이 연구는 중국 국립 자연 과학 재단(보조금 번호 61974004 및 61931018)과 중국 국가 핵심 R&D 프로그램(보조금 번호 2021YFB3200100)의 지원을 받습니다. 이 연구는 전자 현미경에 대한 접근을 제공한 북경 대학의 전자 현미경 실험실을 인정합니다. 또한 이 연구는 라만 측정에 도움을 준 Ying Cui와 베이징 대학교 지구 및 우주 과학 학교에 감사드립니다.

1. 나노 입자의 합성
<ol><li>질산은 용액의 제조<ol><li>정밀 칭량 저울을 사용하여 0.0017 g의 AR 등급 질산은(AgNO3, 재료 표 참조)을 측정하고 10 mL의 탈이온수(DI)에 첨가합니다. 혼합물을 저어 10-3 mol/LAgNO3 용액을 만듭니다.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>은-암모니아 복합체의 제조<ol><li>AR 등급 암모니아수 1mL(NH3. H2O, 재료표 참조)를 주사기를 이용하여 교반하면서 질산은 용액에 한 방울씩 첨가한다. 용액이 명확해지면 적가 첨가를 중지합니다.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>포도당 용액의 제조<ol><li>정밀 칭량 저울을 사용하여 AR 등급 포도당 분말 0.36g( 재료 표 참조)을 측정하고 DI 물 10mL에 첨가합니다. 혼합물을 잘 저어 0.2M 포도당 용액을 만듭니다.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>은 나노 입자 (AgNP)의 합성<ol><li>피펫 건을 사용하여 30분 간격으로 포도당 용액(1.3단계에서 제조)에 30μL의 은-암모니아 복합체(1.2단계에서 제조)를 추가합니다. 용액이 노랗게 변할 때까지 저어주면서 이 과정을 4-6회 반복합니다.</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>2. 유연한 기판의 준비
<ol><li>PDMS 기판의 제조<ol><li>PDMS 기판을 합성하려면 약 5g의 PDMS A 용액을 취하고 B 용액(시판되는 키트에서 재료 표 참조)을 1:10의 비율로 추가합니다.</li>
		<li>PDMS A 및 B 용액을 저어주고 완전히 혼합합니다.</li>
		<li>혼합된 PDMS를 사각형 접시에 옮긴 다음 80°C 오븐에서 2시간 동안 굽습니다.</li>
		<li>위의 과정을 통해 경화한 후 메스를 사용하여 페트리 접시의 어두운 그리드를 따라 PDMS를 절단하여 약 1cm x 1cm 크기의 작은 PDMS 큐브를 만듭니다.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>표면 개질<ol><li>앞서 언급한 작은 PDMS 조각에 플라즈마 처리를 적용합니다. 휴대용 플라즈마 처리기( 재료 표 참조)를 사용하고 PDMS 표면에서 약 5-10cm 앞뒤로 움직여 표면 플라즈마 처리를 수행합니다.</li>
		<li>플라즈마 프로세서를 사용하여 표면을 수정하여 PDMS 표면에 수산기 형성을 유도하여 친수성27을 만듭니다.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>APTES로 수정<ol><li>10 % APTES 용액을 준비합니다 ( 재료 표 참조).</li>
		<li>2.2단계에서 얻은 표면 개질 PDMS를 APTES 용액에 담그고 10시간 동안 그대로 둡니다. 이를 통해 APTES는 PDMS 표면의 수산기와 결합할 수 있습니다.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>AgNP의 자체 조립<ol><li>단계 2.3에서 얻은 PDMS 기판을 단계 1.4에서 합성된 AgNP 용액에 10시간 동안 담그십시오. 이를 통해 AgNP를 PDMS 기판에 자체 조립하여 최종 유연한 SERS 검출 기판을 만듭니다.</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>

R6G 및 Thiram의 SERS 검출을 위한 유연한 기판 제작

<ol>
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H., Tian, L., Singamaneni, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paper-based+SERS+swab+for+rapid+trace+detection+on+real-world+surfaces.">Paper-based SERS swab for rapid trace detection on real-world surfaces.</a> ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. 2, 3429-3435 (2010).</li><li>Cheng, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drug+preconcentration+and+direct+quantification+in+biofluids+using+3D-printed+paper+cartridge.">Drug preconcentration and direct quantification in biofluids using 3D-printed paper cartridge.</a> Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 189, 113266-113277 (2021).</li></ol>

저자는 이해 상충이 없음을 선언합니다.

이 연구에서는 화학적 변형을 통해 AgNP를 PDMS에 결합하고 우수한 성능을 달성한 유연한 SERS 기판을 도입했습니다. 입자 합성 중, 특히 은 암모니아 복합체 합성(1.2단계)에서 용액의 색상이 중요한 역할을 합니다. 암모니아 물을 너무 많이 적하하면 AgNP의 합성 품질에 부정적인 영향을 미쳐 검출 결과가 실패할 수 있습니다. 합성 과정에서 기판 개질(2.2단계)에 주의를 기울여야 합니다. 그렇지 않으?...

라만 산란의 일종인 표면 강화 라만 산란(SERS)은 고감도 및 부드러운 검출 조건의 이점을 제공하며 단일 분자 검출도 달성할 수 있습니다 1,2,3,4. 금 및 은과 같은 금속 나노 구조는 일반적으로 물질 검출을 가능하게 하는 SERS 기판으로 사용됩니다 5,6. 나노 구조 표면의 전자기 결합 향상은 SERS 응용 분야에서 중요한 역할을 합니다. 다양한 크기, 모양, 입자 간 거리 및 조성을 가진 금속 나노 구조는 국부적인 표면 플라즈몬 공명(7,8)으로 인해 강렬한 전자기장을 생성하는 수많은 "핫스팟"을 생성하기 위해 응집될 수 있습니다. 많은 연구에서 SERS 기판으로 형태가 다른 금속 나노 입자를 개발하여 SERS 향상 9,10을 달성하는 데 효과적임을 입증했습니다.
유연한 SERS 기판은 곡선 표면에서 직접 감지를 용이하게 하기 위해 유연한 기판에 증착된 SERS 효과를 생성할 수 있는 나노 구조를 사용하여 광범위한 응용 분야를 찾습니다. 유연한 SERS 기판은 불규칙하거나, 비평면이거나, 곡면에 있는 표면에서 분석물을 검출하고 수집하는 데 사용됩니다. 일반적인 연성 SERS 기판에는 섬유, 폴리머 필름 및 그래핀 산화막 11,12,13,14가 포함됩니다. 그 중 폴리디메틸실록산(PDMS)은 가장 널리 사용되는 고분자 재료 중 하나이며 높은 투명도, 높은 인장 강도, 화학적 안정성, 무독성 및 접착력15,16,17과 같은 이점을 제공합니다. PDMS는 라만 단면적이 낮아 라만 신호에 미치는 영향은 무시할 수 있다18. PDMS 프리폴리머는 액체 형태이기 때문에 열이나 빛에 의해 경화될 수 있어 높은 수준의 제어성과 편의성을 제공합니다. PDMS-기반 SERS 기판은 비교적 일반적인 유연한 SERS 기판으로서, 예시적인 성능(19,20)을 갖는 상이한 생화학적 물질을 검출하기 위해 다양한 금속 나노입자를 내장하기 위해 이전 연구에서 사용되어 왔다.
SERS 기판을 준비할 때 나노갭 구조의 제작이 중요합니다. 물리적 증착 기술은 높은 확장성, 균일성 및 재현성과 같은 이점을 제공하지만 일반적으로 우수한 진공 조건과 특수 장비가 필요하므로 실제 적용이 제한됩니다21. 또한, 수 나노미터 규모의 나노 구조를 제작하는 것은 기존의 증착 기술로는 여전히 어려운 과제로 남아있다 22. 결과적으로, 화학적 방법을 통해 합성된 나노 입자는 다양한 상호작용을 통해 유연한 투명 필름에 흡착될 수 있으며, 나노 스케일에서 금속 구조의 자체 조립을 용이하게 할 수 있습니다. 성공적인 흡착을 보장하기 위해, 상호 작용은 그 표면 친수성을 변경하기 위해 필름 표면을 물리적 또는 화학적으로 변형시킴으로써 조정될 수 있다(23). 은 나노 입자는 금 나노 입자에 비해 더 나은 SERS 성능을 나타내지 만 불안정성, 특히 공기 중 산화에 대한 민감성으로 인해 SERS 향상 인자 (EF)가 급격히 감소하여 기판 성능에 영향을 미친다24. 따라서 안정적인 입자 방법을 개발하는 것이 필수적입니다.
살충제 잔류물의 존재는 상당한 주목을 받아왔으며, 현장에서 식품에서 다양한 등급의 유해 화학물질을 신속하게 검출하고 식별할 수 있는 강력한 방법에 대한 긴급한 필요성을 야기하고 있다25,26. 유연한 SERS 기판은 실제 응용 분야, 특히 식품 안전 분야에서 고유한 이점을 제공합니다. 이 기사에서는 합성 포도당 코팅은 나노 입자(AgNP)를 PDMS 기판에 접착하여 유연한 SERS 기판을 제조하는 방법을 소개합니다(그림 1). 포도당의 존재는 AgNP를 보호하여 공기 중의 은 산화를 완화합니다. 이 기판은 우수한 검출 성능을 보여 10-10M의 낮은 로다 민 6G (R6G)와 10-8M의 살충제 Thiram을 우수한 균일 성으로 검출 할 수 있습니다. 또한, 유연한 기판은 다양한 잠재적 응용 시나리오와 함께 접착 및 샘플링을 통한 검출에 사용할 수 있습니다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonia (NH3.H2O, 25%)</td>
			<td>Beijing Chemical Works</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>APTES (98%)</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>ST1087</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD-20AC Laboratory Chrona Treater</td>
			<td>Electro-Technic Products Inc.</td>
			<td>12051A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-glucose</td>
			<td>Beijing Chemical Works</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Environmental Scanning electron microscope (ESEM)</td>
			<td>FEI</td>
			<td>QUANTA 250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Raman microscope</td>
			<td>Horiba JY</td>
			<td>LabRAM HR Evolution</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rhodamine 6G</td>
			<td>Beijing Chemical Works</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone Elastomer Base and Silicone Elastomer Curing Agent</td>
			<td>Dow Corning Corporation</td>
			<td>SYLGARD 184</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver nitrate</td>
			<td>Beijing Chemical Works</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thiram (C6H12N2S2, 99.9%)</td>
			<td>Beijing Chemical Works</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabrication of polydimethylsiloxane (pdms)-based flexible surface-enhanced raman scattering (sers) substrate for ultrasensitive detection

이 기사에서는 SERS(Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering)를 위해 설계된 유연한 기판의 제조 방법을 제시합니다. 은 나노 입자 (AgNP)는 질산 은(AgNO3)과 암모니아를 포함하는 착화 반응을 통해 합성 된 후 포도당을 사용하여 환원되었습니다. 그 결과 AgNP는 20nm에서 50nm 범위의 균일한 크기 분포를 나타냈습니다. 이어서, 3-아미노프로필 트리에톡시실란(APTES)을 사용하여 산소 플라즈마로 표면 처리된 PDMS 기판을 변형시켰다. 이 공정은 기판에 AgNP의 자체 조립을 용이하게 했습니다. 다양한 실험 조건이 기판 성능에 미치는 영향에 대한 체계적인 평가는 우수한 성능과 EF(Enhanced Factor)를 갖춘 SERS 기판의 개발로 이어졌습니다. 이 기판을 활용하여 R6G(로다민 6G)의 경우 10-10M , 티람의 경우 10-8M 의 인상적인 검출 한계를 달성했습니다. 이 기질은 사과의 잔류 농약을 검출하는 데 성공적으로 사용되어 매우 만족스러운 결과를 얻었습니다. 유연한 SERS 기판은 복잡한 시나리오에서의 감지를 포함하여 실제 응용 분야에 대한 큰 잠재력을 보여줍니다.

본 연구에서는 합성 AgNP를 포도당으로 감싸고 APTES를 이용하여 PDMS에 자가 조립한 유연한 SERS 기질을 개발하여 실제 살충제 검출 응용 분야에서 우수한 검출 성능을 달성하였다. R6G 및 Thiram의 검출 한계는 각각 10-10M 및 10-8M에 도달했으며 EF(Enhancement Factor)는 1 x 10 5입니다. 또한, 기판은 균일성을 입증했다.
글루코스에 싸인 AgNP는 개선된 톨렌스 방법<sup c...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development and Application of SERS Flexible Substrates Using Synthesized AgNPs at JoVE.com

저자 스포트라이트: Synthesized AgNPs를 사용한 SERS Flexible Substrates의 개발 및 응용. 

이 프로토콜은 표면 강화 라만 산란을 위한 유연한 기판의 제조 방법을 설명합니다. 이 방법은 낮은 농도의 R6G 및 Thiram을 성공적으로 검출하는 데 사용되었습니다.

초고감도 검출을 위한 폴리디메틸실록산(PDMS) 기반 SERS(Flexible Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering) 기판 제작

This article presents a fabrication method for a flexible substrate designed for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS). Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) ...

이 프로토콜은 SERS 플렉시블 기판을 준비하여 실제 검출 시나리오에 적용하는 방법을 설명합니다. 이 프로토콜에서 제공하는 SERS 플렉시블 기판은 환경 친화적이며 우수한 검출 성능을 달성합니다. 은 나노 입자는 간단한 용기로 쉽게 합성 할 수 있으며 복잡한 실험 조건과 환경이 필요하지 않습니다.우리 연구실에서는 본 연구에 사용된 용기를 통해 합성된 은 나노입자 연구에 주력할 계획이다. SERS 검출 기능을 강화하고 고유한 특성과 특성을 활용하여 더 나은 성능의 SERS 검출 기판을 설계하는 방법을 살펴봅니다.

fabrication-polydimethylsiloxane-pdms-based-flexible-surface-enhanced

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Fabrication of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-Based Flexible Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Substrate for Ultrasensitive Detection

2.0K 조회수.  Peking University. 이 프로토콜은 SERS 플렉시블 기판을 준비하여 실제 검출 시나리오에 적용하는 방법을 설명합니다. 이 프로토콜에서 제공하는 SERS 플렉시블 기판은 환경 친화적이며 우수한 검출 성능을 달성합니다. 은 나노 입자는 간단한 용기로 쉽게 합성 할 수 있으며 복잡한 실험 조건과 환경이 필요하지 않습니다.우리 연구실에서는 본 연구에 사용된 용기를 통해 합성된 은 나노입?...

비디오: 저자 스포트라이트: Synthesized AgNPs를 사용한 SERS Flexible Substrates의 개발 및 응용. 

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) Microscopy Visualizes Pharmaceutical Tablets During Dissolution

Traditional pharmaceutical dissolution tests determine the amount of drug dissolved over time by measuring drug content in the dissolution medium. This method provides little direct information about what is happening on the surface of the dissolving tablet. As the tablet surface composition and structure can change during dissolution, it is essential to monitor it during dissolution testing. In this work coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy is used to image the surface of tablets during dissolution while UV absorption spectroscopy is simultaneously providing inline analysis of dissolved drug concentration for tablets containing a 50% mixture of theophylline anhydrate and ethyl cellulose. The measurements showed that in situ CARS microscopy is capable of imaging selectively theophylline in the presence of ethyl cellulose. Additionally, the theophylline anhydrate converted to theophylline monohydrate during dissolution, with needle-shaped crystals growing on the tablet surface during dissolution. The conversion of theophylline anhydrate to monohydrate, combined with reduced exposure of the drug to the flowing dissolution medium resulted in decreased dissolution rates. Our results show that in situ CARS microscopy combined with inline UV absorption spectroscopy is capable of monitoring pharmaceutical tablet dissolution and correlating surface changes with changes in dissolution rate.

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Scattering CARS Microscopy Visualizes Pharmaceutical Tablets During Dissolution

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy is combined with an intrinsic flow-through dissolution setup to allow in situ and real-time visualization of the surface of pharmaceutical tablets undergoing dissolution. Using this custom-built setup, it is possible to correlate CARS videos with drug dissolution profiles recorded using inline UV absorption spectroscopy.

해산 동안 일관된 반 스톡스 라만 산란 (CARS) 현미경 시각화 제약 정제

Traditional pharmaceutical dissolution tests determine the amount of drug dissolved over time by measuring drug content in the dissolution medium. This ...

연구

공학

Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Detection of Biomolecules Using EBL Fabricated Nanostructured Substrates

Fabrication and characterization of conjugate nano-biological systems interfacing metallic nanostructures on solid supports with immobilized biomolecules is reported. The entire sequence of relevant experimental steps is described, involving the fabrication of nanostructured substrates using electron beam lithography, immobilization of biomolecules on the substrates, and their characterization utilizing surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Three different designs of nano-biological systems are employed, including protein A, glucose binding protein, and a dopamine binding DNA aptamer. In the latter two cases, the binding of respective ligands, D-glucose and dopamine, is also included. The three kinds of biomolecules are immobilized on nanostructured substrates by different methods, and the results of SERS imaging are reported. The capabilities of SERS to detect vibrational modes from surface-immobilized proteins, as well as to capture the protein-ligand and aptamer-ligand binding are demonstrated. The results also illustrate the influence of the surface nanostructure geometry, biomolecules immobilization strategy, Raman activity of the molecules and presence or absence of the ligand binding on the SERS spectra acquired.

We describe the fabrication and characterization of nano-biological systems interfacing nanostructured substrates with immobilized proteins and aptamers. The relevant experimental steps involving lithographic fabrication of nanostructured substrates, bio-functionalization, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) characterization, are reported. SERS detection of surface-immobilized proteins, and probing of protein-ligand and aptamer-ligand binding is demonstrated.

표면 EBL 날조 된 나노 구조 기판을 사용하여 생체 분자의 라만 분광학 감지 강화

Fabrication and characterization of conjugate nano-biological systems interfacing metallic nanostructures on solid supports with immobilized biomolecules ...

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres can be thought as a store of energy with a huge variety of applications: compact laser sources, highly sensitive biochemical sensors and nonlinear phenomena. A protocol for the fabrication of both the microspheres and coupling system is given. The couplers described here are tapered fibers. Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS). A proof of the cavity-enhanced phenomenon is given by the lack of correlation among the pump, signal and idler: a resonant mode has to exist in order to obtain the pair of signal and idler. In the case of hyperparametric oscillations (four wave mixing and stimulated anti-stokes Raman scattering), the modes must fulfill the energy and momentum conservation and, last but not least, have a good spatial overlap.

Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS).

Microspherical 위스퍼 링 갤러리 모드 공진기에 자극 스톡스와 Antistokes 라만 산란

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres ...

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler (SLPS) Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light scattering from intraocular lenses (IOLs) using goniophotometer principles. This protocol describes the SLSP platform and how it employs a 360&#176; rotational photodetector sensor that is scanned around an IOL sample while recording the intensity and location of scattered light as it passes through the IOL medium. The SLSP platform can be used to predict, non-clinically, the propensity for current and novel IOL designs and materials to induce light scatter. Non-clinical evaluation of light scattering properties of IOLs can significantly reduce the number of patient complaints related to unwanted glare, glistening, optical defects, poor image quality, and other phenomena associated with the unintended light scattering. Future studies should be conducted to correlate SLSP data with clinical results to help identify which measured light scatter is most problematic for patients that have undergone cataract surgery subsequent to IOL implantation.

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler SLPS Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

This protocol describes the scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) that enables the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward scattering of light from intraocular lenses (IOLs) using goniophotometer principles.

SLPS (Scanning Profiling Profiler) 기반 방법론으로 안구 내 렌즈의 전방 및 후방 산란을 정량적으로 평가

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light ...

Scalable Solution-processed Fabrication Strategy for High-performance, Flexible, Transparent Electrodes with Embedded Metal Mesh

Here, the authors report the embedded metal-mesh transparent electrode (EMTE), a new transparent electrode (TE) with a metal mesh completely embedded in a polymer film. This paper also presents a low-cost, vacuum-free fabrication method for this novel TE; the approach combines lithography, electroplating, and imprint transfer (LEIT) processing. The embedded nature of the EMTEs offers many advantages, such as high surface smoothness, which is essential for organic electronic device production; superior mechanical stability during bending; favorable resistance to chemicals and moisture; and strong adhesion with plastic film. LEIT fabrication features an electroplating process for vacuum-free metal deposition and is favorable for industrial mass production. Furthermore, LEIT allows for the fabrication of metal mesh with a high aspect ratio (i.e., thickness to linewidth), significantly enhancing its electrical conductance without adversely losing optical transmittance. We demonstrate several prototypes of flexible EMTEs, with sheet resistances lower than 1 &#937;/sq and transmittances greater than 90%, resulting in very high figures of merit (FoM) &#8211; up to 1.5 x 104 &#8211; which are amongst the best values in the published literature.

This protocol describes a solution-based fabrication strategy for high-performance, flexible, transparent electrodes with fully-embedded, thick metal mesh. Flexible transparent electrodes fabricated by this process demonstrate among the highest reported performances, including ultra-low sheet resistance, high optical transmittance, mechanical stability under bending, strong substrate adhesion, surface smoothness, and environmental stability.

Here, the authors report the embedded metal-mesh transparent electrode (EMTE), a new transparent electrode (TE) with a metal mesh completely embedded in a ...

A Fabrication and Measurement Method for a Flexible Ferroelectric Element Based on Van Der Waals Heteroepitaxy

Flexible non-volatile memories have received much attention as they are applicable for portable smart electronic device in the future, relying on high-density data storage and low-power consumption capabilities. However, the high-quality oxide based nonvolatile memory on flexible substrates is often constrained by the material characteristics and the inevitable high-temperature fabrication process. In this paper, a protocol is proposed to directly grow an epitaxial yet flexible lead zirconium titanate memory element on muscovite mica. The versatile deposition technique and measurement method enable the fabrication of flexible yet single-crystalline non-volatile memory elements necessary for the next generation of smart devices.

In this paper, we present a protocol to directly grow an epitaxial yet flexible lead zirconium titanate memory element on muscovite mica.

제조 및 반 데르 발스 Heteroepitaxy에 따라 유연한 Ferroelectric 요소에 대 한 측정 방법

Flexible non-volatile memories have received much attention as they are applicable for portable smart electronic device in the future, relying on ...

Fabrication of Flexible Image Sensor Based on Lateral NIPIN Phototransistors

Flexible photodetectors have been intensely studied for the use of curved image sensors, which are a crucial component in bio-inspired imaging systems, but several challenging points remain, such as a low absorption efficiency due to a thin active layer and low flexibility. We present an advanced method to fabricate a flexible phototransistor array with an improved electrical performance. The outstanding electrical performance is driven by a low dark current owing to deep impurity doping. Stretchable and flexible metal interconnectors simultaneously offer electrical and mechanical stabilities in a highly deformed state. The protocol explicitly describes the fabrication process of the phototransistor using a thin silicon membrane. By measuring I-V characteristics of the completed device in deformed states, we demonstrate that this approach improves the mechanical and electrical stabilities of the phototransistor array. We expect that this approach to a flexible phototransistor can be widely used for the applications of not only next-generation imaging systems/optoelectronics but also wearable devices such as tactile/pressure/temperature sensors and health monitors.

We present a detailed method to fabricate a deformable lateral NIPIN phototransistor array for curved image sensors. The phototransistor array with an open mesh form, which is composed of thin silicon islands and stretchable metal interconnectors, provides flexibility and stretchability. The parameter analyzer characterizes the electrical property of the fabricated phototransistor.

측면 NIPIN 포토 트랜지스터에 따라 유연한 이미지 센서의 제조

Flexible photodetectors have been intensely studied for the use of curved image sensors, which are a crucial component in bio-inspired imaging systems, ...

One-Step Approach to Fabricating Polydimethylsiloxane Microfluidic Channels of Different Geometric Sections by Sequential Wet Etching Processes

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) materials are substantially exploited to fabricate microfluidic devices by using soft lithography replica molding techniques. Customized channel layout designs are necessary for specific functions and integrated performance of microfluidic devices in numerous biomedical and chemical applications (e.g., cell culture, biosensing, chemical synthesis, and liquid handling). Owing to the nature of molding approaches using silicon wafers with photoresist layers patterned by photolithography as master molds, the microfluidic channels commonly have regular cross sections of rectangular shapes with identical heights. Typically, channels with multiple heights or different geometric sections are designed to possess particular functions and to perform in various microfluidic applications (e.g., hydrophoresis is used for sorting particles and in continuous flows for separating blood cells6,7,8,9). Therefore, a great deal of effort has been made in constructing channels with various sections through multiple-step approaches like photolithography using several photoresist layers and assembly of different PDMS thin sheets. Nevertheless, such multiple-step approaches usually involve tedious procedures and extensive instrumentation. Furthermore, the fabricated devices may not perform consistently and the resulted experimental data may be unpredictable. Here, a one-step approach is developed for the straightforward fabrication of microfluidic channels with different geometric cross sections through PDMS sequential wet etching processes, that introduces etchant into channels of planned single-layer layouts embedded in PDMS materials. Compared to the existing methods for manufacturing PDMS microfluidic channels with different geometries, the developed one-step approach can significantly simplify the process to fabricate channels with non-rectangular sections or various heights. Consequently, the technique is a way of constructing complex microfluidic channels, which provides a fabrication solution for the advancement of innovative microfluidic systems.

Several methods are available for the fabrication of channels of non-rectangular sections embedded in polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic devices. Most of them involve multistep manufacturing and extensive alignment. In this paper, a one-step approach is reported for fabricating microfluidic channels of different geometric cross sections by polydimethylsiloxane sequential wet etching.

1 단계 접근입니다 미세 채널 순차적 습식된 에칭 프로세스에 의해 다른 형상 섹션의 조작

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) materials are substantially exploited to fabricate microfluidic devices by using soft lithography replica molding techniques. ...

Drawing and Hydrophobicity-patterning Long Polydimethylsiloxane Silicone Filaments

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) silicone is a versatile polymer that cannot readily be formed into long filaments. Traditional spinning methods fail because PDMS does not exhibit long-range fluidity at melting. We introduce an improved method to produce filaments of PDMS by a stepped temperature profile of the polymer as it cross-links from a fluid to an elastomer. By monitoring its warm-temperature viscosity, we estimate a window of time when its material properties are amendable to drawing into long filaments. The filaments pass through a high-temperature tube oven, curing them sufficiently to be harvested. These filaments are on the order of hundreds of micrometers in diameter and tens of centimeters in length, and even longer and thinner filaments are possible. These filaments retain many of the material properties of bulk PDMS, including switchable hydrophobicity. We demonstrate this capability with an automated corona-discharge patterning method. These patternable PDMS silicone filaments have applications in silicone weavings, gas-permeable sensor components, and model microscale foldamers.

Here, we present a protocol to produce long filaments of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) silicone by gravity-drawing through a furnace. Filaments are on the order of hundreds of micrometers in diameter and tens of centimeters in length and are hydrophobically patternable via an Arduino-controlled corona discharge system.

드로잉과 Hydrophobicity 패턴화 오래입니다 실리콘 필 라 멘 트

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) silicone is a versatile polymer that cannot readily be formed into long filaments. Traditional spinning methods fail because ...

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Theoretical, numerical, and experimental methods are presented for multiple scattering of light in macroscopic discrete random media of densely-packed microscopic particles. The theoretical and numerical methods constitute a framework of Radiative Transfer with Reciprocal Transactions (R2T2). The R2T2 framework entails Monte Carlo order-of-scattering tracing of interactions in the frequency space, assuming that the fundamental scatterers and absorbers are wavelength-scale volume elements composed of large numbers of randomly distributed particles. The discrete random media are fully packed with the volume elements. For spherical and nonspherical particles, the interactions within the volume elements are computed exactly using the Superposition T-Matrix Method (STMM) and the Volume Integral Equation Method (VIEM), respectively. For both particle types, the interactions between different volume elements are computed exactly using the STMM. As the tracing takes place within the discrete random media, incoherent electromagnetic fields are utilized, that is, the coherent field of the volume elements is removed from the interactions. The experimental methods are based on acoustic levitation of the samples for non-contact, non-destructive scattering measurements. The levitation entails full ultrasonic control of the sample position and orientation, that is, six degrees of freedom. The light source is a laser-driven white-light source with a monochromator and polarizer. The detector is a mini-photomultiplier tube on a rotating wheel, equipped with polarizers. The R2T2 is validated using measurements for a mm-scale spherical sample of densely-packed spherical silica particles. After validation, the methods are applied to interpret astronomical observations for asteroid (4) Vesta and comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (Figure 1) recently visited by the NASA Dawn mission and the ESA Rosetta mission, respectively.

Numerical and experimental methods are presented for multiple scattering of light in discrete random media of densely-packed particles. The methods are utilized to interpret the observations of asteroid (4) Vesta and comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.

행성 레골리스에서 빛의 산란 및 흡수

Theoretical, numerical, and experimental methods are presented for multiple scattering of light in macroscopic discrete random media of densely-packed ...