这项工作得到了日本文部科学省的科学研究C补助金（K.N.拨款号19K09834）的支持。

所有程序均根据人类福利伦理委员会批准的协议执行。所有患者都为其样本的研究用途提供了书面知情同意书，本研究的组织收集和使用得到了帝京大学人类基因组基因分析研究伦理委员会的批准。
1. 在 2 级生物安全柜中分离和培养卵巢癌和腹水患者的卵巢癌干细胞 （OCSC）
<ol><li>从通过穿刺获得的人卵巢癌腹水中分离癌症干细胞。从患者身上收集至少 100-250 mL 的腹水，以摄取足够数量的癌症干细胞。此外，通过流式细胞术评估癌症干细胞标志物（即 EpCAM、钙视黄素、CD133、CD44、CD45、ALDH1 和 Oct4）和卵巢癌标志物（pAX-8、WT-1）的表达谱。<ol><li>在腹水抽吸后24小时内在室温下以300× g 离心人卵巢癌腹水10分钟。</li>
		<li>除去上清液，加入 2 mL OCSC 培养基和 8 mL 30% 组氨酸盐/磷酸盐缓冲盐水 （PBS，pH 7.4） 溶液。</li>
		<li>制备 OCSC 培养基:StemPro hESC 补充剂、含有 L-谷氨酰胺的 DMEM/F-12（GlutaMAX 培养基）、25% BSA、100 μM 2-巯基乙醇、8 ng/mL FGF BASIC、10 μM 胰岛素和 20 μM Y-27632。</li>
		<li>小心地将 2 mL OCSC 培养基覆盖到 15 mL 管中的步骤 1.1.2 中的细胞溶液中，并在室温下在水平吊篮转子中以 450 x g 离心 20 分钟，无需制动。</li>
		<li>通过移液管小心地将OCSC层（在相间不受干扰）转移到新的15 mL管中。</li>
		<li>用高达 15 mL 的 PBS 填充。在室温下以300× g 离心5分钟，除去上清液。</li>
		<li>将细胞沉淀重悬于OCSC培养基中，并接种在超低附着培养皿上;培养物应保持在37°C的5%CO2中。</li>
		<li>每三天更换一次培养基。小心地将培养皿静置约1分钟，弃去部分上清液并加入新培养基。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>CSC的通过<ol><li>将 OCSC 收集在 15 mL 管中，并在室温下以 200 x g 离心 5 分钟。</li>
		<li>除去上清液，填充PBS，并在室温下以200× g 离心5分钟。</li>
		<li>除去上清液，加入1mL由蛋白水解和胶原溶解酶（例如AccuMax）组成的细胞分离溶液，并在37°C下孵育10分钟。</li>
		<li>通过移液充分混合并在37°C孵育5分钟。确保细胞处于单个悬浮液中。</li>
		<li>通过移液充分混合，填充PBS，并在室温下以300 x g 离心5分钟。</li>
		<li>除去上清液并将细胞沉淀重悬于OCSC培养基中，随后接种在超低附着培养皿上，并在37°C的5%CO2中维持。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>2. HUEhT-1内皮细胞培养
<ol><li>HUEhT-1细胞的传代<ol><li>从HUEhT-1培养皿中取出培养基并用PBS洗涤细胞。</li>
		<li>加入 1 mL 的 0.025% 胰蛋白酶，并在室温下孵育 3 分钟。</li>
		<li>加入 5 mL 内皮细胞生长培养基 2，将细胞收集在 15 mL 管中，并在室温下以 200 x g 离心 5 分钟。</li>
		<li>除去上清液，将细胞沉淀重悬于HUEhT-1培养基中，并将细胞接种在胶原蛋白包被的培养皿上，然后在37°C的5%CO2中维持。</li>
		<li>每三天更换一次培养基。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>3. 使用 HUEhT-1 细胞制备用于管形成测定的 NICO-1 共培养板
<ol><li>组装NICO-1并涂有基于细胞外基质的水凝胶（基质胶基质）。<ol><li>按照制造商的说明组装 NICO-1 的一侧并保持在冰上。</li>
		<li>用 300 μL 冷 PBS 覆盖 NICO-1 表面，然后取出缓冲液。</li>
		<li>加入 300 μL 冷却的基于细胞外基质的水凝胶，并在 37 °C 下孵育 60 分钟。</li>
		<li>为了平衡，用100%乙醇浸入过滤器，然后用PBS洗涤13mm ICCP过滤器（0.6μm）1分钟。</li>
		<li>组装 NICO-1，包括主体部件 A（右腔）和 B（左腔）以及 O 形圈和平衡过滤器。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>4. 将 HUEhT-1 细胞和 CSC 接种到 NICO-1 系统上
<ol><li>通过胰蛋白酶消化细胞单层并将细胞重悬于含有2%胎牛血清的内皮细胞生长培养基中来制备HUEhT-1细胞悬液。</li>
	<li>向每个基于细胞外基质的水凝胶包被孔中加入 1.2 mL 细胞悬液（1.5 x 105 个 细胞）。</li>
	<li>将 1.5 mL 培养五天的 OCSC 加入另一个孔中。</li>
	<li>在37°C的5%CO2中孵育NICO-1;可以在显微镜下观察管的形成，并通过通过分支数测量基于细胞外基质的水凝胶上的网络形成。</li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。

所提出的协议描述了如何在体外环境中模拟OCSC的肿瘤微环境。该方法的主要组成部分构成了使用NICO-1系统（一种间接Transwell共培养系统）获得的高度可重复的共培养模型。许多目前可用的共培养模型检查了直接细胞-细胞接触对共培养细胞群的影响12，13，14，15，16，17，<...

卵巢癌是全球女性第八大常见恶性肿瘤，每年约有 300，000 例新诊断，估计有 180，000 例死亡1。在初步诊断时，卵巢癌通常出现严重症状，约75%的患者已经处于III-IV期。因此，卵巢癌的5年生存率为<30%，死亡率在妇科癌症中最高2，卵巢癌的治疗效率高度依赖于减瘤手术的成功完成、化疗耐药和初始治疗后复发等临床因素。
卵巢癌组织是分层组织的，并非所有肿瘤成分都能够同样产生后代。唯一能够自我更新并产生异质性肿瘤细胞群的细胞被认为代表癌症干细胞（CSC）3。CSC自我更新和肿瘤起始伴随着促进血管生成以重塑其肿瘤微环境，以维持支持性生态位。然而，以前的模型不能用于体外分析，因为培养来自临床样品的CSC的可重复性有限，因为多次传代后球状体的破坏。最近，已经开发了从患者身上培养CSC的实验方法，用于多种应用4，5，6，7。特别是，通过利用CSCs在无血清培养基的超低附着板中形成球状体来生长的特性，诱导培养的CSC表达在具有多谱系分化潜力的正常肿瘤细胞中未表达的干细胞表面标志物8，9。
最近的数据表明，在腹膜上可视化为播散的休眠卵巢（O）CSC的持续存在与其作为复发性肿瘤的再生有关10。因此，了解OCSC的分子和生物学特征可以有效地靶向和根除这些细胞，从而产生潜在的肿瘤缓解。特别是，关于CSC在血管生成中的作用的细胞和分子机制特征知之甚少11。因此，在本协议中，我们在体外环境中使用患者来源的OCSCs，使用共培养模型研究内皮细胞的血管生成特性，该模型可能模拟CSC和内皮细胞的肿瘤微环境在临床环境中转移部位。最终，由于新生血管形成是支持肿瘤生长和转移所必需的关键过程，因此更好地了解其机制将允许在转移部位为OCSC开发一种新的靶向疗法。
在这里，我们提出了一个协议，以时间过程的方式可视化围绕CSC的新生血管形成步骤。该方案的优点包括允许使用3D共培养系统NICO-1进行完全可重复的研究，从而允许观察OCSC衍生的肿瘤起始能力在内皮细胞血管生成过程中对患者的影响。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.025% Trypsin&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>R001100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL Pipet</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>170356N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1250 &#181;L Pipet tip</td>
			<td>QSP</td>
			<td>T112XLRS-Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL tube</td>
			<td>Nunc</td>
			<td>339650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200 &#181;L Pipet tip</td>
			<td>QSP</td>
			<td>T110RS-NEW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Thermo (Gibco)</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL Pipet</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>170366N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL tube</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430290</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AccuMAX</td>
			<td>Innovative Cell Technologies</td>
			<td>AM105</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BioCoatTM Collagen I 60mm Dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>356401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>KUBOTA</td>
			<td>2800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Costar 6 Well Clear Flat Bottom Ultra Low Attachment Multiple Well Plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3471</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endothelial Cell Growth Medium 2&#160;</td>
			<td>PromoCell</td>
			<td>C-22011&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>WAKO</td>
			<td>057-00456</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF-Basic</td>
			<td>Thermo (Gibco)</td>
			<td>PHG0021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Histodenz</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>D2158</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HUEhT-1 cell</td>
			<td>JCRB Cell Bank</td>
			<td>JCRB1458</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ICCP Filter 0.6 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Ginrei Lab.</td>
			<td>2525-06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin, human</td>
			<td>SIGMA (Roche)</td>
			<td>11376497001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luminometer</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td>ARVO MX-flad</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel Matrix</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>356234</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Yokogawa</td>
			<td>CQ-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NICO-1</td>
			<td>Ginrei Lab.</td>
			<td>2501-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OptiPlate-96</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td>6005290</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>P1000 Pipet</td>
			<td>Gilson</td>
			<td>F123602</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>P200 Pipet</td>
			<td>Gilson</td>
			<td>F123601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Thermo (Gibco)</td>
			<td>14190-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>StemPro hESC SFM</td>
			<td>Thermo (Gibco)</td>
			<td>A1000701</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfer Pipet</td>
			<td>FALCON</td>
			<td>357575</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-27632</td>
			<td>WAKO</td>
			<td>253-00513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

evaluating the angiogenetic properties of ovarian cancer stem-like cells using the three-dimensional co-culture system, nico-1

癌症干细胞（CSC）位于支持性生态位中，构成由相邻基质细胞，血管和细胞外基质组成的微环境。CSC参与内皮发育的能力构成了一个重要特征，直接有助于对肿瘤发生和肿瘤转移机制的一般理解。这项工作的目的是建立一种可重复的方法，以研究卵巢癌干细胞（OCSC）的肿瘤起始能力。本文使用体外共培养模型NICO-1研究了内皮细胞和OCSC之间的新生血管形成机制以及内皮细胞的形态变化。该协议允许以时程方式可视化OCSC周围的新生血管形成步骤。该技术可以提供有关OCSC在肿瘤转移中的血管生成特性的见解。

我们收集了晚期卵巢癌患者在手术或穿刺过程中获得的腹水，以便对球状体进行长期稳定的培养。在这里，我们介绍了卵巢CSC的长期球状体培养案例，称为CSC1和CSC2。两种细胞系具有相同的诊断和组织学特征。OCSC与内皮细胞相互作用的机制作用仍然是诱导OCSC周围内皮细胞新生血管所必需的。因此，我们旨在阐明转移部位CSC血管生态位发育的过程。我们使用体外共培养模型...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluating the Angiogenetic Properties of Ovarian Cancer Stem-Like Cells using the Three-Dimensional Co-Culture System, NICO-1 at JoVE.com

Evaluating the Angiogenetic Properties of Ovarian Cancer Stem-Like Cells using the Three-Dimensional Co-Culture System, NICO-1

卵巢癌干细胞 （OCSC） 负责癌症的发生、复发、治疗耐药性和转移。OCSC血管生态位被认为可促进OCSC的自我更新，导致化学耐药性。该协议为体外建立可重复的OCSC血管生态位模型提供了基础。

使用三维共培养系统NICO-1评估卵巢癌干细胞样细胞的血管遗传特性

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) reside in a supportive niche, constituting a microenvironment comprised of adjacent stromal cells, vessels, and extracellular ...

evaluating-angiogenetic-properties-ovarian-cancer-stem-like-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

2.5K 次观看.  Teikyo University School of Medicine. 卵巢癌干细胞 （OCSC） 负责癌症的发生、复发、治疗耐药性和转移。OCSC血管生态位被认为可促进OCSC的自我更新，导致化学耐药性。该协议为体外建立可重复的OCSC血管生态位模型提供了基础。

视频: Evaluating the Angiogenetic Properties of Ovarian Cancer Stem-Like Cells using the Three-Dimensional Co-Culture System, NICO-1

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

The three-dimensional folding of chromosomes compartmentalizes the genome and and can bring distant functional elements, such as promoters and enhancers, into close spatial proximity 2-6. Deciphering the relationship between chromosome organization and genome activity will aid in understanding genomic processes, like transcription and replication. However, little is known about how chromosomes fold. Microscopy is unable to distinguish large numbers of loci simultaneously or at high resolution. To date, the detection of chromosomal interactions using chromosome conformation capture (3C) and its subsequent adaptations required the choice of a set of target loci, making genome-wide studies impossible 7-10.
We developed Hi-C, an extension of 3C that is capable of identifying long range interactions in an unbiased, genome-wide fashion. In Hi-C, cells are fixed with formaldehyde, causing interacting loci to be bound to one another by means of covalent DNA-protein cross-links. When the DNA is subsequently fragmented with a restriction enzyme, these loci remain linked. A biotinylated residue is incorporated as the 5' overhangs are filled in. Next, blunt-end ligation is performed under dilute conditions that favor ligation events between cross-linked DNA fragments. This results in a genome-wide library of ligation products, corresponding to pairs of fragments that were originally in close proximity to each other in the nucleus. Each ligation product is marked with biotin at the site of the junction. The library is sheared, and the junctions are pulled-down with streptavidin beads. The purified junctions can subsequently be analyzed using a high-throughput sequencer, resulting in a catalog of interacting fragments.
Direct analysis of the resulting contact matrix reveals numerous features of genomic organization, such as the presence of chromosome territories and the preferential association of small gene-rich chromosomes. Correlation analysis can be applied to the contact matrix, demonstrating that the human genome is segregated into two compartments: a less densely packed compartment containing open, accessible, and active chromatin and a more dense compartment containing closed, inaccessible, and inactive chromatin regions. Finally, ensemble analysis of the contact matrix, coupled with theoretical derivations and computational simulations, revealed that at the megabase scale Hi-C reveals features consistent with a fractal globule conformation.

The Hi-C method allows unbiased, genome-wide identification of chromatin interactions (1). Hi-C couples proximity ligation and massively parallel sequencing. The resulting data can be used to study genomic architecture at multiple scales: initial results identified features such as chromosome territories, segregation of open and closed chromatin, and chromatin structure at the megabase scale.

嗨 - C：一个方法研究基因组的三维架构。

The three-dimensional folding of chromosomes compartmentalizes the genome and and can bring distant functional elements, such as promoters and enhancers, ...

科研

生物学

Flow Cytometry Purification of Mouse Meiotic Cells

The heterogeneous nature of cell types in the testis and the absence of meiotic cell culture models have been significant hurdles to the study of the unique differentiation programs that are manifest during meiosis. Two principal methods have been developed to purify, to varying degrees, various meiotic fractions from both adult and immature animals: elutriation or Staput (sedimentation) using BSA and/or percoll gradients. Both of these methods rely on cell size and density to separate meiotic cells1-5. Overall, except for few cell populations6, these protocols fail to yield sufficient purity of the numerous meiotic cell populations that are necessary for detailed molecular analyses. Moreover, with such methods usually one type of meiotic cells can be purified at a given time, which adds an extra level of complexity regarding the reproducibility and homogeneity when comparing meiotic cell samples.
Here, we describe a refined method that allows one to easily visualize, identify, and purify meiotic cells, from germ cells to round spermatids, using FACS combined with Hoechst 33342 staining7,8. This method provides an overall snapshot of the entire meiotic process and allows one to highly purify viable cells from most stage of meiosis. These purified cells can then be analyzed in detail for molecular changes that accompany progression through meiosis, for example changes in gene expression9,10and the dynamics of nucleosome occupancy at hotspots of meiotic recombination11.

An efficient method to obtain highly purified viable meiotic fractions from mouse testis is described, which combines a refined cell dissociation protocol with fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS). This method takes advantage of differences in the DNA content and nuclear density of discrete meiotic fractions.

流动小鼠减数分裂细胞的流式细胞仪净化

The heterogeneous nature of cell types in the testis and the absence of meiotic cell culture models have been significant hurdles to the study of the ...

Isolation of Mammary Epithelial Cells from Three-dimensional Mixed-cell Spheroid Co-culture

While enormous efforts have gone into identifying signaling pathways and molecules involved in normal and malignant cell behaviors1-2, much of this work has been done using classical two-dimensional cell culture models, which allow for easy cell manipulation. It has become clear that intracellular signaling pathways are affected by extracellular forces, including dimensionality and cell surface tension3-4. Multiple approaches have been taken to develop three-dimensional models that more accurately represent biologic tissue architecture3. While these models incorporate multi-dimensionality and architectural stresses, study of the consequent effects on cells is less facile than in two-dimensional tissue culture due to the limitations of the models and the difficulty in extracting cells for subsequent analysis.
The important role of the microenvironment around tumors in tumorigenesis and tumor behavior is becoming increasingly recognized4. Tumor stroma is composed of multiple cell types and extracellular molecules. During tumor development there are bidirectional signals between tumor cells and stromal cells5. Although some factors participating in tumor-stroma co-evolution have been identified, there is still a need to develop simple techniques to systematically identify and study the full array of these signals6. Fibroblasts are the most abundant cell type in normal or tumor-associated stromal tissues, and contribute to deposition and maintenance of basement membrane and paracrine growth factors7.
Many groups have used three dimensional culture systems to study the role of fibroblasts on various cellular functions, including tumor response to therapies, recruitment of immune cells, signaling molecules, proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and invasion8-15. We have optimized a simple method for assessing the effects of mammary fibroblasts on mammary epithelial cells using a commercially available extracellular matrix model to create three-dimensional cultures of mixed cell populations (co-cultures)16-22. With continued co-culture the cells form spheroids with the fibroblasts clustering in the interior and the epithelial cells largely on the exterior of the spheroids and forming multi-cellular projections into the matrix. Manipulation of the fibroblasts that leads to altered epithelial cell invasiveness can be readily quantified by changes in numbers and length of epithelial projections23. Furthermore, we have devised a method for isolating epithelial cells out of three-dimensional co-culture that facilitates analysis of the effects of fibroblast exposure on epithelial behavior. We have found that the effects of co-culture persist for weeks after epithelial cell isolation, permitting ample time to perform multiple assays. This method is adaptable to cells of varying malignant potential and requires no specialized equipment. This technique allows for rapid evaluation of in vitro cell models under multiple conditions, and the corresponding results can be compared to in vivo animal tissue models as well as human tissue samples.

A simple method is described for analyzing effects of tissue fibroblasts on associated epithelial cells. The combination of this method and three-dimensional tissue culture can facilitate analysis of cells after isolation from 3D. The technique is applicable to cells of varying malignant potential, allowing systematic study of effects of tumor-associated stroma on tumor cells.

从三维混合细胞球体共培养的乳腺上皮细胞的隔离

While enormous efforts have gone into identifying signaling pathways and molecules involved in normal and malignant cell behaviors1-2, much of this work ...

Using High Resolution Computed Tomography to Visualize the Three Dimensional Structure and Function of Plant Vasculature

High resolution x-ray computed tomography (HRCT) is a non-destructive diagnostic imaging technique with sub-micron resolution capability that is now being used to evaluate the structure and function of plant xylem network in three dimensions (3D) (e.g. Brodersen et al. 2010; 2011; 2012a,b). HRCT imaging is based on the same principles as medical CT systems, but a high intensity synchrotron x-ray source results in higher spatial resolution and decreased image acquisition time. Here, we demonstrate in detail how synchrotron-based HRCT (performed at the Advanced Light Source-LBNL Berkeley, CA, USA) in combination with Avizo software (VSG Inc., Burlington, MA, USA) is being used to explore plant xylem in excised tissue and living plants. This new imaging tool allows users to move beyond traditional static, 2D light or electron micrographs and study samples using virtual serial sections in any plane. An infinite number of slices in any orientation can be made on the same sample, a feature that is physically impossible using traditional microscopy methods.
Results demonstrate that HRCT can be applied to both herbaceous and woody plant species, and a range of plant organs (i.e. leaves, petioles, stems, trunks, roots). Figures presented here help demonstrate both a range of representative plant vascular anatomy and the type of detail extracted from HRCT datasets, including scans for coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), walnut (Juglans spp.), oak (Quercus spp.), and maple (Acer spp.) tree saplings to sunflowers (Helianthus annuus), grapevines (Vitis spp.), and ferns (Pteridium aquilinum and Woodwardia fimbriata). Excised and dried samples from woody species are easiest to scan and typically yield the best images. However, recent improvements (i.e. more rapid scans and sample stabilization) have made it possible to use this visualization technique on green tissues (e.g. petioles) and in living plants. On occasion some shrinkage of hydrated green plant tissues will cause images to blur and methods to avoid these issues are described. These recent advances with HRCT provide promising new insights into plant vascular function.

High resolution x-ray computed tomography (HRCT) is a non-destructive diagnostic imaging technique that can be used to study the structure and function of plant vasculature in 3D. We demonstrate how HRCT facilitates exploration of xylem networks across a wide range of plant tissues and species.

使用高解析度电脑断层可视化的三维结构和功能的植物血管

High resolution x-ray computed tomography (HRCT) is a non-destructive diagnostic imaging technique with sub-micron resolution capability that is now being ...

Imaging Spatial Reorganization of a MAPK Signaling Pathway Using the Tobacco Transient Expression System

Visualization of dynamic signaling events in live cells has been a challenge. We expanded an established transient expression system, the biomolecular fluorescent complementation (BiFC) assay in tobacco epidermal cells, from testing protein-protein interaction to monitoring spatial distribution of signal transduction in plant cells. In this protocol, we used the BiFC assay to show that the interaction and the signaling between the Arabidopsis MAPKKK YODA and MAPK6 occur at the plasma membrane. When the scaffold protein BASL was co-expressed, the YODA-MAPK interaction redistributed and spatially co-polarized with CFP-BASL. This modified tobacco expression system allows for quick examination of signaling localization and dynamic changes (less than 4 days) and can accommodate multiple of fluorescent protein colors (at least three). We also presented detailed methods to quantify protein distribution (asymmetric spatial localization, or &#34;polarization&#34;) in tobacco cells. This advanced tobacco expression system has a potential to be used widely for quick testing of dynamic signaling events in live plant cells.

At the subcellular level, signaling events are dynamically modulated by developmental and environmental cues. Here we describe a protocol that employs the tobacco transient expression system to monitor dynamic protein-protein interaction and to disclose spatial organization of signal transduction in plant cells.

成像使用烟草瞬时表达系统MAPK信号通路的空间重组

Visualization of dynamic signaling events in live cells has been a challenge. We expanded an established transient expression system, the biomolecular ...

Development of an Insert Co-culture System of Two Cellular Types in the Absence of Cell-Cell Contact

The role of secreted soluble factors in the modification of cellular responses is a recurrent theme in the study of all tissues and systems. In an attempt to make straightforward the very complex relationships between the several cellular subtypes that compose multicellular organisms, in vitro techniques have been developed to help researchers acquire a detailed understanding of single cell populations. One of these techniques uses inserts with a permeable membrane allowing secreted soluble factors to diffuse. Thus, a population of cells grown in inserts can be co-cultured in a well or dish containing a different cell type for evaluating cellular changes following paracrine signaling in the absence of cell-cell contact. Such insert co-culture systems offer various advantages over other co-culture techniques, namely bidirectional signaling, conserved cell polarity and population-specific detection of cellular changes. In addition to being utilized in the field of inflammation, cancer, angiogenesis and differentiation, these co-culture systems are of prime importance in the study of the intricate relationships that exist between the different cellular subtypes present in the central nervous system, particularly in the context of neuroinflammation. This article offers general methodological guidelines in order to set up an experiment in order to evaluating cellular changes mediated by secreted soluble factors using an insert co-culture system. Moreover, a specific protocol to measure the neuroinflammatory effects of cytokines secreted by lipopolysaccharide-activated N9 microglia on neuronal PC12 cells will be detailed, offering a concrete understanding of insert co-culture methodology.

In multicellular organisms, secreted soluble factors elicit responses from different cell types as a result of paracrine signaling. Insert co-culture systems offer a simple way to assess the changes mediated by secreted soluble factors in the absence of cell-cell contact.

在细胞间接触缺失的两个蜂窝型的插入共培养系统的开发

The role of secreted soluble factors in the modification of cellular responses is a recurrent theme in the study of all tissues and systems. In an attempt ...

Three-dimensional Reconstruction of the Vascular Architecture of the Passive CLARITY-cleared Mouse Ovary

The ovary is the main organ of the female reproductive system and is essential for the production of female gametes and for controlling the endocrine system, but the complex structural relationships and three-dimensional (3D) vasculature architectures of the ovary are not well described. In order to visualize the 3D connections and architecture of blood vessels in the intact ovary, the first important step is to make the ovary optically clear. In order to avoid tissue shrinkage, we used the hydrogel fixation-based passive CLARITY (Clear Lipid-exchanged Acrylamide-hybridized Rigid Imaging/ Immunostaining/In situ-hybridization-compatible Tissue Hydrogel) protocol method to clear an intact ovary. Immunostaining, advanced multiphoton confocal microscopy, and 3D image-reconstructions were then used for the visualization of ovarian vessels and follicular capillaries. Using this approach, we showed a significant positive correlation (P &#60;0.01) between the length of the follicular capillaries and volume of the follicular wall.

Here we present an adaptation of the passive CLARITY and 3D reconstruction method for visualization of the ovarian vasculature and follicular capillaries in intact mouse ovaries.

无源清清除小鼠卵巢血管构筑的三维重建

The ovary is the main organ of the female reproductive system and is essential for the production of female gametes and for controlling the endocrine ...

Adipo-Clear: A Tissue Clearing Method for Three-Dimensional Imaging of Adipose Tissue

Adipose tissue plays a central role in energy homeostasis and thermoregulation. It is composed of different types of adipocytes, as well as adipocyte precursors, immune cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels, and nerve projections. Although the molecular control of cell type specification and how these cells interact have been increasingly delineated, a more comprehensive understanding of these adipose-resident cells can be achieved by visualizing their distribution and architecture throughout the whole tissue. Existing immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence approaches to analyze adipose histology rely on thin paraffin-embedded sections. However, thin sections capture only a small portion of tissue; as a result, the conclusions can be biased by what portion of tissue is analyzed. We have therefore developed an adipose tissue clearing technique, Adipo-Clear, to permit comprehensive three-dimensional visualization of molecular and cellular patterns in whole adipose tissues. Adipo-Clear was adapted from iDISCO/iDISCO+, with specific modifications made to completely remove the lipid stored in the tissue while preserving native tissue morphology. In combination with light-sheet fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate here the use of the Adipo-Clear method to obtain high-resolution volumetric images&#160;of an entire adipose tissue.

Due to the high lipid content, adipose tissue has been challenging to visualize using traditional histological methods. Adipo-Clear is a tissue clearing technique that allows robust labeling and high-resolution volumetric fluorescent imaging of adipose tissue. Here, we describe the methods for sample preparation, pretreatment, staining, clearing, and mounting for imaging.

Adipo: 三维脂肪组织成像的组织清除方法

Adipose tissue plays a central role in energy homeostasis and thermoregulation. It is composed of different types of adipocytes, as well as adipocyte ...

Single-Cell Resolution Three-Dimensional Imaging of Intact Organoids

Organoid technology, in vitro 3D culturing of miniature tissue, has opened a new experimental window for cellular processes that govern organ development and function as well as disease. Fluorescence microscopy has played a major role in characterizing their cellular composition in detail and demonstrating their similarity to the tissue they originate from. In this article, we present a comprehensive protocol for high-resolution 3D imaging of whole organoids upon immunofluorescent labeling. This method is widely applicable for imaging of organoids differing in origin, size and shape. Thus far we have applied the method to airway, colon, kidney, and liver organoids derived from healthy human tissue, as well as human breast tumor organoids and mouse mammary gland organoids. We use an optical clearing agent, FUnGI, which enables the acquisition of whole 3D organoids with the opportunity for single-cell quantification of markers. This three-day protocol from organoid harvesting to image analysis is optimized for 3D imaging using confocal microscopy.

The entire 3D structure and cellular content of organoids, as well as their phenotypic resemblance to the original tissue can be captured using the single-cell resolution 3D imaging protocol described here. This protocol can be applied to a wide range of organoids varying in origin, size and shape.

单个细胞分辨率三维成像的有机体

Organoid technology, in vitro 3D culturing of miniature tissue, has opened a new experimental window for cellular processes that govern organ development ...

Quadruple-Checkerboard: A Modification of the Three-Dimensional Checkerboard for Studying Drug Combinations

The concept of drug-combination therapy is becoming very important mainly with the drastic increase in resistance to drugs. The Quadruple&#160;checkerboard, also called the Q-checkerboard, aims at maximizing the number of possible combinations that can be obtained between four drugs in one experiment to minimize the time and work needed to accomplish the same results with other protocols. This protocol is based on the simple micro dilution technique where the drugs are diluted and combined together in several 96-well plates.
In the first set of 96-well plates, Muller-Hinton broth is added followed by the first required drug (e.g., Cefotaxime here) to serially dilute it. After the first step is done, another set of 96-well plates is used to dilute the second drug (e.g., Amikaci), which will be transferred by removing a specific volume of drug 2 and put in the corresponding wells in the first set of 96-well plates that contains drug one. The third step is done by adding the required concentrations of the third drug (e.g., Levofloxacin), to the appropriate plates in the initial set containing combination of drug 1 and 2. The fourth step is done by adding the required concentrations of the fourth drug (e.g., Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol) into the appropriate plates in the first set. Then, E. coli ESBL bacterial inoculum will be prepared and added.
This method is important to evaluate all the possible combinations and has a wider range of possibilities to be tested furthermore for in vivo testing. Despite being a tiring technique requiring a lot of focus, the results are remarkable and time saving where a lot of combinations can be tested in a single experiment.

This protocol describes how to study all possible combinations that can be obtained between four drugs in one single experiment. This method is based on the standard 96-well plate micro dilution assay and the calculation of fractional inhibitory concentrations (FICs) to evaluate the results.