该研究得到了清华大学倡议科学研究计划（智能设备上曲面键盘的人体工程学设计）的支持。作者感谢刘天宇对图形的善意建议和编码帮助。

该研究是按照伦理原则进行的，并得到了清华大学伦理委员会的批准。 图1 显示了评估智能手机键盘设计的过程。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61796/61796fig01.jpg"> 图 1:进行键盘实验和评估键盘设计的一般过程。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61796/61796fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的放大版本。</a>
1. 准备工作
<ol><li>
实验设计
	<ol>
<li>定义研究问题并提出假设。</li>
		<li>根据假设设计实验并定义自变量（例如，键盘布局，打字姿势）。使用受试者内部设计，以减少参与者之间差异引起的混杂因素和方差。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
因变量
	<ol>
<li>使用物理数据，包括手的长度，输入手指的长度和输入手指的周长，这些都是用卷尺测量的，如图 2所示。</li>
		<li>使用生理数据，包括皮肤电反应（由便携式无线生理检测仪测量）、心率（由便携式无线生理检测仪测量）、肌电活动（通过表面肌电图测量）等。</li>
		<li>使用输入性能:每分钟字数、字错误率和两个键之间的转换时间。<ol>
<li>每分钟字数是指参与者的输入速度（即每分钟正确输入的字数）。</li>
			<li>单词错误率是指参与者的输入准确性（即，输入错误的单词数除以一个条件下的总单词数）。纠正的错误率，未纠正的错误率和总错误率也在以前的研究中使用过36。</li>
			<li>两个键之间的转换时间是指参与者在正确输入的单词22 的两个接触点之间的反应时间（即，第二个接触点的开始时间减去第一个字符的离开时间）。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>使用身体运动数据，如手势和身体（手指）运动。它们可以通过动作捕捉系统35收集。</li>
		<li>使用主观数据，例如感知的可用性，使用意图，感知的准确性和速度，感知的劳累和疼痛以及主观工作量等。主观数据可以通过现有的量表和问卷获得，这些量表和问卷高度可靠，可以更好地评估参与者对键盘设计的主观反馈。<ol>
<li>使用 NASA-TLX，这是一个 21 分量表，用于通过心理、身体、时间、绩效、努力和挫折维度来衡量主观工作量。高分表示主观工作量高26。</li>
			<li>使用系统可用性量表，这是一个包含10个项目的5分问卷，一个参与者的回答将计算为从0到100的单个分数。高分表示感知可用性高24。</li>
			<li>使用Borg CR10量表，范围从0到10来测量感知到的疼痛和劳累。高分表示感觉到疼痛和劳累水平高25。</li>
			<li>使用意向使用量表:一个 10 点调查问卷，用于衡量参与者使用技术或产品的可能性。高分表示高水平可能性28。</li>
			<li>感知速度和感知精度都是通过50分制来衡量的，高分表示良好的感知性能28。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>收集每个接触点的坐标数据，并将其更改为每个按钮30，31上接触点的拟合椭圆（95%CI）。采用每个拟合椭圆的面积以及从拟合椭圆的中心到每个按钮的目标中心的偏移量作为因变量。 注:坐标数据可通过智能手机上自主开发的应用程序精确采集。如果很难获得坐标数据，客观和主观数据就足以粗略地评估键盘设计。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61796/61796fig2v4.jpg"> 图2:手的测量值。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61796/61796fig2v4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的放大版本。</a>
<ol start="3"><li>
材料
	<ol>
<li>选择实验智能手机。考虑重量、分辨率和屏幕尺寸。</li>
		<li>在智能手机上设计和开发实验软件（可选步骤）。 注:两个按键之间的转换时间可通过此软件或运动捕捉传感器（即加速度计传感器）自动记录。手动收集它可能很困难（例如，时钟或秒表）。</li>
		<li>根据假设从以下建议中选择输入任务，并对其进行修改以匹配研究目的。<ol>
<li>对于字符对输入任务，将 26 个英文字母随机配对为 676 对，并根据实验设计将它们平均分成几组。</li>
			<li>对于短语（句子）输入任务，请使用长度适中、易于记忆且代表目标语言的短语。如果目标语言是英语，请从500个短语集37中提取15-20个（或基于研究目的）短语或单词。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
参与者招募
	<ol>
<li>使用 G*Power 软件计算样本数量。</li>
		<li>发布调查问卷以招募潜在参与者。</li>
		<li>过滤具有所需特征的潜在参与者，例如年龄，健康，视力，利手性和输入经验。确保参与者的输入体验是平衡的。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 程序
<ol><li>向参与者宣读实验的知情同意书，包括实验程序，任务以及他们是否会遇到任何精神或身体伤害。如果参与者同意参加，他们需要签署知情同意书。如果没有，他们可以立即退出。根据知情同意书，参与者也可以在实验的任何阶段退出。</li>
	<li>收集物理和人口统计数据。使用卷尺测量每个参与者的手（图2），以消除手的大小差异的影响，并为未来的研究提供可重复的数据。收集人口统计数据，如年龄、性别、精确的输入经验和职业。</li>
	<li>对所有设备进行消毒，并清洁将接触设备的参与者的身体部位。<ol>
<li>要求参与者洗手并清洁智能手机的屏幕，以便智能手机的传感器更加敏感。</li>
		<li>要求参与者佩戴便携式无线生理探测器或动作捕捉系统。要求参与者在非惯用手上佩戴便携式无线生理检测腕带，以记录皮肤电反应和心率，避免噪音干扰。<ol>
<li>将动作捕捉系统的被动标记放在指甲、手指近端指骨、颈椎（C3-C5）和手臂上，以收集精确的身体和手指运动。将无线电极贴在两只手臂和两只前臂的皮肤上，以检测肌电图活动（可选步骤）。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>校准实验中使用的所有设备。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>练习部分<ol>
<li>让参与者完成训练任务。训练任务用于提高参与者对输入任务和键盘的熟悉程度，以减少练习或不熟悉对实验结果的影响。它由从676个英语对集或500个短语集中随机选择的50对或20个单词组成。只有当他们的输入准确率在150秒内达到80%或更高时，他们才能进入正式试验。示例研究采用输入50对作为训练任务。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>主要任务<ol>
<li>让参与者在所有实验条件下完成正式试验。在输入任务期间，它们需要尽快确保其准确性。正式试验是真正的投入任务，将在研究中进行评估和分析。每个对、单词或句子代表一个试验，不同的实验设计产生不同的实验条件。</li>
		<li>让参与者按随机顺序或平衡顺序完成输入任务。输入材料的划分方法如下。首先，676对可以随机分为每个实验条件（即，参与者在完成所有实验条件时都进入了所有对）。其次，在每个实验条件下，676对可以随机分成几个块，参与者需要随机完成这些块。第三，为了输入单词，参与者需要在每个条件下完成大约20项试验。第四，对于输入句子，参与者需要在每个条件下完成大约10-15次试验。研究人员应确保在每个条件下，参与者输入的字符数和单词数之间没有显着差异。示例性研究采用第一种方法，并具有四个实验条件。</li>
		<li>在每个条件之后，要求参与者随机完成所有问卷（评估其主观体验的量表），并给他们1分钟或更长时间的休息时间。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>在实验结束时，让每个参与者完成综合问卷（Q&A），以获得主观反馈。</li>
	<li>向参与者表示感谢，并提供金钱或物质奖励。</li>
</ol>3. 数据分析
<ol><li>
通过适当的参数化或非参数化检验进行假设检验
	<ol>
<li>分析身体，生理和身体运动数据，以测试参与者之间的差异是否会显着影响用户的结果和不表达的输入体验（可选步骤）。</li>
		<li>分析参与者的输入性能，以测试键盘上的输入效率。</li>
		<li>分析主观数据以测试键盘的感知可用性和主观反馈。</li>
		<li>弄清楚练习效果和疲劳效果是否对结果有显著影响。对于每个条件，试验根据时间戳分为两部分（即前半部分和后半部分）。具体来说，在每个条件下，检查前半部分和后半部分之间的输入性能差异，以测试是否存在练习效应或疲劳效应。</li>
		<li>分析每个按钮上接触点的拟合椭圆的面积以及从其中心到每个按钮的目标中心的偏移量（可选步骤）。<ol>
<li>使用软件收集每个按钮的所有接触点，它们大致符合二元高斯分布。每个按钮在 x 和 y 方向上的 95% 置信区间是通过每个接触点的坐标数据（以像素为单位）得出的，每个键盘按钮的 1:1 轮廓上的 95% 置信度椭圆是通过像素坐标上的 Python 脚本拟合的（请参见编码文件 2）。</li>
			<li>使用拟合椭圆 （95% CI） 及其面积来演示每个按钮上接触点的分散性。在每个按钮中，由 Python 脚本计算的拟合椭圆的偏移量定义为拟合椭圆到按钮目标点的中心点，并且可以从 x 和 y 方向表示（即，在 X 轴和 Y 轴中，请参见编码文件 3）。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
建模和仿真
	<ol>
<li>使用数据驱动模型作为键盘位置和方向的函数来预测 Python 脚本的手指移动。手指的所有运动分为八个方向38（ 从上到下，从底部到顶部，从左到右，从右到左，从左到上到右-下，从右到下到左-上，从左到下到右-上，右-上到左-底）。对于每个方向，计算两个键之间的平均过渡时间以表示手指移动的有效性，用于评估键盘设计（可选步骤）。</li>
		<li>使用线性回归分析构建增强的 Fitts 定律（或其扩展版本 FFitts 定律）模型，以使用 Python 脚本的集成认知架构39 预测两个关键键之间的转换时间。增强的Fitts定律模型可以基于其对按键位置和有效宽度以及两个键的距离（可选步骤）的分析，对键盘设计提供更好的预测和评估。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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<li>Brooke, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((SUS%3A+A+retrospective%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Usability+Studies%22%5BJournal%5D)">SUS: A retrospective.</a> Journal of Usability Studies. 8 (2), 29-40 (2013).</li>
<li>Borg, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Principles+in+scaling+pain+and+the+Borg+CR+Scales%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Psychologica%22%5BJournal%5D)">Principles in scaling pain and the Borg CR Scales.</a> Psychologica. 37, 35-47 (2004).</li>
<li>Hart, S. G., Staveland, L. E. Development of NASA-TLX (task load index): results of empirical and theoretical research. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aHart%2C+SG+%22Human+mental+workload%22">Human mental workload</a>. Hancock, P. A., Meshkati, N. , Oxford. 139-183 (1988).</li>
<li>Trudeau, M. B., Asakawa, D. S., Jindrich, D. L., Dennerlein, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Two-handed+grip+on+a+mobile+phone+affords+greater+thumb+motor+performance%2C+decreased+variability%2C+and+a+more+extended+thumb+posture+than+a+one-handed+grip%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Applied+Ergonomics%22%5BJournal%5D)">Two-handed grip on a mobile phone affords greater thumb motor performance, decreased variability, and a more extended thumb posture than a one-handed grip.</a> Applied Ergonomics. 52, 24-28 (2016).</li>
<li>Turner, C. J., Chaparro, B. S., He, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Text+input+on+a+smartwatch+qwerty+keyboard%3A+tap+vs.+trace%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22International+Journal+of+Human+Computer+Interaction%22%5BJournal%5D)">Text input on a smartwatch qwerty keyboard: tap vs. trace.</a> International Journal of Human Computer Interaction. 33 (1-3), 143-150 (2017).</li>
<li>Zhai, S., Kristensson, P. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+word-gesture+keyboard%3A+reimagining+keyboard+interaction%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Communications+of+the+ACM%22%5BJournal%5D)">The word-gesture keyboard: reimagining keyboard interaction.</a> Communications of the ACM. 55 (9), 91-101 (2012).</li>
<li>Azenkot, S., Zhai, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Touch+behavior+with+different+postures+on+soft+smartphone+keyboards%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proceedings+of+the+14th+international+conference+on+Human-computer+interaction+with+mobile+devices+and+services%22%5BJournal%5D)">Touch behavior with different postures on soft smartphone keyboards.</a> Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services. , New York, USA. (2012).</li>
<li>Yi, X., Yu, C., Shi, W., Shi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Is+it+too+small%3F%3A+Investigating+the+performances+and+preferences+of+users+when+typing+on+tiny+qwerty+keyboards%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22International+Journal+of+Human+Computer+Studies%22%5BJournal%5D)">Is it too small?: Investigating the performances and preferences of users when typing on tiny qwerty keyboards.</a> International Journal of Human Computer Studies. 106, 44-62 (2017).</li>
<li>Li, Y., You, F., Ji, M., You, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Smartphone+text+input%3A+effects+of+experience+and+phrase+complexity+on+user+performance%2C+physiological+reaction%2C+and+perceived+usability%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Applied+Ergonomics%22%5BJournal%5D)">Smartphone text input: effects of experience and phrase complexity on user performance, physiological reaction, and perceived usability.</a> Applied Ergonomics. 80, 200-208 (2019).</li>
<li>Gerard, M. J., Jones, S. K., Smith, L. A., Thomas, R. E., Wang, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((An+ergonomic+evaluation+of+the+Kinesis+ergonomic+computer+keyboard%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Ergonomics%22%5BJournal%5D)">An ergonomic evaluation of the Kinesis ergonomic computer keyboard.</a> Ergonomics. 37 (10), 1661-1668 (1994).</li>
<li>Van Galen, G. P., Liesker, H., Haan, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Effects+of+a+vertical+keyboard+design+on+typing+performance%2C+user+comfort+and+muscle+tension%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Applied+Ergonomics%22%5BJournal%5D)">Effects of a vertical keyboard design on typing performance, user comfort and muscle tension.</a> Applied Ergonomics. 38 (1), 99-107 (2007).</li>
<li>Baker, N. A., Cham, R., Cidboy, E. H., Cook, J., Redfern, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Kinematics+of+the+fingers+and+hands+during+computer+keyboard+use%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Clinical+Biomechanics%22%5BJournal%5D)">Kinematics of the fingers and hands during computer keyboard use.</a> Clinical Biomechanics. 22 (1), 34-43 (2007).</li>
<li>Soukoref, R. W., MacKenzie, I. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Metrics+for+text+input+research%3A+an+evaluation+of+MSD+and+KSPC%2C+and+a+new+unified+error+metric%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proceedings+of+the+SIGCHI+Conference+on+Human+Factors+in+Computing+Systems%22%5BJournal%5D)">Metrics for text input research: an evaluation of MSD and KSPC, and a new unified error metric.</a> Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. , 113-120 (2003).</li>
<li>Mackenzie, I. S., Soukoreff, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Phrase+sets+for+evaluating+text+entry+techniques%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22CHI%2703+Extended+Abstracts+on+Human+Factors+in+Computing+Systems%22%5BJournal%5D)">Phrase sets for evaluating text entry techniques.</a> CHI'03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. , 754-755 (2003).</li>
<li>Trudeau, M. B., Sunderland, E. M., Jindrich, D. L., Dennerlein, J. T., Federici, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+data-driven+design+evaluation+tool+for+handheld+device+soft+keyboards%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Plos+One%22%5BJournal%5D)">A data-driven design evaluation tool for handheld device soft keyboards.</a> Plos One. 9 (9), 107070(2014).</li>
<li>Cao, S., Ho, A., He, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Modeling+and+predicting+mobile+phone+touchscreen+transcription+typing+using+an+integrated+cognitive+architecture%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22International+Journal+of+Human-Computer+Interaction%22%5BJournal%5D)">Modeling and predicting mobile phone touchscreen transcription typing using an integrated cognitive architecture.</a> International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. 34 (4-6), 544-556 (2018).</li>
</ol>

提交人声明没有财务披露或利益冲突。

在这项研究中，基于屏幕技术的发展，我们提出了一个总结和通用的键盘设计评估方案，以系统，准确地评估键盘设计。先前研究中的现有指标和方法，由英文字符匹配的对以及两个键之间的过渡时间被集成和修改以生成有效的协议。
在此协议中需要注意几个关键点。变量和指标的选择至关重要，因为它们决定了分析的视角，并且可以在键盘设计评估实验的后期阶段使用它?...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61796">An Assessment Method and Toolkit to Evaluate Keyboard Design on Smartphones</a>. The Authors section was&#160;updated.
Yincheng Wang1 
Ke Wang1 
Yuqi Huang1 
Di Wu2 
Jian Wu3 
Jibo He4,1 
1Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University 
2Department of Computer Science, Beijing Normal University 
3Haier Innovation Design Center, Haier Company 
4Key Laboratory of Emotion and Mental Health in Chongqing, User Experience and Human-computer Interaction Technology Institute, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences
to:
Yincheng Wang1 
Ke Wang1 
Yuqi Huang1 
Di Wu2 
Jian Wu3 
Jibo He1 
1Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University 
2Department of Computer Science, Beijing Normal University 
3Haier Innovation Design Center, Haier Company

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61796">An Assessment Method and Toolkit to Evaluate Keyboard Design on Smartphones</a>. The Authors section was&#160;updated.

Erratum: An Assessment Method and Toolkit to Evaluate Keyboard Design on Smartphones

键盘输入是人机交互的主流方式1，2，随着智能手机的普及，键盘输入获得了数十亿用户。2019年，全球智能手机普及率已达41.5%3，而美国是普及率最高的国家，则高达79.1%4 。截至2020年第一季度，搜狗手机键盘日活跃用户约4.8亿5.截至2020年5月6日，谷歌Gboard的下载量已超过10亿次6。
不令人满意的键盘输入体验随着手机屏幕的放大而增加。虽然放大后的屏幕旨在改善观看体验，但它改变了智能手机的重力、尺寸和重量，导致用户反复改变握持姿势以到达偏远地区（例如，右撇子用户的按钮A和Q），从而导致输入效率低下。肌肉拉伸可能导致使用者患有肌肉骨骼疾病，手部疼痛和不同类型的疾病（例如，腕管综合征，拇指骨关节炎和拇指腱鞘炎7，8，9，10）。喜欢单手使用的用户条件更差11，12.
因此，键盘设计的评估和优化已成为心理学、技术和人体工程学研究的热点。输入法编辑器（IME）公司和研究人员不断提出可变键盘设计和概念，以优化输入体验和效率，包括布局更改和字符重新排序的键盘:Microsoft WordFlow Keyboard13，Gloryof Kings14中的功能按钮区域，IJQWERTY15和Quasi-QWERTY16。
现有的键盘设计评估方法因研究者而异，除了几个高度接受的指标外，提出了更准确的指标。然而，对于各种指标，没有提供一个总结和系统的协议来演示评估和分析键盘设计的过程。菲茨定律17及其扩展版FFitts定律18描述了人机交互，被广泛采用来评估键盘性能19，20，21，22。此外，提出了拇指的功能区域以改善键盘设计，并且它描述了一个弯曲的运动区域，以便拇指舒适地完成输入任务23。基于这些理论，包括每分钟单词数，单词错误率和主观反馈（感知可用性，感知性能，感知速度，主观工作量，感知的劳累和疼痛以及使用意图等）在内的指标被高度采用，在以前的研究中部分使用24，25，26，27，28，29 除了建模和模拟方法。此外，近年来还使用了每个按钮上接触点的拟合椭圆及其偏移量30，31来研究输入事件的准确性能。此外，还采用皮肤电反应、心率、肌电活动、手势和身体运动32、33、34、35等方式直接或间接评价用户的肌肉疲劳、舒适度和满意度。然而，这些不同的方法缺乏对所用指标的适当性的反思，新手研究人员可能会混淆为他或她的研究选择适当的指标。
关于键盘设计的研究也很容易进行，操作和分析。随着屏幕技术的蓬勃发展，可以很容易地收集更多的行为数据来深入评估键盘设计（例如，两个键之间的转换时间和每个接触点的坐标数据）。基于上述数据，研究人员可以精确地探索键盘设计的细节，并分析其缺点和优点。与其他人机交互研究相比，便携式智能手机键盘设计的研究也具有很高的应用价值，因为其庞大的用户群不需要昂贵的设备，复杂的材料或巨大的实验室空间。关于研究的问卷，量表和Python脚本是开源的，易于访问。
本研究的目的是总结以前的方法，以展示一种系统，精确和通用的协议来评估和分析智能手机上的键盘设计。示例实验和结果旨在展示与传统QWERTY键盘相比，带有大小可调按钮的曲面QWERTY键盘是否可以优化5英寸智能手机上单手输入的输入体验，并分享数据分析的可视化方法和Python脚本。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Changxiang 6S smartphone</td><td>Huawei</td><td></td><td>Smartphone used in the examplar study</td></tr><tr><td>Curved QWERTY keyboard software</td><td>Tsinghua University</td><td></td><td>Developed by authors</td></tr><tr><td>SPSS software</td><td>IBM</td><td></td><td>Data analysis software</td></tr><tr><td>G*Power software</td><td>Heinrich-Heine-Universit&amp;auml;t D&amp;uuml;sseldorf</td><td></td><td>Sample size calculation</td></tr><tr><td>E4 portable wireless wristband</td><td>Empatica</td><td></td><td>Recording galvanic skin response and heart rate</td></tr><tr><td>Arqus</td><td>Qualysis</td><td></td><td>Motion capture camera platform</td></tr><tr><td>Passive marker</td><td>Qualysis</td><td></td><td>Appropriate sizes: 2.5 mm, 4 mm, and 6.5 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Trigno sEMG</td><td>Delsys</td><td></td><td>Recording electromyographic activity</td></tr><tr><td>Visual Studio Code</td><td>Microsoft</td><td></td><td>Python editor</td></tr></tbody></table>

an assessment method and toolkit to evaluate keyboard design on smartphones

键盘输入在与广大用户群的人机交互中发挥了至关重要的作用，键盘设计一直是智能设备研究的基本对象之一。随着屏幕技术的发展，智能手机可以收集更精确的数据和指示器，以深入评估键盘设计。手机屏幕的放大导致了不尽如人意的输入体验和手指疼痛，特别是对于单手输入。输入效率和舒适性引起了研究人员和设计师的注意，并提出了带有尺寸可调按钮的曲面键盘，大致符合拇指的生理结构，以优化大屏幕智能手机上的单手使用。然而，它的实际影响仍然模糊不清。因此，该协议展示了一种通用的总结方法，通过自主开发的软件评估曲面QWERTY键盘设计在5英寸智能手机上的效果，该软件具有详细的变量，包括客观行为数据，主观反馈以及每个接触点的坐标数据。关于评估虚拟键盘的现有文献足够多;然而，其中只有少数几个系统地总结了评估方法和过程并进行了反思。因此，该协议填补了这一空白，并提出了一种系统评估键盘设计的过程和方法，以及用于分析和可视化的可用代码。它不需要额外或昂贵的设备，并且易于进行和操作。此外，该协议还有助于获得设计缺点的潜在原因，并启发设计的优化。总之，这种具有开源资源的协议不仅可以成为一种课堂演示实验，以激励新手开始学习，而且还有助于改善用户体验和输入法编辑器公司的收入。

代表性研究主要遵循上述方案。该研究采用2（键盘布局:弯曲QWERTY与传统QWERTY）×2（按钮尺寸:大，6.3 mm×9 mm与小，4.9 mm×7 mm）受试者内部设计，通过我们自主开发的软件，通过字符对输入任务，评估与传统QWERTY相比，弯曲的QWERTY是否可以提高输入效率和舒适度（图3).本研究没有采用昂贵的生理检测设备或动作捕捉系统，数据分析也不包含建模或模拟。
<p class="jove_content" fo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Assessment Method and Toolkit to Evaluate Keyboard Design on Smartphones at JoVE.com

An Assessment Method and Toolkit to Evaluate Keyboard Design on Smartphones

所提出的协议集成了各种评估方法，并演示了一种评估智能手机键盘设计的方法。建议将英文字符匹配的对作为输入材料，并将两个键之间的过渡时间用作因变量。

一种评估智能手机键盘设计的评估方法和工具包

Keyboard input has played an essential role in human-computer interaction with a vast user base, and the keyboard design has always been one of the ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

3.1K 次观看.  Tsinghua University. 所提出的协议集成了各种评估方法，并演示了一种评估智能手机键盘设计的方法。建议将英文字符匹配的对作为输入材料，并将两个键之间的过渡时间用作因变量。

视频: An Assessment Method and Toolkit to Evaluate Keyboard Design on Smartphones

Practical Methodology of Cognitive Tasks Within a Navigational Assessment

This paper describes an approach for measuring navigation accuracy relative to cognitive skills. The methodology behind the assessment will thus be clearly outlined in a step-by-step manner. Navigational skills are important when trying to find symbols within a speech-generating device (SGD) that has a dynamic screen and taxonomical organization. The following skills have been found to impact children&#8217;s ability to find symbols when navigating within the levels of an SGD: sustained attention, categorization, cognitive flexibility, and fluid reasoning1,2. According to past studies, working memory was not correlated with navigation1,2.
The materials needed for this method include a computerized tablet, an augmentative and alternative communication application, a booklet of symbols, and the Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised (Leiter-R)3. This method has been used in two previous studies. Robillard, Mayer-Crittenden, Roy-Charland, Minor-Corriveau and B&#233;langer1 assessed typically developing children, while Rondeau, Robillard and Roy-Charland2 assessed children and adolescents with a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. The direct observation of this method will facilitate the replication of this study for researchers. It will also help clinicians that work with children who have complex communication needs to determine the children&#8217;s ability to navigate an SGD with taxonomical categorization.

Children who have complex communication needs can benefit from the use of a speech-generating device (SGD). Cognitive skills were identified as having an impact on the ability to navigate between levels of SGDs. This protocol describes the steps needed for Speech-language Pathologists to assess cognitive skills and navigational abilities.

认知任务的实用方法在一个导航评估

This paper describes an approach for measuring navigation accuracy relative to cognitive skills. The methodology behind the assessment will thus be ...

科研

行为学

An Objective and Child-friendly Assessment of Arm Function by Using a 3-D Sensor

Progressive and irreversible muscle atrophy characterizes Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) and other similar muscle disorder diseases. Objective assessment of muscle functions is an essential and important, although challenging, prerequisite for successful clinical trials. Current clinical rating scales restrain the movement abnormalities to certain predefined coarse-grained individual items. The Kinect 3-D sensor has emerged as a low-cost and portable motion sensing technology used to capture and track people&#39;s movement in many medical and research fields. A novel approach using this 3-D sensor was developed and a game-like test was designed to objectively measure the upper limb function of patients with SMA. The prototype test targeted joint movement capability. While sitting in a virtual scene, the patient was instructed to extend, flex, and lift the whole arm in order to reach and place some objects. Both kinematic and spatiotemporal characteristics of upper limb movement were extracted and analyzed, e.g., elbow extension and flexion angles, hand velocity, and acceleration. The first study included a small cohort of 18 ambulant SMA patients and 19 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. A comprehensive analysis of arm movement was achieved; however, no significant difference between the groups were found due to the mismatch of patient&#39;s capability and the test difficulty. Based on this experience, a second version of the test consisting of a modified version of the first game with increased difficulties and a second game targeting muscle endurance were designed and implemented. The new test has not been conducted in any patient groups yet. Our work has demonstrated the potential capability of the 3-D sensor in assessing such muscle function and suggested an objective approach to complement the clinical rating scales.

An objective measure of muscle functions is challenging especially in children. Based on a commercially available digital 3-D sensor, a child-friendly gaming test was developed to assess upper limb function for clinical trials.

基于3维传感器的 Arm 功能的客观和儿童友好评估

Progressive and irreversible muscle atrophy characterizes Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) and other similar muscle disorder diseases. Objective assessment ...

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

This paper presents a study protocol to measure the task-switching cost of using a smartphone while walking. This method involves having participants walk on a treadmill under two experimental conditions: a control condition (i.e., simply walking) and a multitasking condition (i.e., texting while walking). During these conditions, the participants must switch between the tasks related to the experimental condition and a direction determining task. This direction task is done with a point-light walker figure, seemingly walking towards the left or the right of the participant. Performance on the direction task represents the participant&#8217;s task-switching costs. There were two performance measures: 1) correct identification of the direction and 2) response time. EEG data are recorded in order to measure the alpha oscillations and cognitive engagement occurring during the task switch. This method is limited in its ecological validity: pedestrian environments have many stimuli occurring simultaneously and competing for attention. Nonetheless, this method is appropriate for pinpointing task-switching costs. The EEG data allow the study of the underlying mechanisms in the brain that are related to differing task-switching costs. This design allows the comparison between task switching when doing one task at a time, as compared to task switching when multitasking, prior to the stimulus presentation. This allows understanding and pinpointing both the behavioral and neurophysiological impact of these two different task-switching conditions. Furthermore, by correlating the task-switching costs with the brain activity, we can learn more about what causes these behavioral effects. This protocol is an appropriate base for studying the switching cost of different smartphone uses. Different tasks, questionnaires, and other measures can be added to it in order to understand the different factors involved in the task-switching cost of smartphone use while walking.

This study design measures the task-switching cost of using a smartphone while walking. Participants undergo two experimental conditions: a control condition (walking) and a multitasking condition (texting while walking). Participants switch between these tasks and a direction determining task. EEG data as well as behavioral measures are recorded.

测量边走边使用智能手机的开关成本

This paper presents a study protocol to measure the task-switching cost of using a smartphone while walking. This method involves having participants walk ...

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Precise measurement of neurological and neuropsychological impairment and disability in multiple sclerosis is challenging. We report a new test, the Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT), which represents a new approach to quantifying MS related disability. The MSPT takes advantage of advances in computer technology, information technology, biomechanics, and clinical measurement science. The resulting MSPT represents a computer-based platform for precise, valid measurement of MS severity. Based on, but extending the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), the MSPT provides precise, quantitative data on walking speed, balance, manual dexterity, visual function, and cognitive processing speed. The MSPT was tested by 51 MS patients and 49 healthy controls (HC). MSPT scores were highly reproducible, correlated strongly with technician-administered test scores, discriminated MS from HC and severe from mild MS, and correlated with patient reported outcomes. Measures of reliability, sensitivity, and clinical meaning for MSPT scores were favorable compared with technician-based testing. The MSPT is a potentially transformative approach for collecting MS disability outcome data for patient care and research. Because the testing is computer-based, test performance can be analyzed in traditional or novel ways and data can be directly entered into research or clinical databases. The MSPT could be widely disseminated to clinicians in practice settings who are not connected to clinical trial performance sites or who are practicing in rural settings, drastically improving access to clinical trials for clinicians and patients. The MSPT could be adapted to out of clinic settings, like the patient&#8217;s home, thereby providing more meaningful real world data. The MSPT represents a new paradigm for neuroperformance testing. This method could have the same transformative effect on clinical care and research in MS as standardized computer-adapted testing has had in the education field, with clear potential to accelerate progress in clinical care and research.

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Precise measurement of neurological and neuropsychological impairment and disability in multiple sclerosis is challenging. We report methodologic details on a new test, the Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT). This new approach to the objective of quantification of MS related disability provides a computer-based platform for precise, valid measurement of MS severity.

多发性硬化症性能测试（MSPT）：一个iPad为基础的残疾评估工具

Precise measurement of neurological and neuropsychological impairment and disability in multiple sclerosis is challenging. We report a new test, the ...

医学

Tactile Vibrating Toolkit and Driving Simulation Platform for Driving-Related Research

Collision warning system plays a key role in the prevention of driving distractions and drowsy driving. Previous studies have proven the advantages of tactile warnings in reducing driver&#8217;s brake response time. At the same time, tactile warnings have been proved effective in take-over request (TOR) for partially autonomous vehicles.
How the performance of tactile warnings can be optimized is an ongoing hot research topic in this field. Thus, the presented low-cost driving simulation software and methods are introduced to attract more researchers to take part in the investigation. The presented protocol has been divided into five sections: 1) participants, 2) driving simulation software configuration, 3) driving simulator preparation, 4) vibrating toolkit configuration and preparation, and 5) conducting the experiment.
In the exemplar study, participants wore the tactile vibrating toolkit and performed an established car-following task using the customized driving simulation software. The front vehicle braked intermittently, and vibrating warnings were delivered whenever the front vehicle was braking. Participants were instructed to respond as quickly as possible to the sudden brakes of the front vehicle. Driving dynamics, such as the brake response time and brake response rate, were recorded by the simulation software for data analysis.
The presented protocol offers insight into the exploration of the effectiveness of tactile warnings on different body locations. In addition to the car-following task that is demonstrated in the exemplar experiment, this protocol also provides options&#160;to apply other paradigms to the driving simulation studies by making simple software configuration without any code development. However, it is important to note that due to its affordable price, the driving simulation software and hardware introduced here may not be able to fully compete with other high-fidelity commercial driving simulators. Nevertheless, this protocol can act as an affordable and user-friendly alternative to the general high-fidelity commercial driving simulators.

This protocol describes a driving simulation platform and a tactile vibrating toolkit for the investigation of driving-related research. An exemplar experiment exploring the effectiveness of tactile warnings is also presented.&#160;

触觉振动工具包和驾驶模拟平台，用于驾驶相关研究

Collision warning system plays a key role in the prevention of driving distractions and drowsy driving. Previous studies have proven the advantages of ...

Iterative Development of an Innovative Smartphone-Based Dietary Assessment Tool: Traqq

To collect dietary intake data in a fast and reliable manner, a flexible and innovative smartphone application (app) called Traqq was developed (iOS/Android). This app can be used as a food record and&#160;24-h recall (or shorter recall periods). Different sampling schemes can be created on either prespecified or random days/times within a predetermined period for both methods, with&#160;push notifications to urge the participants to register their food intake. In case of non-response, notifications are automatically rescheduled to ensure complete data collection. For use as a food record, respondents can access the app and log their food intake throughout the day. Food records close automatically at the end of the day; recalls close after submission of the consumed items. The recall as well as the food record module provide access to an extensive food list based on the Dutch food composition database (FCDB), which can be accustomed to fit different research purposes. When selecting a food item, respondents are simultaneously prompted to insert portion size, i.e., in household measures (e.g., cups, spoons, glasses), standard portion sizes (e.g., small, medium, large), or weight in grams, and eating occasion/time of consumption. Portion size options can be adjusted, e.g., only entry in grams in case of a weighed food record or time of consumption instead of eating occasion). The app also includes a My Dishes function, which allows the respondent to create their own recipes or product combinations (e.g., a daily breakfast) and only report the total quantity consumed. Subsequently, the app accounts for yield and retention factors. The data are stored on a secure server. If desired, additional questions, i.e., in general or those related to specific food items or eating occasions can be incorporated. This paper describes the development of the system (app and backend), including expert evaluations and usability testing.

This article describes the protocol for the development of an innovative smartphone-based dietary assessment application Traqq, including expert evaluations and usability testing.

创新智能手机饮食评估工具的迭倍开发:Traqq

To collect dietary intake data in a fast and reliable manner, a flexible and innovative smartphone application (app) called Traqq was developed ...

A Tablet-Based Curriculum-Based Measurement Protocol for Kindergarten Writing

Kindergarten writing involves acquiring fundamental skills, such as letter formation, phonemic awareness, and the gradual use of written language to express ideas. In this context, tablet-based curriculum assessments present new opportunities for teaching and evaluating these early writing abilities. To the best of our knowledge, there is currently no tool with these features available for Spanish-speaking children. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to present a tablet-based protocol for screening at-risk young writers. This tablet-based protocol is specifically designed for kindergarten-level education and serves as a curriculum-based assessment tool that focuses on evaluating early writing skills in young learners. This user-friendly application incorporates interactive tasks and exercises, including assessments of phonological awareness, name writing, alphabet letter copying fluency, and oral narrative skills. These comprehensive evaluations cover various aspects of writing. This application is meticulously aligned with kindergarten curriculum objectives, ensuring that assessments adhere to educational standards. By providing educators with a digital platform to assess and enhance students' writing skills, this tool empowers them to make data-driven decisions for effective instruction during the early stages of writing development. Moreover, it functions as a curriculum-based measurement (CBM), offers valuable support for identifying potential writing challenges in young learners and continuously monitoring their progress. This feature enables early intervention and tailored instruction to optimize writing skill development.

This protocol presents the step-by-step method for using a writing-based, valid, and reliable application designed for kindergarten-level education. It operates as a curriculum-based assessment tool, specifically focusing on evaluating early writing skills in young learners.

基于平板电脑的基于课程的幼儿园写作测量协议

Kindergarten writing involves acquiring fundamental skills, such as letter formation, phonemic awareness, and the gradual use of written language to ...

Design to Implementation Study for Development and Patient Validation of Paper-Based Toehold Switch Diagnostics

Access to low-burden molecular diagnostics that can be deployed into the community for testing is increasingly important and has meaningful wider implications for the well-being of societies and economic stability. Recent years have seen several new isothermal diagnostic modalities emerge to meet the need for rapid, low-cost molecular diagnostics. We have contributed to this effort through the development and patient validation of toehold switch-based diagnostics, including diagnostics for the mosquito-borne Zika and chikungunya viruses, which provided performance comparable to gold-standard reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) based assays. These diagnostics are inexpensive to develop and manufacture, and they have the potential to provide diagnostic capacity to low-resource environments. Here the protocol provides all the steps necessary for the development of a switch-based assay for Zika virus detection. The article takes readers through the stepwise diagnostic development process. First, genomic sequences of Zika virus serve as inputs for the computational design of candidate switches using open-source software. Next, the assembly of the sensors for empirical screening with synthetic RNA sequences and optimization of diagnostic sensitivity is shown. Once complete, validation is performed with patient samples in parallel with RT-qPCR, and a purpose-built optical reader, PLUM. This work provides a technical roadmap to researchers for the development of low-cost toehold switch-based sensors for applications in human health, agriculture, and environmental monitoring.

Access to decentralized, low-cost, and high-capacity diagnostics that can be deployed into the community for decentralized testing is critical for combating global health crises. This manuscript describes how to build paper-based diagnostics for viral RNA sequences that can be detected with a portable optical reader.

纸基脚趾开关诊断开发和患者验证的设计到实施研究

Access to low-burden molecular diagnostics that can be deployed into the community for testing is increasingly important and has meaningful wider ...

生物工程

智能手机集成的登革热 NS1 纸质诊断设备

Portable Paper-Based Immunoassay Combined with Smartphone Application for Colorimetric and Quantitative Detection of Dengue NS1 Antigen

Dengue virus (DENV) infection, which is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, is a major public health concern in tropical and subtropical countries. With an annual incidence of approximately 10 million cases and 20,000-25,000 deaths, particularly among children, there is an urgent need for practical diagnostic tools. The presence of dengue non-structural protein 1 (NS1) during early infection has been linked to cytokine release, vascular leakage, and endothelial dysfunction, making it a potential marker for severe dengue. 
Paper-based immunoassays such as lateral flow assays (LFAs) and microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (PADs) have gained popularity as diagnostic tests due to their simplicity, rapidity, inexpensiveness, specificity, and ease of interpretation. However, conventional paper-based immunoassays for dengue NS1 detection typically rely on visual inspection, yielding only qualitative results. To address this limitation and enhance sensitivity, we proposed a highly portable NS1 dengue detection assay on a Paper-based Analytical Device (PAD), namely, DEN-NS1-PAD, that integrates a smartphone application as a colorimetric and quantitative reader. The development system enables direct quantification of NS1 concentrations in clinical samples. 
Serum and blood samples obtained from patients were utilized to demonstrate the system prototype performance. The results were obtained immediately and can be employed for clinical assessment, both in well-equipped healthcare facilities and resource-limited settings. This innovative combination of a paper-based immunoassay with a smartphone application offers a promising approach for enhanced detection and quantification of dengue NS1 antigen. By augmenting sensitivity beyond the capabilities of the naked eye, this system holds great potential for improving clinical decision-making in dengue management, particularly in remote or underserved areas.

作者聚焦：用于快速检测登革热 NS1 的智能手机增强型纸质设备的开发

Addressing urgent dengue diagnostic needs, here we introduce a smartphone app-integrated Dengue NS1 Paper-based Analytical Device (DEN-NS1-PAD) for quantifying Dengue NS1 antigen concentration in clinical serum/blood samples. This innovation enhances dengue management by aiding clinical decision-making in various healthcare settings, even resource-limited ones.

便携式纸基免疫测定法与智能手机应用相结合，用于登革热NS1抗原的比色和定量检测

Dengue virus (DENV) infection, which is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, is a major public health concern in tropical and subtropical countries. With an ...

一种评估智能手机键盘设计的评估方法和工具包

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基于平板电脑的基于课程的幼儿园写作测量协议

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便携式纸基免疫测定法与智能手机应用相结合，用于登革热NS1抗原的比色和定量检测

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