笔者想感谢行政法院SCOLAIRE公共杜大北方DE L&#39;安大略（CSPGNO）在这个项目中的合作伙伴关系。这项研究成为可能，通过从加拿大卫生部的部分捐款。这里所表达的观点并不一定代表加拿大卫生部的官方意见。谢谢谁参与了数据的收集和准备手稿的学生：MELISSA Therrien，梅丽莎拉里维耶尔，法国兰维尔，西尔维·龙多和亚历山德拉伟业。

这项研究是经劳伦森大学研究伦理委员会。只有对他们来说，家长知情签署同意书代表参加。 1.设置<ol><li>在一个私人房间，如果可能的参与者进行评估。 </li><li>为了减少对认知和导航的分数可能疲劳的影响，所以不推荐管理所有的测试在同一时间，相反，评估参与者在该变化从30分钟至每2小时两到四个会话。 </li><li>当使用这种方法用于研究目的，以控制测试实践上均给出最后的测验元，随机确定其中的导航任务和认知测验的管理秩序，并确保他们是不一样的所有参与者。 </li></ol> 2.程序<ol><li>航行任务<ol><li>材料：使用平板电脑和一个辅助和阿尔特用16格的位置和分类学的分类rnative通信应用。使用预装的辅助和替代通信应用的符号。使用涉及在开始正式评估之前的25个字（ 见表1）和图5实践字检索的导航任务。使用包含符号的每个目标字的一本小册子。注：每个符号是在一个页面上单独存在。 <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td fo:width="3.4in"> 话从实践部分 </td></tr><tr><td> 1.脚</td></tr><tr><td> 2.香蕉</td></tr><tr><td> 3.猫</td></tr><tr><td> 4.船</td></tr><tr><td> 5.叉</td></tr><tr><td> 话从正规导航任务 </td></tr><tr><td> 1.狗</td></tr><tr><td> 2.汉D </td></tr><tr><td> 3.苹果</td></tr><tr><td> 4.汽车</td></tr><tr><td> 5.勺子</td></tr><tr><td> 6.青蛙</td></tr><tr><td> 7.鞋</td></tr><tr><td> 8.嘴</td></tr><tr><td> 9.鱼</td></tr><tr><td> 10.胡萝卜</td></tr><tr><td> 11.椅子</td></tr><tr><td> 12.花</td></tr><tr><td> 13.鸭</td></tr><tr><td> 14.表</td></tr><tr><td> 15.男孩</td></tr><tr><td> 16.飞机</td></tr><tr><td> 17.甲鱼</td></tr><tr><td> 18.饼干</td></tr><tr><td> 19.宝宝</td></tr><tr><td> 20.腰带</td></tr><tr><td> 21.树</td></tr><tr><td> 22.公交车</td></tr><tr><td> 23.铅笔</td></tr><tr><td> 24.农民</td></tr><tr><td> 25.自行车</td></tr></tbody></table> 表1：从导航任务词。 </li><li>坐/站在一个角度，对面的参与者，以观察是否可以在计算机化片剂选择适当的符号，并便于转动小册子的页面。直接将计算机化片剂中的参与者的前面，平放在桌子上，或在一个45°角，以控制从照明房间中的反射。将小册子直立使用画架与自己和参与者之间的符号。 </li><li>请参与者，如果他们以前使用智能手机或计算机化的平板电脑。注意：如果被用于研究这种方法，此变量​​是唯一重要的。 </li><li>解释符号可以表示在文件夹类别可以发现，这家按钮链接到的第一级和后退按钮链接到以前的水平。状态：“符号可以发现在每个代表不同的类别（指向不同的文件夹）在不同的文件夹中。该按钮在这里（触摸home键）链接到这个水平（表明为参加者），这个按钮在这里（触摸后退按钮）链接到以前的水平。看到了吗？“ </li><li>目前在一本小册子，独自在一个页面上，需要的符号，在平板电脑中找到。说代表符号大声的话。 </li><li>保持开放的小册子，而参与者的导航平板电脑的水平之内找到的符号。 </li><li>实践部分期间根据需要，例如给尽可能多的言语和肢体提示：“确实这个词属于什么类别” </li><li>开始正式的航行任务的5实践的话已成功检索后。 </li><li>触摸以一贯从第一级开始审判之间的​​应用程序的主页按钮。 </li><li>请参与者retrie已经计算机化片剂的水平之内的所有25个字使用相同的过程作为实践部，与该提示不给予异常。 </li><li>如果一个符号不能被检索，告诉通过转动图像小册子的页面，该项目可被跳过的参与者。 </li><li>评分项目，如正确的，如果参与者正确选择，在小册子匹配目标的象征。 </li><li>给零分当一个符号被错误地检索。 </li><li>当参与者并不在5分钟内进行选择，提醒通过转动符号小册子的页面，该项目可被跳过的参与者。 </li><li>一旦完所有的25个项目都在测试或参与者到达后未能找回连续8个符号的上限。 </li></ol></li><li>认知测试<ol><li>根据管理研究所的雷特国际操作量表修订版（雷特-R）以下测验3乱子手册。对于每个子测试，提供非口述指令后，监视参与者和记录的正确应答的数目。注：雷特-R是一种非语言测试要求参与者和临床医生与非言语线索，如哑剧，手势，指着一个问话的方式只有沟通。在雷特-R的任务通常包括一个定位或匹配响应。材料包括刺激画架，卡，和泡沫的形状。 <ol><li>辖注意持续子测试。 <ol><li>点来回的目标图像和一个正确的答案在页面上之间并模拟出交叉运动，表示到与会者的需要找到并划掉尽可能多的项目可能是相同的目标几何形状的一个阵列内，30〜60秒3的限期。 </li></ol></li><li>辖图片语境分测验。 <ol><li>用手势来表示对participan牛逼的刺激卡涉及的画架插图3空盒。手势来回，以指示需要通过使用上下文线索3，以确定已经从一个大的显示移除的描绘对象。 </li></ol></li><li>辖形象地分测验。 <ol><li>点来回的刺激物质和画架和耸肩之间的问话方式来指示参与者需要确定在一个复杂的刺激呈现3卡上的嵌入式图形或设计。 </li></ol></li><li>辖顺序分测验。 <ol><li>手势来回刺激物质和托盘插槽之间，以指示与会者的需要选择相关刺激的进展在相应的订单。例如，地方的形状或卡在错误的顺序和摇头“不”3。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>

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M., Dunn, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. , (2007).</li><li>Dunn, L. M., Th&#233;riault-Whalen, C. M., Dunn, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&#201;chelle+de+Vocabulaire+en+Images+Peabody.+Adaptation+francaise+du+Peabody+Picture+Vocabulary+Test-Revised.">&#201;chelle de Vocabulaire en Images Peabody. Adaptation francaise du Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised.</a> Manuel pour les formes A et B. , (1993).</li><li>Roid, G. H., Miller, L. J., Pomplun, M., Koch, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Leiter International Performance, Third Edition (Leiter-3). , (2013).</li></ol>

这项研究最初是进行作为第一作者的博士论文的一部分。

这个视频的目的是要勾勒用来探索认知因素，影响孩子的导航的能力新元的方法。由于研究罗比拉德和他的同事是1先河带着孩子的，没有预先确定的协议。 包括儿童与典型发展的决定是为了获得，涉及到使用这种技术18-20基本的学习策略和困难的资料。符号被呈现在一本小册子（在一页）同时作为字的符号被所述高声以控制对应的符号，以指涉并确保正在测量仅导航参与者的能力。中试确定了16的位置电网是必要的。当每级超过16个符号被使用的，在导航任务的复杂性被大大地因为​​需要扫描每升更多项目增加伊维尔基尼定位的符号。使用每格小于16个码元将导致更大的需要改变的网页，并且可以增加所述的导航任务的复杂性。字识别导航任务（25）的数量也通过试验测试确定，是基于项目的数量，孩子们可以在一个会话中相当完整，而无需休息。 SymbolStix 23符号被使用，因为他们来到预装Proloquo2Go 21。其它类型的符号也可使用。选择的话是选自如皮博迪图片词汇测试接受性词汇测试阶段年轻-第四版（PPVT-4）22和阶梯杜vocabulaire EN图片皮博迪（ÉVIP）24。选择的话被判定为熟悉为4岁至6岁的儿童最多。上榜的这些词汇包括了代表物体，动物或PEO具体名词PLE。演讲的话的顺序也通过试点测试来确定。即有最高的成功率从试点组的话放在开头，而最低的成功率分别置于接近尾声。项目也被放置在一个秩序，确保两个连续符号在同一类别中没有位置。一些符号可以在第三级和其他在第四级中找到。整个实验的导航任务，有难度的电平的恶化。首先，目标话下在实践部所使用的相同类别。随着任务的进展，新的分类进行了介绍。为了不阻碍参与者，最困难的话，以找回被放置在任务的结束，并没有给予孩子已经达到八个连续误差的上限，因为这促使任务的终止。与会者分别获得0 F A比分或者未施用的项目。 至于认知措施，对雷特-R被选中是因为所有的测验都是非语言的，因此可以给予谁拥有复杂的通信需要的儿童。持续关注被选中来衡量维持注意力的能力。画面背景是选择来衡量分类。形象地被选为认知灵活性的措施。顺序被选为测量流体的推理。雷特的-R 3的新版本中，雷特- 3月25日也将是认知的一个很好的措施。 由罗比拉德及其同事1的结果表明，认知技能对正常发育儿童谁是新的AAC使用的导航能力产生影响。持续关注（注意持续，雷特-R），分类（图片语境和分类，雷特-R），流体推理（表单填写，顺序和众议员eated模式，雷特-R），均与相关导航1。结果的更详细的讨论可以在罗比拉德和合作者1中找到。认知灵活性（图地面，雷特-R）的相关导航在儿童和青少年与自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）2诊断，但没有相关的导航幼儿典型的发展。在与导航相关的因素，最好的预测，正常发育儿童的航海技能分类学组织的子集包括持续关注，分类，流体和推理。由于小一些与会者在研究ASD的，线性回归是不可能的。然而，在相关结果中打开的可能性，即认知灵活性可能是用于ASD患儿的导航能力的预测的一个重要因素。需要参与者数量较多新的研究。该选择符号的速度并没有在以前的研究中的变量，但也可以加入作为处理速度的度量。 程序的限制存在于该方法中。的评估工具的管理进行了多种设置（ 即包房，学校背景噪音，诊所）。这可能影响了参与者的性能。视力可能被评定为排除困难视野。一些与会者可能很难理解，即使象征是航行任务中提出的一本小册子的话表示。导航任务并不代表真正的沟通和实际上只有很少的训练后第一次使用的AAC设备。航海技能可以通过个性化设备，这可以减少认知要求来辅助。该过程概述了评估儿童和未审查的成人人口。此外，的认知因素的有效性受到质疑，因为它们难以分离。 为了减少上述限制，所有参与者应在私人房间没有分心或背景噪声进行评估。若这是不可能的，分心应以不影响参与者的性能的限制。当听力和视力测试是不可能的，困难可以通过询问参与者对家庭的听力和视力排除。 比Proloquo2Go 21,25的其他应用程序也可以使用。其他非语言认知测试，也可以用来测量认知，只要它们包括隔离的不同的认知分量众多子测试。修改在本文中所述的程序时或使用替代时上前评估认知，如非标准化的认知测试需要谨慎，因为结果凑从预期的结果LD不同。 据了解如何认知因素促成的导航能力是非常重要的。选用不当的新元可能会导致儿童和他们的照顾者变得沮丧和放弃使用的设备进行交际的目的。当选择一个SGD幼儿，关注，分类和推理能力进行评估，以帮助预测他们使用一个分类组织1的动态寻呼成功。对于儿童和青少年ASD，认知灵活性可以提供的航海技能2最好的预测。采用上述方法进行更多的研究与其他较大的临床人群需要，以确定认知上的导航谁需要并使用辅助和替代性沟通策略儿童的影响。

所用的方法，以评估认知和导航技术可以广泛地变化。一些研究已经发表关于认知和导航能力。在此之前，华莱士，HUX和Beukelman（2010）研究了认知上的导航与谁经历了创伤性脑损伤4名成人的影响。他们发现，认知灵活性，这部分人群的影响航海技能。由罗比拉德，梅耶-克里滕登，罗伊- Charland，小调Corriveau和贝朗格进行本文所描述的方法已经发表在2013年1，龙多，罗比拉德和罗伊- Charland也采用了类似的研究2此方法。对于本文的目的，一步一步的指导与支持可视化将展示以鼓励这种技术与其他人群为研究目的的重复使用的方法，并支持谁想要评估导航和认知技能，为客户医师谁拥有Çomplex通信需要。 语音发生装置（SGD）的使用电子语音合成器，并且可以具有动态水平的链接，允许用户通过改变水平访问新词产生（ 即从符号的页改变为另一个）5,6。这些电平之间进行导航的能力是必需的，以便找到多个级别的新元6,7中的符号。认知技能导航的新元的水平的能力的重要性已被证明1,2,4。一项研究，分析了航海技能语言能力的影响，结果表明，语言技能是不是导航绝活儿8中一个很好的预测。由于具有更好的理解的认知因素可能影响导航，临床医生可以提供小儿复杂的通信需求的更可靠的评估。将在本研究中要解决的认知因素分别是：持续关注，分类，认知灵活性和流体推理。罗毕拉见和合作者对这些认知因素1的描述。 由于很少有研究着眼于认知因素对航行的影响，评估协议尚未付诸实践。多年来，在语音语言病理学等领域，以便更好地确定需要这些服务的儿童建立评估电池。例如，它是一个众所周知的事实是不重复的字和句子的模仿，这在很大程度上依赖于言语工作记忆，随着选择的语言评估工具两个任务，可以成功地识别与语言障碍儿童9-14。然而，在辅助和替代通信（AAC）的领域，很少关注已考虑到认知和导航的AAC设备的能力之间的关系。甚至更少的关注已经给予一个系统的方法开发遵循。很少有工具的导航技能在儿童中存在的评估。由于存在多种可用于评估非语言认知技能评估工具，这是可以理解，在确定的工具或任务要使用的可能是非常绝大多数临床医生15。医生通常使用特征匹配与谁使用AAC个人。它涉及到匹配的人的能力发挥到SGD的设计特点。因此，重要的是临床医生最有能力的认知技能水平和人的能力的导航匹配到相应的设备。 直到最近，很少有研究已经使用电子药片进行。沃丁顿和合作者16表明部门沟通技能可以传授使用方法的干预，包括使用平板电脑对儿童自闭症谁有限或无讲话。此外，通过Kagohara和合作者17系统性的审查建议，儿童发育障碍可以教给利用技术如片剂用于各种通信的目的。本文介绍的方法将提供研究人员和临床医生的详细指南评估的认知和导航技能时使用。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>iPad</td>
			<td>Apple, 2014&#160;</td>
			<td>MD786C/A</td>
			<td>tablet with dynamic screen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proloquo2Go</td>
			<td>AssistiveWare, 2014</td>
			<td>available on iTunes</td>
			<td>applicaiton for augmentative and alternative communication</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SymbolStix</td>
			<td>N2Y inc, 2014</td>
			<td>https://www.n2y.com/products/symbolstix/</td>
			<td>Symbols used with Proloquo2Go (preloaded)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leiter International Performance Scale - Revised, Roid &#38; Mille), 1997</td>
			<td>Stoelting</td>
			<td>37050M</td>
			<td>cognitive non-verbal test</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

practical methodology of cognitive tasks within a navigational assessment

This paper describes an approach for measuring navigation accuracy relative to cognitive skills. The methodology behind the assessment will thus be clearly outlined in a step-by-step manner. Navigational skills are important when trying to find symbols within a speech-generating device (SGD) that has a dynamic screen and taxonomical organization. The following skills have been found to impact children&#8217;s ability to find symbols when navigating within the levels of an SGD: sustained attention, categorization, cognitive flexibility, and fluid reasoning1,2. According to past studies, working memory was not correlated with navigation1,2.
The materials needed for this method include a computerized tablet, an augmentative and alternative communication application, a booklet of symbols, and the Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised (Leiter-R)3. This method has been used in two previous studies. Robillard, Mayer-Crittenden, Roy-Charland, Minor-Corriveau and B&#233;langer1 assessed typically developing children, while Rondeau, Robillard and Roy-Charland2 assessed children and adolescents with a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. The direct observation of this method will facilitate the replication of this study for researchers. It will also help clinicians that work with children who have complex communication needs to determine the children&#8217;s ability to navigate an SGD with taxonomical categorization.

对于这两种研究，使用这种方法1,2，认知是相关的导航分数。认知得分越高，更高是导航分数1,2。分别获得认知灵活性和导航的研究与ASD人口正相关系数。这些结果更类似于华莱士等人。4，其参与者包括谁经历了创伤性脑损伤，而不是那些由研究与正常发育儿童，成人获得。事实上，在后期，认知灵活性不相关与导航。然而，某些认知能力能够预测一个典型的发展中人口1的续航能力。对于这些孩子，持续关注，分类和推理能力允许预测航海技能1的能力。年龄不是为导航的预测的一个重要因素技能。结果示于表2中 。在这些研究的结果的全部细节可以在上述的论文的结果部分中找到。显而易见的是，认知技能是在导航与SGD的能力的一个重要因素。然而，由于预测因素变化从一个作者到下，进一步的研究，需要与不同的临床亚群和年龄组，以便更清楚地确定的认知因素上的导航能力的底层的作用。研究人口较多，以及儿童和谁具有复杂的通信需求，并使用SGDs进行通信，也需要成人。 <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td fo:width="2in" style="width:300px"> 人口 </td><td fo:width="2in"> 与相关技能导航认知因素 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">与典型的儿童发展</TD&gt; <td>持续关注</td></tr><tr><td>分类</td></tr><tr><td>流体推理</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">儿童和青少年自闭症谱系障碍的诊断</td><td>认知灵活性</td></tr><tr><td>持续关注</td></tr><tr><td>分类</td></tr><tr><td>流体推理</td></tr></tbody></table> 表2：结果从使用此方法，通过罗比拉德和2的研究和他的同事1回旋曲和同事。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Practical Methodology of Cognitive Tasks Within a Navigational Assessment at JoVE.com

Practical Methodology of Cognitive Tasks Within a Navigational Assessment

谁拥有复杂的通信需要的儿童可以享受使用语音发生装置（SGD）的。认知技能鉴定为具有对SGDs水平之间进行导航的能力产生影响。本协议描述，评估认知能力和导航能力所需要的语音语言病理学家的步骤。

认知任务的实用方法在一个导航评估

This paper describes an approach for measuring navigation accuracy relative to cognitive skills. The methodology behind the assessment will thus be ...

practical-methodology-cognitive-tasks-within-navigational

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

13.4K 次观看.  Laurentian University. 谁拥有复杂的通信需要的儿童可以享受使用语音发生装置（SGD）的。认知技能鉴定为具有对SGDs水平之间进行导航的能力产生影响。本协议描述，评估认知能力和导航能力所需要的语音语言病理学家的步骤。 

视频: Practical Methodology of Cognitive Tasks Within a Navigational Assessment

Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach

The main goal of this study was to assess the usability of a tablet-computer-based application (EmoCogMeter) in investigating the effects of age on cognitive functions across the lifespan in a sample of 378 healthy subjects (age range 18-89 years). Consistent with previous findings we found an age-related cognitive decline across a wide range of neuropsychological domains (memory, attention, executive functions), thereby proving the usability of our tablet-based application. Regardless of prior computer experience, subjects of all age groups were able to perform the tasks without instruction or feedback from an experimenter. Increased motivation and compliance proved to be beneficial for task performance, thereby potentially increasing the validity of the results. Our promising findings underline the great clinical and practical potential of a tablet-based application for detection and monitoring of cognitive dysfunction.

We tested the usability of a tablet-computer-based application (EmoCogMeter) in investigating the effects of age on cognition. Results show an age-related cognitive decline, thereby proving the usability of our application. Findings underline the great clinical and practical potential of a tablet-based application for detection and monitoring of cognitive dysfunction.

与年龄相关的变化认知功能使用EmoCogMeter，新型平板计算机基础法评估

The main goal of this study was to assess the usability of a tablet-computer-based application (EmoCogMeter) in investigating the effects of age on ...

科研

行为学

Automated Visual Cognitive Tasks for Recording Neural Activity Using a Floor Projection Maze

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have developed visual cognitive tasks for rats using the Floor Projection Maze1,2&#160;that are optimized for visual abilities of rats permitting stronger comparisons of experimental findings with other species.
In order to investigate neural correlates of learning and memory, we have integrated electrophysiological recordings into fully automated cognitive tasks on the Floor Projection Maze1,2. Behavioral software interfaced with an animal tracking system allows monitoring of the animal's behavior with precise control of image presentation and reward contingencies for better trained animals. Integration with an in vivo electrophysiological recording system enables examination of behavioral correlates of neural activity at selected epochs of a given cognitive task.
We describe protocols for a model system that combines automated visual presentation of information to rodents and intracranial reward with electrophysiological approaches. Our model system offers a sophisticated set of tools as a framework for other cognitive tasks to better isolate and identify specific mechanisms contributing to particular cognitive processes.

We describe protocols for training rats for chronic electrophysiological recordings in fully automated cognitive tasks on a Floor Projection Maze.

使用地面投影迷宫自动化视觉认知任务记录神经活动

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

揭开节拍耳聋：检测节律紊乱与同步手指敲击和感知定时任务

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm (the visual oddball task) with a long history of behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) experiments to a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment is considered. The aims of this paper are to briefly describe fMRI and when its use is appropriate in cognitive neuroscience; illustrate how task design can influence the results of an fMRI experiment, particularly when that task is borrowed from another imaging modality; explain the practical aspects of performing an fMRI experiment. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task results in different patterns of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation. The nature of the fMRI BOLD measure means that many brain regions are found to be active in a particular task. Determining the functions of these areas of activation is very much dependent on task design and analysis. The complex nature of many fMRI tasks means that the details of the task and its requirements need careful consideration when interpreting data. The data show that this is particularly important in those tasks relying on a motor response as well as cognitive elements and that covert and overt responses should be considered where possible. Furthermore, the data show that transferring an EEG paradigm to an fMRI experiment needs careful consideration and it cannot be assumed that the same paradigm will work equally well across imaging modalities. It is therefore recommended that the design of an fMRI study is pilot tested behaviorally to establish the effects of interest and then pilot tested in the fMRI environment to ensure appropriate design, implementation and analysis for the effects of interest.

Transferring a paradigm with a history of use in EEG experiments to an fMRI experiment is considered. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task resulted in different patterns of BOLD activation and illustrated how task design is crucial in fMRI experiments.

传输认知任务的脑成像方法：对任务的设计和结果判读的功能磁共振成像研究

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm ...

Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in different areas of their brain for the localization of their seizure focus and eloquent areas. After implantation, the patient must remain in the hospital until the pathological area of brain is found and possibly resected. During this time, these patients offer a unique opportunity to the research community because any number of behavioral paradigms can be performed to uncover the neural correlates that guide behavior. Here we present a method for recording brain activity from intracranial implants as subjects perform a behavioral task designed to assess decision-making and reward encoding. All electrophysiological data from the intracranial electrodes are recorded during the behavioral task, allowing for the examination of the many brain areas involved in a single function at time scales relevant to behavior. Moreover, and unlike animal studies, human patients can learn a wide variety of behavioral tasks quickly, allowing for the ability to perform more than one task in the same subject or for performing controls. Despite the many advantages of this technique for understanding human brain function, there are also methodological limitations that we discuss, including environmental factors, analgesic effects, time constraints and recordings from diseased tissue. This method may be easily implemented by any institution that performs intracranial assessments; providing the opportunity to directly examine human brain function during behavior.

Patients implanted with intracranial electrodes provide a unique opportunity to record neurological data from multiple areas of the brain while the patient performs behavioral tasks. Here, we present a method of recording from implanted patients that can be reproducible at other institutions with access to this patient population.

执行任务的行为与颅内电极主题

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in ...

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device (ALDM) Test Systems

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 and Fagot &#38; Bonte2 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) for the study of cognitive abilities of monkeys maintained in semi-free ranging conditions. Data accumulated during the last five years have consistently demonstrated the efficiency of this protocol to investigate individual/physical cognition in monkeys, and have further shown that this procedure reduces stress level during animal testing3. This paper demonstrates that networks of ALDM can also be used to investigate different facets of social cognition and in-group expressed behaviors in monkeys, and describes three illustrative protocols developed for that purpose. The first study demonstrates how ethological assessments of social behavior and computerized assessments of cognitive performance could be integrated to investigate the effects of socially exhibited moods on the cognitive performance of individuals. The second study shows that batteries of ALDM running in parallel can provide unique information on the influence of the presence of others on task performance. Finally, the last study shows that networks of ALDM test units can also be used to study issues related to social transmission and cultural evolution. Combined together, these three studies demonstrate clearly that ALDM testing is a highly promising experimental tool for bridging the gap in the animal literature between research on individual cognition and research on social cognition.

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device ALDM Test Systems

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) aimed at testing individual cognitive abilities in semi-free ranging monkeys. The main goal of our protocol is to use a network of ALDM test units to study social cognition in non-human primates.

社会认知的非人类灵长类动物评估使用电脑自动学习设备（ALDM）测试系统的网络

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 and Fagot &#38; Bonte2 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) for the study of cognitive abilities of monkeys ...

Using Fiberless, Wearable fNIRS to Monitor Brain Activity in Real-world Cognitive Tasks

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular coupling, fNIRS is able to measure the haemoglobin concentration changes secondary to neuronal activity. Compared to other neuroimaging techniques, fNIRS represents a good compromise in terms of spatial and temporal resolution. Moreover, it is portable, lightweight, less sensitive to motion artifacts and does not impose significant physical restraints. It is therefore appropriate to monitor a wide range of cognitive tasks (e.g., auditory, gait analysis, social interaction) and different age populations (e.g., new-borns, adults, elderly people). The recent development of fiberless fNIRS devices has opened the way to new applications in neuroscience research. This represents a unique opportunity to study functional activity during real-world tests, which can be more sensitive and accurate in assessing cognitive function and dysfunction than lab-based tests. This study explored the use of fiberless fNIRS to monitor brain activity during a real-world prospective memory task. This protocol is performed outside the lab and brain haemoglobin concentration changes are continuously measured over the prefrontal cortex while the subject walks around in order to accomplish several different tasks.

Monitoring brain activity outside the lab without physical constraints presents methodological challenges. A fiberless, wearable functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) system was used to measure brain activity during an ecological prospective memory task. It was demonstrated that this system could be used to monitor brain activity during non-lab based experiments.

用无纤维，耐磨fNIRS监视在真实世界的认知任务脑活动

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

事件相关电位在目标响应的任务，研究的上肢使用在儿童认知过程单侧脑性麻痹

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese

In psycholinguistic research, the frequency effect can be one of the indicators for eligible experimental tasks that examine the nature of lexical access. Usually, only one of those tasks is chosen to examine lexical access in a study. Using two exemplar experiments, this paper introduces an approach to include both the lexical decision task and the naming task in a study. In the first experiment, the stimuli were Chinese characters with frequency and regularity manipulated. In the second experiment, the stimuli were switched to Chinese two-character words, in which the word frequency and the regularity of the leading character were manipulated. The logic of these two exemplar experiments was to explore some important issues such as the role of phonology on recognition by comparing the frequency effect between both the tasks. The results revealed different patterns of lexical access from those reported in the alphabetic systems. The results of Experiment 1 manifested a larger frequency effect in the naming task as compared to the LDT, when the stimuli were Chinese characters. And it is noteworthy that, in Experiment 1, when the stimuli were regular Chinese characters, the frequency effect observed in the naming task was roughly equivalent to that in the LDT. However, a smaller frequency effect was shown in the naming task as compared to the LDT, when the stimuli were switched to Chinese two-character words in Experiment 2. Taking advantage of the respective demands and characteristics in both tasks, researchers can obtain a more complete and precise picture of character/word recognition.

Researchers adopt both the lexical decision task and the naming task to investigate some important topics such as character/word recognition by comparing the frequency effect between these two tasks. This article introduces this approach through two exemplar experiments and elaborates on the underlying logic.

在比较中国的词汇判断和命名任务之间的频率效应

In psycholinguistic research, the frequency effect can be one of the indicators for eligible experimental tasks that examine the nature of lexical access. ...

Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous research determined a profound impact of gentle handling protocols on the well-being of laboratory mice. By introducing clicker training to the keeping of mice, not only do we promote the amicable treatment of mice, but we also enable them to experience cognitive enrichment. Clicker training is a form of positive reinforcement training using a conditioned secondary reinforcer, the "click" sound of a clicker, which serves as a time bridge between the strengthened behavior and an upcoming reward. The effective implementation of the clicker training protocol with a cohort of 12 BALB/c inbred mice of each sex proved to be uncomplicated. The mice learned rather quickly when challenged with tasks of the clicker training protocol, and almost all trained mice overcame the challenges they were given (100% of female mice and 83% of male mice). This study has identified that clicker training for mice strongly correlates with reduced fear in the mice during human-mice interactions, as shown by reduced anxiety-related behaviors (e.g., defecation, vocalization, and urination) and fewer depression-like behaviors (e.g., floating). By developing a reliable protocol that can be easily integrated into the daily routine of the keeping of laboratory mice, the lifetime experience of welfare in the mice can be improved substantially.

The development of new refinement strategies for laboratory mice is a challenging task that contributes towards fulfilling the 3R principle. This protocol introduces clicker training as a cognitive enrichment program for laboratory mice.

引进响片训练为实验室老鼠认知富集

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous ...