memory task that addresses this issue, by allowing the experimenter to direct the type of strategy learned during the training period. The double-H maze is a transparent device, which consists of a central alleyway with three arms protruding on both sides, along with an escape platform submerged at the extremity of one of these arms.
Rats can be trained using an allocentric strategy by alternating the start position in the maze in an unpredictable manner (see protocol 1; &#167;4.7), thus requiring them to learn the location of the platform based on the available allothetic cues. Alternatively, an egocentric learning strategy (protocol 2; &#167;4.8) can be employed by releasing the rats from the same position during each trial, until they learn the procedural pattern required to reach the goal. This task has been proven to allow for the formation of stable memory traces.
Memory can be probed following the training period in a misleading probe trial, in which the starting position for the rats alternates. Following an egocentric learning paradigm, rats typically resort to an allocentric-based strategy, but only when their initial view on the extra-maze cues differs markedly from their original position. This task is ideally suited to explore the effects of drugs/perturbations on allocentric/egocentric memory performance, as well as the interactions between these two memory systems.

The goal of this protocol is to investigate spatial cognition in rodents. The double-H water maze is a novel test, which is particularly useful to elucidate the different components of learning, consolidation and memory, as well as the interplay of memory systems.

双-H迷宫：一个强大的行为测试学习和记忆的鼠害

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their ...

Morris Water Maze Test: Optimization for Mouse Strain and Testing Environment

The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, including neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. However, the background strain of the mouse model used can have a substantial effect on the observed behavioral phenotype, with some strains exhibiting superior learning ability relative to others. To ensure differences between transgene negative and transgene positive mice can be detected, identification of a training procedure sensitive to the background strain is essential. Failure to tailor the MWM protocol to the background strain of the mouse model may lead to under- or over- training, thereby masking group differences in probe trials. Here, a MWM protocol tailored for use with the F1 FVB/N x 129S6 background is described. This is a frequently used background strain to study the age-dependent effects of mutant P301L tau (rTg(TauP301L)4510 mice) on the memory deficits associated with Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Also described is a strategy to re-optimize, as dictated by the particular testing environment utilized.

This manuscript describes a Morris water maze (MWM) protocol tailored for use with a commonly used mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The MWM is widely used in transgenic mouse models. Implementation of a procedure sensitive to the background strain of the mouse model is essential for detecting group differences.

Morris水迷宫实验：优化小鼠品系和测试环境

 The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, ...

Using Fiberless, Wearable fNIRS to Monitor Brain Activity in Real-world Cognitive Tasks

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular coupling, fNIRS is able to measure the haemoglobin concentration changes secondary to neuronal activity. Compared to other neuroimaging techniques, fNIRS represents a good compromise in terms of spatial and temporal resolution. Moreover, it is portable, lightweight, less sensitive to motion artifacts and does not impose significant physical restraints. It is therefore appropriate to monitor a wide range of cognitive tasks (e.g., auditory, gait analysis, social interaction) and different age populations (e.g., new-borns, adults, elderly people). The recent development of fiberless fNIRS devices has opened the way to new applications in neuroscience research. This represents a unique opportunity to study functional activity during real-world tests, which can be more sensitive and accurate in assessing cognitive function and dysfunction than lab-based tests. This study explored the use of fiberless fNIRS to monitor brain activity during a real-world prospective memory task. This protocol is performed outside the lab and brain haemoglobin concentration changes are continuously measured over the prefrontal cortex while the subject walks around in order to accomplish several different tasks.

Monitoring brain activity outside the lab without physical constraints presents methodological challenges. A fiberless, wearable functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) system was used to measure brain activity during an ecological prospective memory task. It was demonstrated that this system could be used to monitor brain activity during non-lab based experiments.

用无纤维，耐磨fNIRS监视在真实世界的认知任务脑活动

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular ...

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

This protocol describes the administration of the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a short test of spatial memory, in which memory for the topographical layout of four mountains within a computer-generated landscape is tested using a delayed match-to-sample paradigm. Allocentric spatial memory is assessed by altering the viewpoint, colors and textures between the initially presented and target images.
Allocentric spatial memory is a key function of the hippocampus, one of the earliest brain regions to be affected in Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) and impairment of hippocampal function predates the onset of dementia. It was hypothesized that performance on the 4MT would aid the diagnosis of predementia AD, which manifests clinically as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI).
The 4MT was applied to patients with MCI, stratified further based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarker status (10 MCI biomarker positive, 9 MCI biomarker negative), and with mild AD dementia, as well as healthy controls. Comparator tests included tests of episodic memory and attention widely accepted as sensitive measures of early AD. Behavioral data were correlated with quantitative MRI measures of the hippocampus, precuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus.
4MT scores were significantly different between the two MCI groups (p = 0.001), with a test score of &#8804;8/15 associated with 100% sensitivity and 78% specificity for the classification of MCI with positive AD biomarkers, i.e., predementia AD. 4MT test scores correlated with hippocampal volume (r = 0.42) and cortical thickness of the precuneus (r = 0.55).
In conclusion, the 4MT is effective in identifying the early stages of AD. The short duration, easy application and scoring, and favorable psychometric properties of the 4MT fulfil the need for a simple but accurate diagnostic test for predementia AD.

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer&#039;s Disease

This article describes the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a hippocampus-dependent test of working allocentric spatial memory. The hippocampus is affected early in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and this article outlines the 4MT methodology and results of patient testing, which demonstrates the value of the 4MT in the diagnosis of pre-dementia AD.

四山测试：空间记忆的一个简短的测试与高灵敏度的预痴呆诊断阿尔茨海默氏病

This protocol describes the administration of the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a short test of spatial memory, in which memory for the topographical layout of ...

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of working memory in young school-age children. Working memory deficits have been identified in children with language-based learning disabilities, including dyslexia1,2 and language impairment3,4, but it is not clear whether these children exhibit deficits in subcomponents of working memory, such as visuospatial or phonological working memory. The CABC-WM is administered on a desktop computer with a touchscreen interface and was specifically developed to be engaging and motivating for children. Although the long-term goal of the CABC-WM is to provide individualized working memory profiles in children, the present study focuses on the initial success and utility of the CABC-WM for measuring central executive, visuospatial, phonological loop, and binding constructs in children with typical development. Immediate next steps are to administer the CABC-WM to children with specific language impairment, dyslexia, and comorbid specific language impairment and dyslexia.

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &amp;#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

Working memory predicts a significant amount of variance for a variety of cognitive tasks, including speaking, reading, and writing. However, few tools are available to assess working memory in children. We present an innovative, computer-based battery that comprehensively assesses different components of working memory in school-age children.

评估儿童工作记忆：儿童综合评估电池 - 工作记忆（CABC-WM）

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of ...

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is fairly simple and can be completed over 3 days: habituation day, training day, and testing day. During training, the mouse is allowed to explore 2 identical objects. On test day, one of the training objects is replaced with a novel object. Because mice have an innate preference for novelty, if the mouse recognizes the familiar object, it will spend most of its time at the novel object. Due to this innate preference, there is no need for positive or negative reinforcement or long training schedules. Additionally, the ORT can also be modified for numerous applications. The retention interval can be shortened to examine short-term memory, or lengthened to probe long-term memory. Pharmacological intervention can be used at various times prior to training, after training, or prior to recall to investigate different phases of learning (i.e., acquisition, early or late consolidation, or recall). Overall, the ORT is a relatively low-stress, efficient test for memory in mice, and is appropriate for the detection of neuropsychological changes following pharmacological, biological, or genetic manipulations.

The object recognition test (ORT) is a simple and efficient assay for evaluating learning and memory in mice. The methodology is described below.

小鼠学习记忆研究的新对象识别实验

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is ...

Reducing State Anxiety Using Working Memory Maintenance

The purpose of this protocol is to explain how to examine the relationship between working memory processes and anxiety by combining the Sternberg Working Memory (WM) and the threat of shock paradigms. In the Sternberg WM paradigm, subjects are required to maintain a series of letters in the WM for a brief interval and respond by identifying whether the position of a given letter in the series matches a numerical prompt. In the threat of shock paradigm, subjects are exposed to alternating blocks where they are either at risk of receiving unpredictable presentations of a mild electric shock or are safe from the shock. Anxiety is probed throughout the safe and threat blocks using the acoustic startle reflex, which is potentiated under threat (Anxiety-Potentiated Startle (APS)). By conducting the Sternberg WM paradigm during the threat of shock and probing the startle response during either the WM maintenance interval or the intertrial interval, it is possible to determine the effect of WM maintenance on APS.

This protocol demonstrates how to measure anxiety-potentiated startle during the Sternberg Working Memory paradigm.

使用工作记忆维护降低状态焦虑

The purpose of this protocol is to explain how to examine the relationship between working memory processes and anxiety by combining the Sternberg Working ...

Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants

Information is retrieved more effectively when the retrieval occurs in the same context as that in which the information was first encoded. This is termed context dependent memory (CDM). One category of cues that have been shown to effectively produce CDM effects are odors. However, it is unclear what the boundary conditions of these CDM effects are. In particular, given that olfaction has been called an implicit sense, it is possible that odors are only effective mnemonic cues when they are presented in the background. This assertion seems even more likely given that previous research has shown odors to be poor cues during paired associate memory tests, where odors are in the focus of attention as mnemonic cues for other information. In order to determine whether odors are only effective contextual mnemonic cues when presented outside the central focus of an observer, an olfactory CDM experiment was performed in which odorants were presented directly, rather than ambiently. Direct presentation was accomplished with the aid of an olfactometer. The olfactometer not only allows for direct presentation of odorants, but provides other methodological benefits, including the allowance of trial by trial manipulations of odorant presentations and, relatedly, time-specific releases of odorants. The presence of the same odor during both encoding and retrieval enhanced memory performance, regardless of whether the odor was presented ambiently or directly. This finding can serve as a basis for future olfactory CDM research which can utilize the benefits of direct presentation.

The use of an olfactometer for directly presenting odorants opens exciting opportunities for researchers of olfactory memory. The current paper discusses issues related to this methodology as related to a previously published experiment on olfactory context dependent memory.

嗅觉语境依赖性记忆: 气味的直接表现

Information is retrieved more effectively when the retrieval occurs in the same context as that in which the information was first encoded. This is termed ...

Methods for Presenting Real-world Objects Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions

Our knowledge of human object vision is based almost exclusively on studies in which the stimuli are presented in the form of computerized two-dimensional (2-D) images. In everyday life, however, humans interact predominantly with real-world solid objects, not images. Currently, we know very little about whether images of objects trigger similar behavioral or neural processes as do real-world exemplars. Here, we present methods for bringing the real-world into the laboratory. We detail methods for presenting rich, ecologically-valid real-world stimuli under tightly-controlled viewing conditions. We describe how to match closely the visual appearance of real objects and their images, as well as novel apparatus and protocols that can be used to present real objects and computerized images on successively interleaved trials. We use a decision-making paradigm as a case example in which we compare willingness-to-pay (WTP) for real snack foods versus 2-D images of the same items. We show that WTP increases by 6.6% for food items displayed as real objects versus high-resolution 2-D colored&#160;images of the same foods -suggesting that real foods are perceived as being more valuable than their images. Although presenting real object stimuli under controlled conditions presents several practical challenges for the experimenter, this approach will fundamentally expand our understanding of the cognitive and neural processes that underlie naturalistic vision.

We describe methods for presenting real-world objects and matched images of the same objects under tightly-controlled experimental conditions. The methods are described in the context of a decision-making task, but the same real-world approach can be extended to other cognitive domains such as perception, attention, and memory.

在受控实验室条件下呈现真实物体的方法

Our knowledge of human object vision is based almost exclusively on studies in which the stimuli are presented in the form of computerized two-dimensional ...