这项工作得到了美国国立卫生研究院的支持[R01EY030996]。

德克萨斯大学健康科学中心和石溪大学根据机构指南对人类参与者进行研究，并获得参与者的知情同意，并使用他们的数据。
1. MRI扫描仪和成像协议的设置
<ol><li>对于 fMRI，请使用带有多通道接收器头线圈的 3T MRI 扫描仪。也可以使用不同的场强，但可能会遇到信噪比 （SNR） 或失真伪影的困难，因此请进行相应调整。仅使用头部线圈的后半部分进行 fMRI，以允许更大的视角不受线圈前半部分的阻碍。</li>
	<li>设置重复时间 （TR） 为 2.2 s、回波时间 （TE） 为 2.8 ms、视场 （FOV） 为 176 mm x 256 mm x 208 mm、空间分辨率为 1 mm x 1 mm x 1 mm x 1 mm、带宽为 190 Hz/像素、翻转角度为 13°、 扫描持续时间为 3.1 分钟3.</li>
	<li>设置梯度回波、回波平面成像 （EPI） 序列，TR 为 2 s，TE 为 30 ms，FOV 为 220 mm x 220 mm，面内分辨率为 1.7 mm x 1.7 mm，29 个厚度为 3 mm 的切片，带宽为 1,500 Hz/pixel3。</li>
	<li>测量头部线圈和扫描器孔的尺寸，然后通过将聚氯乙烯 （PVC） 管切割成合适的长度并用 PVC 弯头连接来构建一个简单的框架。获得一面至少 25 厘米宽、15 厘米高的镜子，并用螺丝将其固定在塑料杆上（可以在镜子上钻小孔）。<ol><li>用尼龙螺钉将塑料棒的末端连接到 PVC 框架上（图 1A）。确保尼龙螺丝略微松动，以便用手旋转镜子，以优化每个参与者的角度。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>制作一个屏幕以进入 MRI 孔。切割一段大约与 MRI 孔大小相同的背投屏幕。构建一个与孔大小相同的框架，并用螺钉将屏幕连接到框架上。将屏幕放置在扫描仪内，就在头部线圈的后面，以最小化屏幕和镜子之间的距离并最大化 FOV。 注意：如果扫描仪孔足够大，则可以使用单个屏幕供参与者直接查看，而不是镜子和背投屏幕设置。将投影屏幕连接到薄木板作为背衬或薄薄的哑光白色塑料片上，可以用作屏幕并放置在框架上而不是镜子上。然后，投影仪应定位并聚焦，使其充满屏幕并处于对焦状态。</li>
</ol>2. 参与者准备
<ol><li>告知参与者 fMRI 扫描的程序、风险和益处。征得他们的知情同意。</li>
	<li>确保参与者没有任何 MRI 禁忌症。这包括筛查心脏起搏器、金属植入物或幽闭恐惧症。如果您有任何不确定性，请咨询合格的放射科医生或研究人员，如果仍然存在任何不确定性，请将参与者排除在研究之外。</li>
	<li>解释视觉刺激方案以及参与者在 fMRI 扫描期间需要注视中央十字架。出于教学目的，向参与者展示视觉刺激的简短演示，以使他们熟悉该程序。</li>
	<li>小心地将参与者放在 MRI 扫描仪的桌子上，以确保他们感到舒适和放松。提供耳塞和/或消音耳机，以减少参与者将听到的噪音，以保护他们的听力。</li>
	<li>将参与者的头部固定在头部线圈阵列的后半部分，在头部两侧使用泡沫衬垫，以确保头部正确固定，以减少运动伪影。使用扫描仪的定位系统，将工作台移入扫描仪孔中。</li>
	<li>将宽视角屏幕或镜子放置在距离患者眼睛 10 厘米处（图 1B）。将孔大小的屏幕从扫描仪孔的背面放置在头部线圈的后面。为每个参与者调整镜子/屏幕的位置和角度，以实现一致的视角。</li>
	<li>通过对讲机进行通信，确保参与者在整个扫描过程中感到舒适。</li>
</ol>3. 参与者的 fMRI 扫描
<ol><li>使用三个正交平面运行定位器扫描，并对扫描仪进行频率调整和匀场调整和校准。</li>
	<li>运行 MP-RAGE 解剖扫描以帮助定位 EPI 切片。</li>
	<li>创建视觉刺激，如以下步骤所述，使用用于运行行为或心理实验的程序。</li>
	<li>在 fMRI 协议开始时，指示参与者注视白色十字 （3° x 3°），该十字应位于刺激中心的灰色背景之上 10 秒。 注意：白色十字将在每个视觉刺激范式之前和之后显示 10 秒。因此，每个范式的总 fMRI 刺激测试为 200 秒。</li>
	<li>提出第一个视觉刺激范式（一系列旋转楔形），持续 30 秒（角速度为 6°/s），并在六个周期内循环。楔形刺激应包括 12 帧旋转楔形（一帧顺时针旋转扫描，一帧逆时针旋转扫描），延伸到屏幕/镜子的边缘（>100° 视野），具有 8 Hz 对比度反转黑白（100% 对比度）棋盘图案（图 2A）。</li>
	<li>再次呈现白色十字架 10 秒。</li>
	<li>使用第二种视觉刺激范式（一系列扩张和收缩环）重复步骤 3.4-3.6，持续 30 秒（以视野的 1.8°/s 扩张或收缩）循环六个周期。环刺激应包括八帧扩张或收缩的环（>100°视野），具有 8 Hz 对比度反转黑白（100% 对比度）棋盘图案（图 2B）。</li>
	<li>完成 fMRI 后，将工作台移出扫描仪孔，同时指示参与者保持静止。取下镜子/屏幕，将头部线圈的前部放在后部，然后将工作台移回扫描仪的中心。</li>
	<li>在发生任何移动时获取快速定位器扫描，并使用全头线圈获取 MP-RAGE 扫描。 注意：需要带有整个头部线圈的解剖图像才能准确配准，以便进行组分析和重建。</li>
</ol>4. 视网膜功能磁共振成像数据分析
<ol><li>下载并安装用于 MRI 分析的 FreeSurfer 应用程序 （https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu）20。 注意：此处使用的是 FreeSurfer 版本 5.3.0。</li>
	<li>从 MRI 扫描仪获取医学数字成像和通信 （DICOM） 格式的图像。使用 dcm2niix 应用程序 （https://www.nitrc.org/projects/mricrogl）21 将 DICOM 文件转换为 nifti 格式。</li>
	<li>处理 T1 加权扫描以提供皮质表面参考，如以下两个步骤所述。使用 FreeSurfer 将结构数据从 nifti 格式转换为 .mgz 格式（mri_convert命令）。</li>
	<li>在 shell 环境中使用 recon-all 命令对结构数据执行自动分割和皮层重建。 注意：此步骤可能需要 20 小时以上才能完成。</li>
	<li>使用图形用户界面 tksurfer 查看充气的半球，并沿钙骨裂隙虚拟切割视觉皮层，并选择枕叶。使用 mris_flatten 命令将视觉皮层贴片展平。对两个半球重复此步骤。</li>
	<li>对于 fMRI 数据，首先从数据的开始和结束时删除休息期，仅显示注视交叉。筛选 fMRI 数据中的伪影或大运动。</li>
	<li>对功能数据进行预处理，以实现空间平滑和运动校正。对视网膜刺激范式进行建模，并应用规范的血流动力学反应函数来构建反应函数。</li>
	<li>使用 FreeSurfer 功能分析流（mkanalysis-sess、selxavg3-sess 和 fieldsign-sess 命令）对 fMRI 数据进行视网膜相位编码分析，以将 BOLD fMRI 时间序列与建模的响应函数相关联，并获得相位编码的视网膜位图，显著性水平 为 p < 0.01（图 3）。</li>
	<li>使用 tksurfer-sess 命令将颜色编码的激活图叠加在几乎扁平的视觉皮层上，可视化视网膜图的结果，并使用 rtview 命令显示。</li>
	<li>使用来自楔形刺激的相位编码视网膜图，通过场征图（图 3A）以及解剖标志和 FreeSurfer 图谱，帮助定义初级视觉皮层 （V1） 和其他额外条纹区域（V2 和 V3）的边界。</li>
	<li>要计算不同偏心率下的 BOLD 响应，首先使用 FSL Feat （http://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl） 使用通用线性模型计算统计图，用于 z 分数阈值为 Z > 2.322,23。如果正在执行组分析，请使用 FSL Feat 计算组差异统计图的二级分析，以帮助确定不同偏心率下的 BOLD 响应。</li>
	<li>使用 FreeSurfer bbregister 和 tkregister2 命令将 fMRI 图像共同配准到重建的皮质表面上，以将参与者的 fMRI 数据与其大脑的解剖结构图像对齐并确保准确的空间对齐。</li>
	<li>按八帧中每一帧的偏心率对环刺激进行分组。根据每帧的激活体素区域手动绘制不同偏心率的感兴趣区域。获取 BOLD 百分比变化，并将它们绘制为偏心率的函数。此外，将偏心率数据分箱到中央 （< ±12°） 和外围 （> ±12°） 区域，其中 ±12° 视觉刺激是视网膜 fMRI 研究的典型特征。</li>
</ol>

推进视觉皮层映射以增强对视力障碍的评估

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C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Top-down+influence+on+the+visual+cortex+of+the+blind+during+sensory+substitution.">Top-down influence on the visual cortex of the blind during sensory substitution.</a> Neuroimage. 125, 932-940 (2016).</li><li>Bang, J. W., Hamilton-Fletcher, G., Chan, K. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+plasticity+in+adulthood:+perspectives+from+Hebbian+and+homeostatic+plasticity.">Visual plasticity in adulthood: perspectives from Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity.</a> The Neuroscientist. 29 (1), 117-138 (2023).</li><li>Greco, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+low-cost+and+versatile+system+for+projecting+wide-field+visual+stimuli+within+fMRI+scanners.">A low-cost and versatile system for projecting wide-field visual stimuli within fMRI scanners.</a> Behavior Research Methods. 48 (2), 614-620 (2016).</li><li>DeYoe, E. A., Raut, R. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+mapping+using+blood+oxygen+level+dependent+functional+magnetic+resonance+imaging.">Visual mapping using blood oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging.</a> Neuroimaging Clinics of North America. 24 (4), 573-584 (2014).</li><li>Pitzalis, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wide-field+retinotopy+defines+human+cortical+visual+area+v6.">Wide-field retinotopy defines human cortical visual area v6.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 26 (30), 7962-7973 (2006).</li><li>Wu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+method+to+present+wide-view+visual+stimuli+in+MRI+for+peripheral+visual+studies.">Development of a method to present wide-view visual stimuli in MRI for peripheral visual studies.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 214 (2), 126-136 (2013).</li><li>Ellis, C. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Re-imagining+fMRI+for+awake+behaving+infants.">Re-imagining fMRI for awake behaving infants.</a> Nature Communications. 11 (1), 4523 (2020).</li><li>Yan, T., Jin, F., He, J., Wu, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+wide-view+visual+presentation+system+for+visual+retinotopic+mapping+during+functional+MRI.">Development of a wide-view visual presentation system for visual retinotopic mapping during functional MRI.</a> Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 33 (2), 441-447 (2011).</li><li>Park, J., Soucy, E., Segawa, J., Konkle, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Full-field+fMRI:+a+novel+approach+to+study+immersive+vision.">Full-field fMRI: a novel approach to study immersive vision.</a> Journal of Vision. 22 (14), 4018 (2022).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

上述利用广视网膜视网膜 fMRI 的方案是评估视力丧失和眼部疾病对大脑影响的创新方法。通过使用更宽的视野屏幕对视觉皮层进行宽视网膜定位，这种方法可以更全面地了解视觉系统的功能组织。这可以更好地了解大脑视觉处理系统的异常，这发生在神经退行性疾病中，例如青光眼24,25。该技术还可用于检测和分析导致失明的其他条件下的大脑退化和重...

功能性磁共振成像 （fMRI） 是一种有价值的方法，用于评估视觉皮层内区域神经血管功能对刺激的反应，因为区域血流的变化与大脑区域的激活相关 1,2。高分辨率视网膜血氧水平依赖性 （BOLD） 信号测量表示脱氧血红蛋白的变化，这是由脑内血流和血氧的局部变化驱动的 1,2。从 fMRI 数据中收集的 BOLD 活动模式可用于功能性地绘制外周和中央视觉皮层，以及检测视网膜位图的变化以响应视觉障碍和神经退行性变3。
以前的大多数 fMRI 研究使用窄视距（中央视野约 ±12°）非视网膜刺激或具有窄视视网膜刺激的简单视网膜刺激，这为视网膜皮层中的视网膜表征提供了有限的功能性包裹，并且仅对中央视野（不包括外周）的评估有限3。因此，窄视 fMRI 数据显示青光眼患者的 BOLD 百分比变化不一致 4,5,6。因此，需要改进功能磁共振成像方法来评估周边和中央视野，特别是在评估青光眼等疾病时。
青光眼是不可逆转失明的主要原因，影响 10% 的 80 岁7 人。青光眼是由视网膜神经节细胞进行性、不可逆的神经退行性变引起的，视网膜神经节细胞负责通过视神经将视觉刺激传递到大脑。在原发性开角型青光眼 （POAG） 中，最常见的青光眼形式，眼压升高会导致视网膜神经纤维层 （RNFL） 变薄，导致周边视力丧失，随后出现周边和中央失明 8,9,10,11。来自动物研究的组织学证据表明，青光眼还会导致视神经、视束、外侧膝状核、视辐射和视觉皮层的进行性神经退行性变12,13。MRI 技术提供了一种评估视觉皮层血氧和神经退行性变的微创方法。在青光眼患者中，MRI 发现视觉通路13、14、15、16 有灰质萎缩的证据，视交叉、视束和视辐射 1,17,18 有异常白质的证据。
为了进一步探索对视觉处理的影响，fMRI可用于检测大脑功能对视觉线索的反应。本文的协议描述了一种使用具有宽视场 （>100°） 刺激的高分辨率视网膜 fMRI 获得低成本、宽视角视网膜图的新方法，如 周 等人3 所述。使用膨胀环和旋转楔形的视觉刺激来引出 fMRI 的偏心率和极角的视网膜定位。将 BOLD fMRI 百分比变化分析为偏心率的函数，以评估大脑功能，对应于中央和周边视觉。BOLD fMRI 百分比变化可用于可视化整个视觉皮层的激活。这些功能磁共振成像测量提供了一种可靠的新方法来评估神经退行性变化及其对涉及视野缺陷的眼部疾病（如青光眼）中视觉皮层的功能影响。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1/4&#34;-20 nylon machine screws, knurled head thumb screw</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>to attach rod to PVC frame</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-1/4 inch PVC pipe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>length of ~5-10 ft is needed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3T MRI scanner</td>
			<td>Siemens</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-32 nylon machine screws, rounded head</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>to attach mirror/screen to rod</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8-channel head array coil</td>
			<td>Siemens</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>90 degree PVC elbow, 1-1/4 inch fitting</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acrylic mirror</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Width and length of 25-30cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acrylic rod</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1 inch width, ~ 2 ft long depening on size of scanner bore and head coil</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E-Prime</td>
			<td>Psychology Software Tools</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>to prepare and present visual stimuli paradigms</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plywood sheet, 1/2 inch thick</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Size should be at least as large as the scanner bore. Cut as bore-sized frame for the projection screen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rear projection screen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Size should be at least as large as the scanner bore</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) of the visual cortex with wide-view retinotopic stimulation

具有宽视角表现的高分辨率视网膜血氧水平依赖性 （BOLD） 功能性磁共振成像 （fMRI） 可用于功能性地绘制外周和中央视觉皮层。这种测量视觉大脑功能变化的方法允许枕叶的功能映射，刺激>100°（±50°）或更多的视野，而标准fMRI视觉呈现设置通常覆盖<30°的视野。BOLD fMRI的简单宽视角刺激系统可以使用普通的MR兼容投影仪进行设置，方法是将大镜子或屏幕放置在靠近受试者脸部的位置，并仅使用标准头部线圈的后半部分来提供宽视角而不会阻碍他们的视线。然后可以使用各种视网膜刺激范式对宽视网膜 fMRI 图进行成像，并且可以分析数据以确定与中央和周边视觉相对应的视觉皮层区域的功能活动。这种方法提供了一个实用的、易于实施的视觉呈现系统，可用于评估由于青光眼等眼部疾病以及可能伴随的视力丧失而导致的外周和中央视觉皮层的变化。

如周等人之前描述的那样，使用上述宽视fMRI协议评估了9名被诊断患有POAG的参与者（4名男性，36-74岁）和9名年龄匹配的健康志愿者（6名男性，53-65岁）。通过评估与青光眼、视盘拔罐和/或眼内压 （IOP） 大于 21 mmHg3 一致的视野缺损的表现，在开角患者中临床确诊 POAG。使用广视角视觉呈现 （±55°） 评估每组的中央和周边视力3。
<p class="jov...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Insights into Visual Cortex Research Through Wide-View fMRI Mapping at JoVE.com

作者聚焦：通过宽视角 fMRI 映射洞察视觉皮层研究 

我们已经开发了利用比常用更多的视野来绘制视觉皮层功能的技术。这种方法有可能加强对视力障碍和眼部疾病的评估。

具有宽视网膜刺激的视觉皮层功能性磁共振成像 （fMRI）

High-resolution retinotopic blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with a wide-view presentation can be ...

本研究的重点是提供一种实用、具有成本效益的视觉呈现系统，以评估眼科疾病引起的视觉皮层变化。我们提供了一种创建宽视角视网膜特应性图的方法，使用 FMRI 来评估视觉皮层的功能活动。当前的实验挑战是，用于呈现FMRI视觉刺激的标准系统仅覆盖视野的一小部分区域，并且视野部分被头部线圈遮挡。该协议提供了平衡成本、功效和精度的宽视野和畅通无阻的刺激的方法。我们的协议提供了经济实惠的中等宽视野，视野可达一百度。与其他技术相比，它避免了失真、投影镜头或光纤束的额外成本以及其他复杂性，例如对隐形眼镜的需求。我们的研究结果可用于扩展对视觉皮层的理解，通过经济实惠的宽视野FMRI系统绘制外围和中心区域。这可以加强对眼部疾病（如青光眼）视力障碍的管理，青光眼涉及大脑视觉系统的功能障碍。

functional-magnetic-resonance-imaging-fmri-visual-cortex-with-wide

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Visual Cortex with Wide-View Retinotopic Stimulation

1.2K 次观看.  Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University. 本研究的重点是提供一种实用、具有成本效益的视觉呈现系统，以评估眼科疾病引起的视觉皮层变化。我们提供了一种创建宽视角视网膜特应性图的方法，使用 FMRI 来评估视觉皮层的功能活动。当前的实验挑战是，用于呈现FMRI视觉刺激的标准系统仅覆盖视野的一小部分区域，并且视野部分被头部线圈遮挡。该协议提供了平衡成本、功效和精度的宽视野和畅通无阻的刺激...

视频: 作者聚焦：通过宽视角 fMRI 映射洞察视觉皮层研究 

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful rest."1,2,3 It is thought the default mode network corresponds to self-referential or "internal mentation".2,3
It has been hypothesized that, in humans, activity within the default mode network is correlated with certain pathologies (for instance, hyper-activation has been linked to schizophrenia 4,5,6 and autism spectrum disorders 7 whilst hypo-activation of the network has been linked to Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases 8). As such, noninvasive modulation of this network may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for a number of neurological and psychiatric pathologies linked to abnormal network activation. One possible tool to effect this modulation is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.9
In order to explore the default mode network's propensity towards and tolerance of modulation, we will be combining TMS (to the left inferior parietal lobe) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Through this article, we will examine the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools.

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.

结合经颅磁刺激和功能磁共振成像检查默认模式网络

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

科研

神经科学

High-resolution Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods for Human Midbrain

Functional MRI (fMRI) is a widely used tool for non-invasively measuring correlates of human brain activity. However, its use has mostly been focused upon measuring activity on the surface of cerebral cortex rather than in subcortical regions such as midbrain and brainstem. Subcortical fMRI must overcome two challenges: spatial resolution and physiological noise. Here we describe an optimized set of techniques developed to perform high-resolution fMRI in human SC, a structure on the dorsal surface of the midbrain; the methods can also be used to image other brainstem and subcortical structures.
High-resolution (1.2 mm voxels) fMRI of the SC requires a non-conventional approach. The desired spatial sampling is obtained using a multi-shot (interleaved) spiral acquisition1. Since, T2* of SC tissue is longer than in cortex, a correspondingly longer echo time (TE ~ 40 msec) is used to maximize functional contrast. To cover the full extent of the SC, 8-10 slices are obtained. For each session a structural anatomy with the same slice prescription as the fMRI is also obtained, which is used to align the functional data to a high-resolution reference volume.
In a separate session, for each subject, we create a high-resolution (0.7 mm sampling) reference volume using a T1-weighted sequence that gives good tissue contrast. In the reference volume, the midbrain region is segmented using the ITK-SNAP software application2. This segmentation is used to create a 3D surface representation of the midbrain that is both smooth and accurate3. The surface vertices and normals are used to create a map of depth from the midbrain surface within the tissue4.
Functional data is transformed into the coordinate system of the segmented reference volume. Depth associations of the voxels enable the averaging of fMRI time series data within specified depth ranges to improve signal quality. Data is rendered on the 3D surface for visualization.
In our lab we use this technique for measuring topographic maps of visual stimulation and covert and overt visual attention within the SC1. As an example, we demonstrate the topographic representation of polar angle to visual stimulation in SC.

This article describes techniques to perform high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging with 1.2 mm sampling in human midbrain and subcortical structures using a 3T scanner. Use of these techniques to resolve topographic maps of visual stimulation in the human superior colliculus (SC) is given as an example.

高分辨率人类中脑功能磁共振成像方法

Functional MRI (fMRI) is a widely used tool for non-invasively measuring correlates of human brain activity. However, its use has mostly been focused upon ...

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI

Current knowledge of sensory processing in the mammalian auditory system is mainly derived from electrophysiological studies in a variety of animal models, including monkeys, ferrets, bats, rodents, and cats. In order to draw suitable parallels between human and animal models of auditory function, it is important to establish a bridge between human functional imaging studies and animal electrophysiological studies. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is an established, minimally invasive method of measuring broad patterns of hemodynamic activity across different regions of the cerebral cortex. This technique is widely used to probe sensory function in the human brain, is a useful tool in linking studies of auditory processing in both humans and animals and has been successfully used to investigate auditory function in monkeys and rodents. The following protocol describes an experimental procedure for investigating auditory function in anesthetized adult cats by measuring stimulus-evoked hemodynamic changes in auditory cortex using fMRI. This method facilitates comparison of the hemodynamic responses across different models of auditory function thus leading to a better understanding of species-independent features of the mammalian auditory cortex.

Functional studies of the auditory system in mammals have traditionally been conducted using spatially-focused techniques such as electrophysiological recordings. The following protocol describes a method of visualizing large-scale patterns of evoked hemodynamic activity in the cat auditory cortex using functional magnetic resonance imaging.

听觉皮层在成年猫用高场磁共振成像功能成像

Current knowledge of sensory processing in the mammalian auditory system is mainly derived from electrophysiological studies in a variety of animal ...

Extracting Visual Evoked Potentials from EEG Data Recorded During fMRI-guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological effects. Specifically, by creating a transient interference with the normal activity of a target region and measuring changes in an electrophysiological signal, we can establish a causal link between the stimulated brain area or network and the electrophysiological signal that we record. If target brain areas are functionally defined with prior fMRI scan, TMS could be used to link the fMRI activations with evoked potentials recorded. However, conducting such experiments presents significant technical challenges given the high amplitude artifacts introduced into the EEG signal by the magnetic pulse, and the difficulty to successfully target areas that were functionally defined by fMRI. Here we describe a methodology for combining these three common tools: TMS, EEG, and fMRI. We explain how to guide the stimulator&#39;s coil to the desired target area using anatomical or functional MRI data, how to record EEG during concurrent TMS, how to design an ERP study suitable for EEG-TMS combination and how to extract reliable ERP from the recorded data. We will provide representative results from a previously published study, in which fMRI-guided TMS was used concurrently with EEG to show that the face-selective N1 and the body-selective N1 component of the ERP are associated with distinct neural networks in extrastriate cortex. This method allows us to combine the high spatial resolution of fMRI with the high temporal resolution of TMS and EEG and therefore obtain a comprehensive understanding of the neural basis of various cognitive processes.

This paper describes a method for collecting and analyzing electroencephalography (EEG) data during concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) guided by activations revealed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A method for TMS artifact removal and extraction of event related potentials is described as well as considerations in paradigm design and experimental setup.

提取脑电数据视觉诱发电位记录在功能磁共振成像引导下经颅磁刺激

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological ...

Deep Brain Stimulation with Simultaneous fMRI in Rodents

In order to visualize the global and downstream neuronal responses to deep brain stimulation (DBS) at various targets, we have developed a protocol for using blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to image rodents with simultaneous DBS. DBS fMRI presents a number of technical challenges, including accuracy of electrode implantation, MR artifacts created by the electrode, choice of anesthesia and paralytic to minimize any neuronal effects while simultaneously eliminating animal motion, and maintenance of physiological parameters, deviation from which can confound the BOLD signal.&#160;Our laboratory has developed a set of procedures that are capable of overcoming most of these possible issues. For electrical stimulation, a homemade tungsten bipolar microelectrode is used, inserted stereotactically at the stimulation site in the anesthetized subject. In preparation for imaging, rodents are fixed on a plastic headpiece and transferred to the magnet bore. For sedation and paralysis during scanning, a cocktail of dexmedetomidine and pancuronium is continuously infused, along with a minimal dose of isoflurane; this preparation minimizes the BOLD ceiling effect of volatile anesthetics. In this example experiment, stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) produces BOLD responses which are observed primarily in ipsilateral cortical regions, centered in motor cortex. Simultaneous DBS and fMRI allows the unambiguous modulation of neural circuits dependent on stimulation location and stimulation parameters, and permits observation of neuronal modulations free of regional bias. This technique may be used to explore the downstream effects of modulating neural circuitry at nearly any brain region, with implications for both experimental and clinical DBS.

This protocol describes a standard method for simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and deep brain stimulation in the rodent. The combined use of these experimental tools allows for the exploration of global downstream activity in response to electrical stimulation at virtually any brain target.

深部脑刺激与同步功能磁共振成像在鼠害

In order to visualize the global and downstream neuronal responses to deep brain stimulation (DBS) at various targets, we have developed a protocol for ...

The Use of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Measurement of Bi-hemispheric Transcranial Electric Stimulation Effects on Primary Motor Cortex Metabolism

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as stroke and depression. Yet, the mechanisms underlying its ability to modulate brain excitability to improve clinical symptoms remains poorly understood 33. To help improve this understanding, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) can be used as it allows the in vivo quantification of brain metabolites such as &#947;-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in a region-specific manner 41. In fact, a recent study demonstrated that 1H-MRS is indeed a powerful means to better understand the effects of tDCS on neurotransmitter concentration 34. This article aims to describe the complete protocol for combining tDCS (NeuroConn MR compatible stimulator) with 1H-MRS at 3 T using a MEGA-PRESS sequence. We will describe the impact of a protocol that has shown great promise for the treatment of motor dysfunctions after stroke, which consists of bilateral stimulation of primary motor cortices 27,30,31. Methodological factors to consider and possible modifications to the protocol are also discussed.

This article aims to describe a basic protocol for combining transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) measurements to investigate the effects of bilateral stimulation on primary motor cortex metabolism.

磁共振波谱的用途，用于对初级运动皮层新陈代谢双半球经颅电刺激效果的测量工具一

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of ...

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific frequency and in turn modulate ongoing cortical oscillatory activity. This neurotool allows the establishment of a causal link between endogenous oscillatory activity and behavior. Most of the tACS studies have shown online effects of tACS. However, little is known about the underlying action mechanisms of this technique because of the AC-induced artifacts on Electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Here we show a unique approach to investigate online physiological frequency-specific effects of tACS of the primary motor cortex (M1) by using single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to probe cortical excitability changes. In our setup, the TMS coil is placed over the tACS electrode while Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) are collected to test the effects of the ongoing M1-tACS. So far, this approach has mainly been used to study the visual and motor systems. However, the current tACS-TMS setup can pave the way for future investigations of cognitive functions. Therefore, we provide a step-by-step manual and video guidelines for the procedure.

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) allows the modulation of cortical excitability in a frequency-specific fashion. Here we show a unique approach which combines online tACS with single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in order to "probe" cortical excitability by means of Motor Evoked Potentials.

经颅磁刺激在线联合方法对经颅交流电刺激对原发性运动皮层的影响

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic field pulses. The initiation of cortical activation or its modulation depends on the background activation of the neurons of the cortical region activated, the characteristics of the coil, its position and its orientation with respect to the head. TMS combined with simultaneous electrocephalography (EEG) and neuronavigation (nTMS-EEG) allows for the assessment of cortico-cortical excitability and connectivity in almost all cortical areas in a reproducible manner. This advance makes nTMS-EEG a powerful tool that can accurately assess brain dynamics and neurophysiology in test-retest paradigms that are required for clinical trials. Limitations of this method include artifacts that cover the initial brain reactivity to stimulation. Thus, the process of removing artifacts may also extract valuable information. Moreover, the optimal parameters for dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) stimulation are not fully known and current protocols utilize variations from the motor cortex (M1) stimulation paradigms. However, evolving nTMS-EEG designs hope to address these issues. The protocol presented here introduces some standard practices for assessing neurophysiological functioning from stimulation to the DLPFC that can be applied in patients with treatment resistant psychiatric disorders that receive treatment such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), magnetic seizure therapy (MST) or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

The protocol presented here is for TMS-EEG studies utilizing intracortical excitability test-retest design paradigms. The intent of the protocol is to produce reliable and reproducible cortical excitability measures for assessing neurophysiological functioning related to therapeutic interventions in the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases such as major depression.

侧前额叶皮质联合经颅磁刺激与脑电图的研究

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic ...

Functional Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy at 7 T in the Rat Barrel Cortex During Whisker Activation

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy offers the opportunity to measure cerebral metabolite contents in vivo and noninvasively. Thanks to technological developments over the last decade and the increase in magnetic field strength, it is now possible to obtain good resolution spectra in vivo in the rat brain. Neuroenergetics (i.e., the study of brain metabolism) and, especially, metabolic interactions between the different cell types have attracted more and more interest in recent years. Among these metabolic interactions, the existence of a lactate shuttle between neurons and astrocytes is still debated. It is, thus, of great interest to perform functional proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in a rat model of brain activation and monitor lactate. However, the methyl lactate peak overlaps lipid resonance peaks and is difficult to quantify. The protocol described below allows metabolic and lactate fluctuations to be monitored in an activated brain area. Cerebral activation is obtained by whisker stimulation and 1H-MRS is performed in the corresponding activated barrel cortex, whose area is detected using blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI). All steps are fully described: the choice of anesthetics, coils, and sequences, achieving efficient whisker stimulation directly in the magnet, and data processing.

After checking by blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI) that the corresponding somatosensory barrel field cortex area (called S1BF) is correctly activated, the main goal of this study is to quantify lactate content fluctuations in the activated rat brains by localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) at 7 T.

大鼠桶内皮层 7 t 的功能磁共振波谱在晶氏体活化过程中的应用

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy offers the opportunity to measure cerebral metabolite contents in vivo and noninvasively. Thanks to ...

Acquisition of Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data in the Rat

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has become an increasingly popular method to study brain function in a resting, non-task state. This protocol describes a preclinical survival method for obtaining rs-fMRI data. Combining low dose isoflurane with continuous infusion of the &#945;2 adrenergic receptor agonist dexmedetomidine provides a robust option for stable, high-quality data acquisition while preserving brain network function. Furthermore, this procedure allows for spontaneous breathing and near-normal physiology in the rat. Additional imaging sequences can be combined with resting-state acquisition creating experimental protocols with anesthetic stability of up to 5 h using this method. This protocol describes the setup of equipment, monitoring of rat physiology during four distinct phases of anesthesia, acquisition of resting-state scans, quality assessment of data, recovery of the animal, and a brief discussion of post-processing data analysis. This protocol can be used across a wide variety of preclinical rodent models to help reveal the resulting brain network changes that occur at rest.

This protocol describes a method for obtaining stable resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data from a rat using low dose isoflurane in combination with low dose dexmedetomidine.

获取大鼠的静态功能磁共振成像数据

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has become an increasingly popular method to study brain function in a resting, non-task ...

具有宽视网膜刺激的视觉皮层功能性磁共振成像 （fMRI）

具有宽视网膜刺激的视觉皮层功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）