该研究得到了国家自然科学基金（批准号61974004和61931018）以及国家重点研发计划（批准号:2021YFB3200100）的支持。该研究感谢北京大学电子显微镜实验室提供电子显微镜。此外，这项研究还感谢崔莹和北京大学地球与空间科学学院在拉曼测量方面的帮助。

1. 纳米粒子的合成
<ol><li>硝酸银溶液的制备<ol><li>使用精密称量天平，测量 0.0017 g AR 级硝酸银（AgNO3，参见 材料表），并将其加入 10 mL 去离子 （DI） 水中。搅拌混合物以产生 10-3 mol/L AgNO3 溶液。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>银-氨络合物的制备<ol><li>取 1 mL AR 级氨水 （NH3.H2O，见 材料表）使用注射器，并在搅拌的同时逐滴加入硝酸银溶液中。当溶液变得透明时，停止逐滴添加。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>葡萄糖溶液的制备<ol><li>使用精密称量天平，测量 0.36 g AR 级葡萄糖粉（参见 材料表），并将其加入 10 mL 去离子水中。彻底搅拌混合物以产生 0.2 M 葡萄糖溶液。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>银纳米粒子（AgNPs）的合成<ol><li>使用移液枪以30分钟的间隔将30μL银氨复合物（在步骤1.2中制备）加入葡萄糖溶液（在步骤1.3中制备）。重复此过程 4-6 次，同时搅拌直到溶液变黄。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>2. 柔性基板的制备
<ol><li>PDMS衬底的制备<ol><li>为了合成PDMS底物，取约5g PDMS A溶液，并以1:10的比例加入B溶液（来自市售试剂盒，参见 材料表）。</li>
		<li>搅拌并充分混合 PDMS A 和 B 溶液。</li>
		<li>将混合的PDMS转移到方形培养皿中，然后在80°C烤箱中烘烤2小时。</li>
		<li>通过上述过程固化后，使用手术刀沿着培养皿的深色网格切割PDMS，形成尺寸约为1 cm x 1 cm的小PDMS立方体。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>表面改性<ol><li>对上述小PDMS片段进行等离子体处理。使用手持式等离子处理器（参见 材料表）并将其在PDMS表面上方约5-10厘米处来回移动，以进行表面等离子体处理。</li>
		<li>利用等离子体处理器对表面进行修饰，诱导在PDMS表面上形成羟基，使其亲水27。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>使用 APTES 进行修改<ol><li>制备10%APTES溶液（参见 材料表）。</li>
		<li>将步骤2.2中获得的表面改性PDMS浸入APTES溶液中，并静置10小时。这使得APTES能够与PDMS表面上的羟基结合。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>AgNP的自组装<ol><li>将步骤2.3中获得的PDMS底物浸入步骤1.4中合成的AgNPs溶液中10小时。这将AgNP自组装到PDMS衬底上，从而形成最终的柔性SERS检测衬底。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>

用于 R6G 和 Thiram 的 SERS 检测的柔性衬底的制备

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作者声明没有利益冲突。

本研究引入了一种柔性SERS底物，通过化学改性将AgNPs与PDMS键合，并取得了优异的性能。在颗粒合成过程中，特别是在银氨络合物合成（步骤1.2）中，溶液的颜色起着至关重要的作用。滴加过多的氨水会对AgNPs的合成质量产生不利影响，可能导致检测结果不成功。合成过程中应注意底物改性（步骤2.2）;否则，AgNP可能无法与PDMS正确结合，从而导致检测性能下降。
在实际制备中?...

表面增强拉曼散射（SERS）作为拉曼散射的一种，具有灵敏度高、检测条件温和等优点，甚至可以实现单分子检测1,2,3,4。金属纳米结构，如金和银，通常用作SERS基板，以实现物质检测5,6。纳米结构表面的电磁耦合增强在SERS应用中起着重要作用。具有不同尺寸、形状、粒子间距离和成分的金属纳米结构可以聚集起来产生许多"热点"，由于局部表面等离子体共振而产生强烈的电磁场 7,8。许多研究已经开发了具有不同形态的金属纳米颗粒作为SERS底物，证明了它们在实现SERS增强方面的有效性9,10。
柔性SERS衬底具有广泛的应用，其纳米结构能够产生SERS效应沉积在柔性衬底上，便于在曲面上直接检测。柔性SERS底物用于检测和收集不规则、非平面或曲面上的分析物。常见的柔性SERS基材包括纤维、聚合物薄膜和氧化石墨烯薄膜11,12,13,14。其中，聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）是应用最广泛的高分子材料之一，具有透明度高、拉伸强度高、化学稳定性高、无毒、附着力等优点15,16,17。PDMS具有较低的拉曼截面，因此其对拉曼信号的影响可以忽略不计18。由于PDMS预聚物是液态的，因此可以通过热或光固化，从而提供了高度的可控性和便利性。基于PDMS的SERS衬底是相对常见的柔性SERS衬底，在以前的研究中已被用于嵌入各种金属纳米颗粒，用于检测具有示范性性能的不同生化物质19,20。
在SERS衬底的制备中，纳米间隙结构的制备至关重要。物理沉积技术具有高扩展性、均匀性和可重复性等优点，但通常需要良好的真空条件和专用设备，限制了其实际应用21。此外，使用传统的沉积技术在几纳米尺度上制造纳米结构仍然具有挑战性22。因此，通过化学方法合成的纳米颗粒可以通过各种相互作用吸附到柔性透明薄膜上，从而促进金属结构在纳米尺度上的自组装。为了确保成功吸附，可以通过物理或化学修饰薄膜表面来改变其表面亲水性来调整相互作用23。与金纳米颗粒相比，银纳米颗粒表现出更好的SERS性能，但它们的不稳定性，特别是它们在空气中对氧化的敏感性，导致SERS增强因子（EF）迅速降低，影响底物性能24。因此，开发一种稳定的颗粒方法至关重要。
农药残留的存在引起了人们的极大关注，因此迫切需要能够快速检测和识别现场食品中各种危险化学品的可靠方法25,26。柔性SERS基材在实际应用中具有独特的优势，特别是在食品安全领域。本文介绍了一种通过将合成的葡萄糖包被银纳米颗粒（AgNPs）键合到PDMS底物上来制备柔性SERS底物的方法（图1）。葡萄糖的存在可以保护AgNPs，减轻空气中的银氧化。该底物表现出优异的检测性能，能够检测低至10-10 M的罗丹明6G（R6G）和低至 10-8 M的农药硫兰，具有良好的均匀性。此外，柔性基板可用于通过粘接和取样进行检测，具有众多潜在的应用场景。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonia (NH3.H2O, 25%)</td>
			<td>Beijing Chemical Works</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>APTES (98%)</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>ST1087</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD-20AC Laboratory Chrona Treater</td>
			<td>Electro-Technic Products Inc.</td>
			<td>12051A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-glucose</td>
			<td>Beijing Chemical Works</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Environmental Scanning electron microscope (ESEM)</td>
			<td>FEI</td>
			<td>QUANTA 250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Raman microscope</td>
			<td>Horiba JY</td>
			<td>LabRAM HR Evolution</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rhodamine 6G</td>
			<td>Beijing Chemical Works</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone Elastomer Base and Silicone Elastomer Curing Agent</td>
			<td>Dow Corning Corporation</td>
			<td>SYLGARD 184</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver nitrate</td>
			<td>Beijing Chemical Works</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thiram (C6H12N2S2, 99.9%)</td>
			<td>Beijing Chemical Works</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabrication of polydimethylsiloxane (pdms)-based flexible surface-enhanced raman scattering (sers) substrate for ultrasensitive detection

本文介绍了一种用于表面增强拉曼散射（SERS）的柔性衬底的制备方法。通过硝酸银（AgNO3）和氨的络合反应合成了银纳米颗粒（AgNPs），然后使用葡萄糖还原。所得的AgNPs表现出均匀的尺寸分布，范围为20 nm至50 nm。随后，采用3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷（APTES）对已用氧等离子体表面处理的PDMS衬底进行改性。该过程有助于AgNPs在基板上的自组装。通过系统评估各种实验条件对衬底性能的影响，开发出具有优异性能和增强因子（EF）的SERS衬底。利用这种底物，R6G（罗丹明6G）的检测限为10-10 M，Thiram的检测限为10-8 M，令人印象深刻。该基质被成功用于检测苹果上的农药残留，结果非常令人满意。灵活的SERS基板在实际应用中显示出巨大的潜力，包括复杂场景中的检测。

本研究利用APTES开发了一种由葡萄糖包裹的合成AgNPs组成的柔性SERS底物，并利用APTES在PDMS上自组装，在实际农药检测应用中实现了优异的检测性能。R6G 和 Thiram 的检出限分别达到 10-10 M 和 10-8 M，增强因子 （EF） 为 1 x 10 5。此外，基材表现出均匀性。
使用改进的 Tollens 方法合成包裹在葡萄糖中的 AgNP28,29。这?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development and Application of SERS Flexible Substrates Using Synthesized AgNPs at JoVE.com

作者聚焦:使用合成的 AgNP 开发与应用 SERS 柔性底物 

该协议描述了一种用于表面增强拉曼散射的柔性基板的制造方法。该方法已成功用于检测低浓度的R6G和Thiram。

基于聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）的柔性表面增强拉曼散射（SERS）衬底的制备及其超灵敏检测

This article presents a fabrication method for a flexible substrate designed for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS). Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) ...

该协议描述了制备SERS柔性底物，并将其应用于实际检测场景。该协议提供的SERS柔性基板是环保的，并具有良好的检测性能。银纳米粒子可以很容易地通过简单的容器合成，不需要复杂的实验条件和环境。在我们的实验室中，我们计划专注于研究通过本研究中使用的容器合成的银纳米颗粒。我们将探索增强其SERS检测能力的方法，并利用其独特的特性和特性来设计性能更好的SERS检测基板。

fabrication-polydimethylsiloxane-pdms-based-flexible-surface-enhanced

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Fabrication of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-Based Flexible Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Substrate for Ultrasensitive Detection

2.0K 次观看.  Peking University. 该协议描述了制备SERS柔性底物，并将其应用于实际检测场景。该协议提供的SERS柔性基板是环保的，并具有良好的检测性能。银纳米粒子可以很容易地通过简单的容器合成，不需要复杂的实验条件和环境。在我们的实验室中，我们计划专注于研究通过本研究中使用的容器合成的银纳米颗粒。我们将探索增强其SERS检测能力的方法，并利用其独特的特性和特性来设计性能更?...

视频: 作者聚焦:使用合成的 AgNP 开发与应用 SERS 柔性底物 

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) Microscopy Visualizes Pharmaceutical Tablets During Dissolution

Traditional pharmaceutical dissolution tests determine the amount of drug dissolved over time by measuring drug content in the dissolution medium. This method provides little direct information about what is happening on the surface of the dissolving tablet. As the tablet surface composition and structure can change during dissolution, it is essential to monitor it during dissolution testing. In this work coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy is used to image the surface of tablets during dissolution while UV absorption spectroscopy is simultaneously providing inline analysis of dissolved drug concentration for tablets containing a 50% mixture of theophylline anhydrate and ethyl cellulose. The measurements showed that in situ CARS microscopy is capable of imaging selectively theophylline in the presence of ethyl cellulose. Additionally, the theophylline anhydrate converted to theophylline monohydrate during dissolution, with needle-shaped crystals growing on the tablet surface during dissolution. The conversion of theophylline anhydrate to monohydrate, combined with reduced exposure of the drug to the flowing dissolution medium resulted in decreased dissolution rates. Our results show that in situ CARS microscopy combined with inline UV absorption spectroscopy is capable of monitoring pharmaceutical tablet dissolution and correlating surface changes with changes in dissolution rate.

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Scattering CARS Microscopy Visualizes Pharmaceutical Tablets During Dissolution

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy is combined with an intrinsic flow-through dissolution setup to allow in situ and real-time visualization of the surface of pharmaceutical tablets undergoing dissolution. Using this custom-built setup, it is possible to correlate CARS videos with drug dissolution profiles recorded using inline UV absorption spectroscopy.

相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射（CARS）显微可视化药片剂溶出过程中

Traditional pharmaceutical dissolution tests determine the amount of drug dissolved over time by measuring drug content in the dissolution medium. This ...

科研

工程学

Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Detection of Biomolecules Using EBL Fabricated Nanostructured Substrates

Fabrication and characterization of conjugate nano-biological systems interfacing metallic nanostructures on solid supports with immobilized biomolecules is reported. The entire sequence of relevant experimental steps is described, involving the fabrication of nanostructured substrates using electron beam lithography, immobilization of biomolecules on the substrates, and their characterization utilizing surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Three different designs of nano-biological systems are employed, including protein A, glucose binding protein, and a dopamine binding DNA aptamer. In the latter two cases, the binding of respective ligands, D-glucose and dopamine, is also included. The three kinds of biomolecules are immobilized on nanostructured substrates by different methods, and the results of SERS imaging are reported. The capabilities of SERS to detect vibrational modes from surface-immobilized proteins, as well as to capture the protein-ligand and aptamer-ligand binding are demonstrated. The results also illustrate the influence of the surface nanostructure geometry, biomolecules immobilization strategy, Raman activity of the molecules and presence or absence of the ligand binding on the SERS spectra acquired.

We describe the fabrication and characterization of nano-biological systems interfacing nanostructured substrates with immobilized proteins and aptamers. The relevant experimental steps involving lithographic fabrication of nanostructured substrates, bio-functionalization, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) characterization, are reported. SERS detection of surface-immobilized proteins, and probing of protein-ligand and aptamer-ligand binding is demonstrated.

表面增强拉曼光谱检测生物分子利用EBL装配纳米衬底

Fabrication and characterization of conjugate nano-biological systems interfacing metallic nanostructures on solid supports with immobilized biomolecules ...

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres can be thought as a store of energy with a huge variety of applications: compact laser sources, highly sensitive biochemical sensors and nonlinear phenomena. A protocol for the fabrication of both the microspheres and coupling system is given. The couplers described here are tapered fibers. Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS). A proof of the cavity-enhanced phenomenon is given by the lack of correlation among the pump, signal and idler: a resonant mode has to exist in order to obtain the pair of signal and idler. In the case of hyperparametric oscillations (four wave mixing and stimulated anti-stokes Raman scattering), the modes must fulfill the energy and momentum conservation and, last but not least, have a good spatial overlap.

Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS).

刺激斯托克斯和反斯托克斯拉曼散射在微球形回音壁模式谐振器

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres ...

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler (SLPS) Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light scattering from intraocular lenses (IOLs) using goniophotometer principles. This protocol describes the SLSP platform and how it employs a 360&#176; rotational photodetector sensor that is scanned around an IOL sample while recording the intensity and location of scattered light as it passes through the IOL medium. The SLSP platform can be used to predict, non-clinically, the propensity for current and novel IOL designs and materials to induce light scatter. Non-clinical evaluation of light scattering properties of IOLs can significantly reduce the number of patient complaints related to unwanted glare, glistening, optical defects, poor image quality, and other phenomena associated with the unintended light scattering. Future studies should be conducted to correlate SLSP data with clinical results to help identify which measured light scatter is most problematic for patients that have undergone cataract surgery subsequent to IOL implantation.

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler SLPS Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

This protocol describes the scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) that enables the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward scattering of light from intraocular lenses (IOLs) using goniophotometer principles.

基于扫描光散射分析器（SLPS）的方法来量化评估来自眼内镜的前向和后向光散射

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light ...

Scalable Solution-processed Fabrication Strategy for High-performance, Flexible, Transparent Electrodes with Embedded Metal Mesh

Here, the authors report the embedded metal-mesh transparent electrode (EMTE), a new transparent electrode (TE) with a metal mesh completely embedded in a polymer film. This paper also presents a low-cost, vacuum-free fabrication method for this novel TE; the approach combines lithography, electroplating, and imprint transfer (LEIT) processing. The embedded nature of the EMTEs offers many advantages, such as high surface smoothness, which is essential for organic electronic device production; superior mechanical stability during bending; favorable resistance to chemicals and moisture; and strong adhesion with plastic film. LEIT fabrication features an electroplating process for vacuum-free metal deposition and is favorable for industrial mass production. Furthermore, LEIT allows for the fabrication of metal mesh with a high aspect ratio (i.e., thickness to linewidth), significantly enhancing its electrical conductance without adversely losing optical transmittance. We demonstrate several prototypes of flexible EMTEs, with sheet resistances lower than 1 &#937;/sq and transmittances greater than 90%, resulting in very high figures of merit (FoM) &#8211; up to 1.5 x 104 &#8211; which are amongst the best values in the published literature.

This protocol describes a solution-based fabrication strategy for high-performance, flexible, transparent electrodes with fully-embedded, thick metal mesh. Flexible transparent electrodes fabricated by this process demonstrate among the highest reported performances, including ultra-low sheet resistance, high optical transmittance, mechanical stability under bending, strong substrate adhesion, surface smoothness, and environmental stability.

具有嵌入式金属网的高性能，灵活，透明电极的可扩展解决方案处理制造策略

Here, the authors report the embedded metal-mesh transparent electrode (EMTE), a new transparent electrode (TE) with a metal mesh completely embedded in a ...

A Fabrication and Measurement Method for a Flexible Ferroelectric Element Based on Van Der Waals Heteroepitaxy

Flexible non-volatile memories have received much attention as they are applicable for portable smart electronic device in the future, relying on high-density data storage and low-power consumption capabilities. However, the high-quality oxide based nonvolatile memory on flexible substrates is often constrained by the material characteristics and the inevitable high-temperature fabrication process. In this paper, a protocol is proposed to directly grow an epitaxial yet flexible lead zirconium titanate memory element on muscovite mica. The versatile deposition technique and measurement method enable the fabrication of flexible yet single-crystalline non-volatile memory elements necessary for the next generation of smart devices.

In this paper, we present a protocol to directly grow an epitaxial yet flexible lead zirconium titanate memory element on muscovite mica.

基于范德华 Heteroepitaxy 的柔性铁电元件制备及测量方法

Flexible non-volatile memories have received much attention as they are applicable for portable smart electronic device in the future, relying on ...

Fabrication of Flexible Image Sensor Based on Lateral NIPIN Phototransistors

Flexible photodetectors have been intensely studied for the use of curved image sensors, which are a crucial component in bio-inspired imaging systems, but several challenging points remain, such as a low absorption efficiency due to a thin active layer and low flexibility. We present an advanced method to fabricate a flexible phototransistor array with an improved electrical performance. The outstanding electrical performance is driven by a low dark current owing to deep impurity doping. Stretchable and flexible metal interconnectors simultaneously offer electrical and mechanical stabilities in a highly deformed state. The protocol explicitly describes the fabrication process of the phototransistor using a thin silicon membrane. By measuring I-V characteristics of the completed device in deformed states, we demonstrate that this approach improves the mechanical and electrical stabilities of the phototransistor array. We expect that this approach to a flexible phototransistor can be widely used for the applications of not only next-generation imaging systems/optoelectronics but also wearable devices such as tactile/pressure/temperature sensors and health monitors.

We present a detailed method to fabricate a deformable lateral NIPIN phototransistor array for curved image sensors. The phototransistor array with an open mesh form, which is composed of thin silicon islands and stretchable metal interconnectors, provides flexibility and stretchability. The parameter analyzer characterizes the electrical property of the fabricated phototransistor.

基于侧向 NIPIN Phototransistors 的柔性图像传感器的研制

Flexible photodetectors have been intensely studied for the use of curved image sensors, which are a crucial component in bio-inspired imaging systems, ...

One-Step Approach to Fabricating Polydimethylsiloxane Microfluidic Channels of Different Geometric Sections by Sequential Wet Etching Processes

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) materials are substantially exploited to fabricate microfluidic devices by using soft lithography replica molding techniques. Customized channel layout designs are necessary for specific functions and integrated performance of microfluidic devices in numerous biomedical and chemical applications (e.g., cell culture, biosensing, chemical synthesis, and liquid handling). Owing to the nature of molding approaches using silicon wafers with photoresist layers patterned by photolithography as master molds, the microfluidic channels commonly have regular cross sections of rectangular shapes with identical heights. Typically, channels with multiple heights or different geometric sections are designed to possess particular functions and to perform in various microfluidic applications (e.g., hydrophoresis is used for sorting particles and in continuous flows for separating blood cells6,7,8,9). Therefore, a great deal of effort has been made in constructing channels with various sections through multiple-step approaches like photolithography using several photoresist layers and assembly of different PDMS thin sheets. Nevertheless, such multiple-step approaches usually involve tedious procedures and extensive instrumentation. Furthermore, the fabricated devices may not perform consistently and the resulted experimental data may be unpredictable. Here, a one-step approach is developed for the straightforward fabrication of microfluidic channels with different geometric cross sections through PDMS sequential wet etching processes, that introduces etchant into channels of planned single-layer layouts embedded in PDMS materials. Compared to the existing methods for manufacturing PDMS microfluidic channels with different geometries, the developed one-step approach can significantly simplify the process to fabricate channels with non-rectangular sections or various heights. Consequently, the technique is a way of constructing complex microfluidic channels, which provides a fabrication solution for the advancement of innovative microfluidic systems.

Several methods are available for the fabrication of channels of non-rectangular sections embedded in polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic devices. Most of them involve multistep manufacturing and extensive alignment. In this paper, a one-step approach is reported for fabricating microfluidic channels of different geometric cross sections by polydimethylsiloxane sequential wet etching.

连续湿法刻蚀法制作不同几何断面烷微流控通道的一步法

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) materials are substantially exploited to fabricate microfluidic devices by using soft lithography replica molding techniques. ...

Drawing and Hydrophobicity-patterning Long Polydimethylsiloxane Silicone Filaments

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) silicone is a versatile polymer that cannot readily be formed into long filaments. Traditional spinning methods fail because PDMS does not exhibit long-range fluidity at melting. We introduce an improved method to produce filaments of PDMS by a stepped temperature profile of the polymer as it cross-links from a fluid to an elastomer. By monitoring its warm-temperature viscosity, we estimate a window of time when its material properties are amendable to drawing into long filaments. The filaments pass through a high-temperature tube oven, curing them sufficiently to be harvested. These filaments are on the order of hundreds of micrometers in diameter and tens of centimeters in length, and even longer and thinner filaments are possible. These filaments retain many of the material properties of bulk PDMS, including switchable hydrophobicity. We demonstrate this capability with an automated corona-discharge patterning method. These patternable PDMS silicone filaments have applications in silicone weavings, gas-permeable sensor components, and model microscale foldamers.

Here, we present a protocol to produce long filaments of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) silicone by gravity-drawing through a furnace. Filaments are on the order of hundreds of micrometers in diameter and tens of centimeters in length and are hydrophobically patternable via an Arduino-controlled corona discharge system.

拉伸和疏水图案长聚二甲基硅氧烷硅丝丝

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) silicone is a versatile polymer that cannot readily be formed into long filaments. Traditional spinning methods fail because ...

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Theoretical, numerical, and experimental methods are presented for multiple scattering of light in macroscopic discrete random media of densely-packed microscopic particles. The theoretical and numerical methods constitute a framework of Radiative Transfer with Reciprocal Transactions (R2T2). The R2T2 framework entails Monte Carlo order-of-scattering tracing of interactions in the frequency space, assuming that the fundamental scatterers and absorbers are wavelength-scale volume elements composed of large numbers of randomly distributed particles. The discrete random media are fully packed with the volume elements. For spherical and nonspherical particles, the interactions within the volume elements are computed exactly using the Superposition T-Matrix Method (STMM) and the Volume Integral Equation Method (VIEM), respectively. For both particle types, the interactions between different volume elements are computed exactly using the STMM. As the tracing takes place within the discrete random media, incoherent electromagnetic fields are utilized, that is, the coherent field of the volume elements is removed from the interactions. The experimental methods are based on acoustic levitation of the samples for non-contact, non-destructive scattering measurements. The levitation entails full ultrasonic control of the sample position and orientation, that is, six degrees of freedom. The light source is a laser-driven white-light source with a monochromator and polarizer. The detector is a mini-photomultiplier tube on a rotating wheel, equipped with polarizers. The R2T2 is validated using measurements for a mm-scale spherical sample of densely-packed spherical silica particles. After validation, the methods are applied to interpret astronomical observations for asteroid (4) Vesta and comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (Figure 1) recently visited by the NASA Dawn mission and the ESA Rosetta mission, respectively.

Numerical and experimental methods are presented for multiple scattering of light in discrete random media of densely-packed particles. The methods are utilized to interpret the observations of asteroid (4) Vesta and comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.

行星光的散射和吸收

Theoretical, numerical, and experimental methods are presented for multiple scattering of light in macroscopic discrete random media of densely-packed ...