金融衍生工具，支持从全国联盟为精神分裂症和抑郁症的研究，并从加拿大精神病学研究基金会的俄共奖的青年研究者奖。

1。实验设计，方法问题，及刺激在SMP包括两个任务，一个编码任务和检索任务，并记录大脑活动的过程中可能出现的编码任务，或在编码和检索任务（见图1）为说明的SMP设计图。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2433/2433fig1.jpg" alt="图1" /> 图1：SMP设计总图。在编码过程中，其活动的大脑区域比随后被遗忘的项目为后来想起（R&gt; F）的编码成功（ES）。同样，如果这种差别在内存（DM） 三是测量比较在检索（点击&gt;小姐的大脑活动的基础上）记录，标识与检索成功（RS）地区。 使用SMP的情绪刺激的研究中必须考虑的几个重要方面： <ol><li>这是很重要的刺激，如情绪价和觉醒/强度，，情感属性的控制和情绪记忆10，26，27，因为他们有不同的情感知觉的影响。常用的情绪刺激是从国际情感图片系统（IAPS）23，从英语词汇的情感的规范（新活 ）24字的图片。 IAPS图片和新活的话，控制两个主要的情感维度（ 即价-愉悦或不愉快的程度，与觉醒-情绪强度），定义刺激的情感属性（见25 ）。情感研究中经常使用的另一种刺激类是人类面临着情感表达，这样我们这些<a href="http://www.paulekman.com">来自</a> http://www.paulekman.com面部的影响（图片）和<a href="http://www.macbrain.org/">NimStim</a> （http://www.macbrain.org/ ）设置。 </li><li>的操作，也可能会影响内存性能，从而有助于该协议的通用性的其他因素包括：a.用于编码任务类型的变异（即附带11，13，19或故意8，20）， B. （即8，11或者非情绪情感方面的主要焦点13日，19）的刺激的情感内容编码的焦点，和C 。检索任务的类型（即召回8，11或识别12，20） 。此外，刺激持续时间也影响内存性能21，因此应视为与上述因素，。 </li><li>其他可能的混杂变量，如人类的存在和视觉复杂的情绪和中性图片11，也应控制。 </li><li>这是至关重要的利益的条件下，内存的性能，在合理范围，允许公平的行为和脑成像数据统计比较，。例如，在我们的线索召回任务，记忆和遗忘的试验的比例是50％左右，8 ，11。然而，因为在两个选择识别任务，这样的性能水平将接近的机会，更高的整体性能水平的预期。在这种情况下，记忆和遗忘的条件之间的公平的比较，可以通过随机选择一个记住的试验数量较少，等同于被遗忘的试验。此外，情感对记忆的促进作用，应该也可以在行为数据，反映在情绪比中性物品记住试验的比例更大。 </li><li>另外还建议，心境感应是可以避免的，因为这也可能影响性能的 22 。这可以由伪随机的情绪刺激，以确保不超过2-3相同价的刺激连续提出了11。 </li></ol> 2。准备扫描的主题所有受试者提供书面知情同意书之前运行实验的协议，该协议已经伦理委员会的批准。 在进入扫描室<ol><li>约45分钟的扫描每个科目完成问卷，以评估整体的情绪状态和焦虑水平28，29 。这些初步评估情绪/焦虑的变化，作为一个参与研究的结果结合起来使用，会后评估，以屏幕。 </li><li>问卷完成后，主体是消息灵通的扫描程序和行为的工作给予了具体的指示。主题也完成了一个简短的练习，成为熟悉的任务。 </li></ol>输入的Scanni吴室<ol start="3"><li>这个题目是指示躺在扫描床上仰卧，头部的额外的缓冲，是耳朵的保护。此外，非粘合面的长度的磁带可能轻轻包裹围绕这一主题的额头上，以帮助最大限度地减少运动。 </li><li>扫描前，受的右手是响应框上的定位和响应框测试。开始收集数据之前，它应该也可以确保这个问题可以清楚地看到屏幕投影。紧急停止按钮被放置在附近的主体的自由之手，让他/她可能表明任何迫切需要停止扫描仪。 </li><li>在我们的研究，提出了刺激，使用CIGAL，一个内部的数据演示软件方案 30，但也提供其他软件，包括E贷，SuperLab，简报，以及基于Matlab Psychtoolbox 。 </li><li>根据我们的调查，我们建议，涉及情感刺激的扫描任务期限应超过1h不再，和整体扫描时间不应超过2小时;，如果可能的话，后者应在临床组减少 17 。 </li></ol> 3。数据记录和处理扫描参数 Dolcos和他的同事11在最初的研究，MRI数据收集在1.5特斯拉GE扫描器。通过34 echoplanar图像连续梯度回波（绩效指标）敏感的血氧水平依赖（BOLD）的对比度定义的并行在轴向平面的AC - PC平面（TR = 3000ms，TE = 40ms的;视野覆盖全脑被收购= 64 2图像矩阵; FA = 90 °;层厚= 3.75毫米）。这里使用的扫描参数都得到了很好的适合内侧颞叶（MTL）结构，以确定激活，但其他扫描参数优化，更高的空间分辨率也可用于33-35。 后扫描程序<ol><li>课题完成问卷，以评估国家的情绪和焦虑水平，如果不进行扫描会话前，评估的个性特征（如神经质，情绪arousability）也可以收集。 </li><li>如果检索活动是不是在扫描的会议记录，检索任务可能进行扫描会话，或在稍后的时间。如果尚未执行扫描仪，一种情感的等级任务可用于评估主体的情绪反应的刺激。这样一来，可以做分离情绪和中性类参与者的评级的基础上，而不是基于规范的分数。然而，这一任务应该执行以下的检索任务。 </li><li>为了最大限度的情感上的记忆效应，一个最小延迟〜20分钟需要之间发生编码和检索18。然而，可延迟的时间更长，从分钟到数天，周和月，情绪对记忆的影响可以长久和情感的回忆往往坚持加班比较中立的回忆12，13 。 </li></ol>记忆任务在本议定书的主要重点是使用一个线索召回内存测试 11的研究结果，其中参加者提供了每张图片的口头提示他们提供书面他们能记住图片的详细信息。然而，其他的检索任务，也可以使用。特别相关的是所谓的RK范式31，内存识别任务，其中的参与者，每个检索项目进行分类的基础上他们是否记得具体的上下文细节编码（记住反应），或只是有熟悉的感觉，他们遇到的项目（了解反应）。与fMRI和情绪刺激，这个任务不仅允许解离的神经关联回忆与熟悉的检索32，而且这两种类型的检索，识别情绪差的影响和相关的神经关联 12 。 fMRI数据分析统计参数图（SPM：（ <a href="http://www.fil.ion.uc.uk/spm/">http://www.fil.ion.uc.uk/spm/</a>组合）与内部基于Matlab的工具用于数据分析的前处理通常包括：质量保证，图像对齐，得到修正的议案，共同注册，正常化，和平滑（8毫米3内核），但如果分析涉及解剖学定义地区的利益（投资回报），增加了空间的特殊性，如果数据不平滑和归（见11 ）。随后我的个人和组级的统计分析涉及编码/检索大脑活动的比较程序存储器的性能。在情感上与内存相关的活动的调节作用，可以看出领域表现为情绪比中性刺激更大的ES / DM或RS活动（见图2）。调查针对现代货箱码头的活动让识别功能的脑机制分离，这是与情感内涵的刺激（情绪与中立的内存 ; 11），内存的类型正在研究（项目与来源记忆; 19），或检索的类型任务（回忆与熟悉的基础; 12，36）。调查的大脑区域以外的现代货箱码头，特别是在目标地区的前额叶皮层（PFC），即不同的情感与中性记忆体10年，20 。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2433/2433fig2.jpg" alt="图2" /> 图2。记忆相关的大脑活动对情绪调制敏感的鉴定，除了可以识别记忆有关的脑活动，是敏感的情感调制（EmoDm / RS&gt; NeuDm / RS的，也就是说， 呈现出情感的X存储器的相互作用）。，这样的设计也允许确定的大脑区域的活动，反映一般/知觉加工的情感效应[（情感R +情感）&gt;（中性ř +中性），也就是说， 呈现出情感的主要作用，以及整体效果的记忆[（情感：R +中性R）&gt;（情感F +中性F）即显示内存的主要影响] 。 4。代表性的成果： 就业SMP的情绪记忆的研究已经证明是成功的揭示情感的记忆增强作用的神经关联。 37，38 调制假说提供强有力的支持，记忆编码的研究发现，有证据支持的思想情感，提高内存，内存相关的大脑区域的活动，通过从杏仁核参与情绪加工的大脑区域的调节影响，如内侧颞叶（MTL 11，参见图3）和前额叶皮层（PFC 10）。此外，记忆提取的研究提供进一步的证据调制假说，也适用于检索和MTL的地区，各种不同的回忆，与熟悉的基于12情绪记忆的检索涉及。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2433/2433fig3.jpg" alt="图3" /> 图3。调制假说的证据支持的调制假说，情感的记忆增强作用是增加ES / DM活动（一）和（二）杏仁核和MTL的内存系统（C＆D所示）之间的相互作用与。条形图比较情绪和中立的ES / DM％信号的变化，提取高峰激活片和平均跨半球。 scattergrams显示的ES / DM的杏仁核活动和情绪和中性图片嗅皮层之间的共变。 ES / DM =编码成功/差异由于内存。 Dolcos等。11日，经许可。

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A., Tellegen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+validation+of+brief+measures+of+positive+and+negative+affect:+the+PANAS+scales.">Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales.</a> J Pers Soc Psychol. 54, 1063-1070 (1988).</li><li>Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. , (1970).</li><li>Voyvodic, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-Time+fMRI+Paradigm+Control,+Physiology,+and+Behavior+Combined+with+Near+Real-Time+Statistical+Analysis.">Real-Time fMRI Paradigm Control, Physiology, and Behavior Combined with Near Real-Time Statistical Analysis.</a> NeuroImage. 10, 91-106 (1999).</li><li>Tulving, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Memory+and+consciousness.">Memory and consciousness.</a> Canadian Psychology. 26, 1-12 (1985).</li><li>Eldridge, L. L., Knowlton, B. J., Furmanski, C. S., Bookheimer, S. Y., Engel, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Remembering+episodes:+a+selective+role+for+the+hippocampus+during+retrieval.">Remembering episodes: a selective role for the hippocampus during retrieval.</a> Nat Neurosci. 3, 1149-1152 (2000).</li><li>Kirwan, C. B., Jones, C. K., Miller, M. I., Stark, C. E. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+fMRI+investigation+of+the+medial+temporal+lobe.">High-resolution fMRI investigation of the medial temporal lobe.</a> Human Brain Mapping. 28, 959-966 (2007).</li><li>Preston, A. R., Bornstein, A. M., Hutchinson, J. B., Gaare, M. E., Glover, G. H., Wagner, A. 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这个实验的协议允许的情感记忆增强作用的神经关联的调查，特别是分离的记忆有关的脑活动，是容易受到情绪容易在一般/感性处理情感调制的大脑区域的活动，以调制的。这种设计已经在推进我们的情绪的影响，对内存的基本的神经机制理解，并给予它的多功能性这是预计，SMP将保持在决定如何事件是经历时各方面会后会影响一个人的至关重要回忆，重新体验，事件和相关的情感记忆的能力。...

brain imaging investigation of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion

情感活动，往往能够更好地记住 1,2比非情感事件。认知和情感的神经科学家的目标之一是要了解底层的这种情感对记忆的促进作用的神经机制。一个已被证明在情感的记忆增强作用的调查，特别是有影响力的方法是所谓的后续内存范式（SMP）。该方法最初用于研究非情感的回忆3的神经关联，而最近我们和其他人也适用于它成功地情绪记忆的研究（4 5-7审查） 。在这里，我们描述了一个协议，允许调查的情感与事件相关功能磁共振成像（fMRI）结合使用的SMP的记忆增强作用的神经关联。在SMP的一个重要特点是，它使大脑活动的分离，专门从更普遍的感知与相关活动的内存的。此外，在调查的情绪刺激的影响的背景下，SMP允许的大脑区域的活动是容易受到情绪调节一般/知觉和记忆的具体处理的识别。该协议可用于8-15正常人，以及在临床患者，其中有情绪知觉和偏见的记忆情感的事件，如那些患有抑郁症和创伤后应激障碍（PTSD，神经关联的改变）16，17。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion at JoVE.com

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

我们提出了一个协议，它使用功能磁共振成像研究的情感记忆增强作用的神经关联。此协议允许专门与内存相关的处理，相反更一般的知觉加工的大脑活动的鉴定，可人口健康和临床使用。

脑成像的情感记忆的促进作用调查

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the ...

brain-imaging-investigation-of-the-memory-enhancing-effect-of-emotion

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

16.2K 次观看.  University of Alberta. 我们提出了一个协议，它使用功能磁共振成像研究的情感记忆增强作用的神经关联。此协议允许专门与内存相关的处理，相反更一般的知觉加工的大脑活动的鉴定，可人口健康和临床使用。

视频: Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language affect our decisions in personal and professional life alike 1. These "friend or foe" judgements are often based on first impressions, which in turn may affect our decisions to "approach or avoid". Previous studies investigating the neural correlates of social cognition tended to use static facial stimuli 2. Here, we illustrate an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters were used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings. Fifteen participants were presented with short movie-clips of guest-host interactions in a business setting, while fMRI data were recorded; at the end of each movie, participants also provided ratings of the host behaviour. This design mimics more closely real-life situations, and hence may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of social interactions in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in social behaviour in such clinical conditions as social anxiety and autism 3.

This article demonstrates an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters are used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of observing virtual social interactions.

观察虚拟社会交往中的神经关联的脑成像研究

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language ...

科研

神经科学

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

Recollection of emotional autobiographical memories (AMs) is important to healthy cognitive and affective functioning 1 - remembering positive AMs is associated with increased personal well-being and self-esteem 2, whereas remembering and ruminating on negative AMs may lead to affective disorders 3. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the brain mechanisms underlying AM retrieval in general (reviewed in 4, 5), less is known about the effect of emotion on the subjective re-experience of AMs and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the fact that, unlike the investigations of the emotion effect on memory for laboratory-based microevents (reviewed in 6, 7-9), often times AM studies do not have a clear focus on the emotional aspects of remembering personal events (but see 10). Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of recollecting emotional AMs using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Cues for these memories are collected prior to scanning by means of an autobiographical memory questionnaire (AMQ), therefore allowing for proper selection of emotional AMs based on their phenomenological properties (i.e., intensity, vividness, personal significance). This protocol can be used in healthy and clinical populations alike.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of recollecting emotional autobiographical memories, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

情感自传回忆的神经关联的脑成像研究

Recollection of emotional autobiographical memories (AMs) is important to healthy cognitive and affective functioning 1 - remembering positive AMs is ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress has been made in understanding conscious/deliberate emotion regulation (ER), less is known about non-conscious/automatic ER and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the problems inherent in the unitary concepts of automatic and conscious processing1. Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of both deliberate and automatic ER using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This protocol allows new avenues of inquiry into various aspects of ER. For instance, the experimental design allows manipulation of the goal to regulate emotion (conscious vs. non-conscious), as well as the intensity of the emotional challenge (high vs. low). Moreover, it allows investigation of both immediate (emotion perception) and long-term effects (emotional memory) of ER strategies on emotion processing. Therefore, this protocol may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of emotion regulation in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in depression and anxiety disorders in which emotion dysregulation is often among the core debilitating features.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of deliberate and automatic emotion regulation, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used in healthy participants, both young and older, as well as in clinical patients.

情绪调节的神经关联的脑成像研究

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional distractibility) effects (reviewed in 1). Complementing our recent protocol 2 describing a method that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion (see also 1, 3-5), here we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition. The main feature of this method is that it allows identification of reciprocal modulations between activity in a ventral neural system, involved in 'hot' emotion processing (HotEmo system), and a dorsal system, involved in higher-level 'cold' cognitive/executive processing (ColdEx system), which are linked to cognitive performance and to individual variations in behavior (reviewed in 1). Since its initial introduction 6, this design has proven particularly versatile and influential in the elucidation of various aspects concerning the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotional distraction on cognition, with a focus on working memory (WM), and of coping with such distraction 7,11, in both healthy 8-11 and clinical participants 12-14.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural mechanisms mediating the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

脑成像的情感对认知损害的影响调查

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional ...

Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the developing cerebral cortex, abnormal mitosis of neural progenitors can cause defects in brain size and function. Hence, there is a critical need for tools to understand the mechanisms of neural progenitor mitosis. Cortical development in rodents is an outstanding model for studying this process. Neural progenitor mitosis is commonly examined in fixed brain sections. This protocol will describe in detail an approach for live imaging of mitosis in ex vivo embryonic brain slices. We will describe the critical steps for this procedure, which include: brain extraction, brain embedding, vibratome sectioning of brain slices, staining and culturing of slices, and time-lapse imaging. We will then demonstrate and describe in detail how to perform post-acquisition analysis of mitosis. We include representative results from this assay using the vital dye Syto11, transgenic mice (histone H2B-EGFP and centrin-EGFP), and in utero electroporation (mCherry-&#945;-tubulin). We will discuss how this procedure can be best optimized and how it can be modified for study of genetic regulation of mitosis. Live imaging of mitosis in brain slices is a flexible approach to assess the impact of age, anatomy, and genetic perturbation in a controlled environment, and to generate a large amount of data with high temporal and spatial resolution. Hence this protocol will complement existing tools for analysis of neural progenitor mitosis.

Neural progenitor mitosis is a critical parameter of neurogenesis. Much of our understanding of neural progenitor mitosis is based on analysis of fixed tissue. Live imaging in embryonic brain slices is a versatile technique to assess mitosis with high temporal and spatial resolution in a controlled environment.

有丝分裂中的不同发育阶段小鼠胚胎皮层实时成像

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the ...

Live Imaging of the Ependymal Cilia in the Lateral Ventricles of the Mouse Brain

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various neurological deficits. The current ex vivo live imaging of motile ependymal cilia technique allows for a detailed study of ciliary dynamics following several steps. These steps include: mice euthanasia with carbon dioxide according to protocols of The University of Toledo&#8217;s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC); craniectomy followed by brain removal and sagittal brain dissection with a vibratome or sharp blade to obtain very thin sections through the brain lateral ventricles, where the ependymal cilia can be visualized. Incubation of the brain&#8217;s slices in a customized glass-bottom plate containing Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium (DMEM)/High-Glucose at 37 &#176;C in the presence of 95%/5% O2/CO2 mixture is essential to keep the tissue alive during the experiment. A video of the cilia beating is then recorded using a high-resolution differential interference contrast microscope. The video is then analyzed frame by frame to calculate the ciliary beating frequency. This allows distinct classification of the ependymal cells into three categories or types based on their ciliary beating frequency and angle. Furthermore, this technique allows the use of high-speed fluorescence imaging analysis to characterize the unique intracellular calcium oscillation properties of ependymal cells as well as the effect of pharmacological agents on the calcium oscillations and the ciliary beating frequency. In addition, this technique is suitable for immunofluorescence imaging for ciliary structure and ciliary protein localization studies. This is particularly important in disease diagnosis and phenotype studies. The main limitation of the technique is attributed to the decrease in live motile cilia movement as the brain tissue starts to die.

Using high-resolution differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, an ex vivo observation of the beating of motile ependymal cilia located within the mouse brain ventricles is demonstrated by live-imaging. The technique allows a recording of the unique ciliary beating frequency and beating angle as well as their intracellular calcium oscillation pacing properties.

室管膜纤毛在小鼠脑侧脑室实时成像

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various ...

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific frequency and in turn modulate ongoing cortical oscillatory activity. This neurotool allows the establishment of a causal link between endogenous oscillatory activity and behavior. Most of the tACS studies have shown online effects of tACS. However, little is known about the underlying action mechanisms of this technique because of the AC-induced artifacts on Electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Here we show a unique approach to investigate online physiological frequency-specific effects of tACS of the primary motor cortex (M1) by using single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to probe cortical excitability changes. In our setup, the TMS coil is placed over the tACS electrode while Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) are collected to test the effects of the ongoing M1-tACS. So far, this approach has mainly been used to study the visual and motor systems. However, the current tACS-TMS setup can pave the way for future investigations of cognitive functions. Therefore, we provide a step-by-step manual and video guidelines for the procedure.

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) allows the modulation of cortical excitability in a frequency-specific fashion. Here we show a unique approach which combines online tACS with single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in order to "probe" cortical excitability by means of Motor Evoked Potentials.

经颅磁刺激在线联合方法对经颅交流电刺激对原发性运动皮层的影响

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

Large-scale Three-dimensional Imaging of Cellular Organization in the Mouse Neocortex

The mammalian neocortex is composed of many types of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, each with specific electrophysiological and biochemical properties, synaptic connections, and in vivo functions, but their basic functional and anatomical organization from cellular to network scale is poorly understood. Here we describe a method for the three-dimensional imaging of fluorescently-labeled neurons across large areas of the brain for the investigation of the cortical cellular organization. Specific types of neurons are labeled by the injection of fluorescent retrograde neuronal tracers or expression of fluorescent proteins in transgenic mice. Block brain samples, e.g., a hemisphere, are prepared after fixation, made transparent with tissue clearing methods, and subjected to fluorescent immunolabeling of the specific cell types. Large areas are scanned using confocal or two-photon microscopes equipped with large working distance objectives and motorized stages. This method can resolve the periodic organization of the cell type-specific microcolumn functional modules in the mouse neocortex. The procedure can be useful for the study of three-dimensional cellular architecture in the diverse brain areas and other complex tissues.

Here we describe a procedure for tissue clearing, fluorescent labeling, and large-scale imaging of mouse brain tissue which, thereby, enables visualization of the three-dimensional organization of cell types in the neocortex.

小鼠大脑皮层细胞组织的大尺度三维成像

The mammalian neocortex is composed of many types of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, each with specific electrophysiological and biochemical ...

Advanced Diffusion Imaging in The Hippocampus of Rats with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is the most common type of acquired brain injury. Since patients with traumatic brain injury show a tremendous variability and heterogeneity (age, gender, type of trauma, other possible pathologies, etc.), animal models play a key role in unraveling factors that are limitations in clinical research. They provide a standardized and controlled setting to investigate the biological mechanisms of injury and repair following TBI. However, not all animal models mimic the diffuse and subtle nature of mTBI effectively. For example, the commonly used controlled cortical impact (CCI) and lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) models make use of a craniotomy to expose the brain and induce widespread focal trauma, which are not commonly seen in mTBI. Therefore, these experimental models are not valid to mimic mTBI. Thus, an appropriate model should be used to investigate mTBI. The Marmarou weight drop model for rats induces similar microstructural alterations and cognitive impairments as seen in patients who sustain mild trauma; therefore, this model was selected for this protocol. Conventional computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans commonly show no damage following a mild injury, because mTBI induces often only subtle and diffuse injuries. With diffusion weighted MRI, it is possible to investigate microstructural properties of brain tissue, which can provide more insight into the microscopic alterations following mild trauma. Therefore, the goal of this study is to obtain quantitative information of a selected region-of-interest (i.e., hippocampus) to follow up disease progression after obtaining a mild and diffuse brain injury.

The overall goal of this procedure is to obtain quantitative microstructural information of the hippocampus in a rat with mild traumatic brain injury. This is done using an advanced diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging protocol and region-of-interest based analysis of parametric diffusion maps.

轻度创伤性脑损伤大鼠海马学的高级扩散成像

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is the most common type of acquired brain injury. Since patients with traumatic brain injury show a tremendous ...

Investigation of Spatial Interaction Between Astrocytes and Neurons in Cleared Brains

Combining viral vector transduction and tissue clearing using the CLARITY method makes it possible to simultaneously investigate several types of brain cells and their interactions. Viral vector transduction enables the marking of diverse cell types in different fluorescence colors within the same tissue. Cells can be identified genetically by activity or projection. Using a modified CLARITY protocol, the potential sample size of astrocytes and neurons has grown by 2-3 orders of magnitude. The use of CLARITY allows the imaging of complete astrocytes, which are too large to fit in their entirety in slices, and the examination of the somata with all their processes. In addition, it provides the opportunity to investigate the spatial interaction between astrocytes and different neuronal cell types, namely, the number of pyramidal neurons in each astrocytic domain or the proximity between astrocytes and specific inhibitory neuron populations. This paper describes, in detail, how these methods are to be applied.

Combining viral vector transduction and brain clearing using the CLARITY method allows the investigation of a large number of neurons and astrocytes simultaneously.

研究清除大脑中星形胶质细胞和神经元之间的空间相互作用

Combining viral vector transduction and tissue clearing using the CLARITY method makes it possible to simultaneously investigate several types of brain ...