这项工作得到了国家关键技术研发计划（2021YFA0715302和2021YFE0191800）、国家自然科学基金（61975035和52150610489）和上海市科学技术委员会（22ZR1405000）的支持。

1、材料预处理
注意：H 2 O2FC 的阳极使用尺寸为 25 mm x 25 mm x 1.5 mm 的泡沫镍（市售，参见材料表）。
<ol><li>将泡沫镍样品浸入酒精和去离子（DI）水中，在溶剂和水中超声处理3次，5分钟。随后，将泡沫镍放在干净的玻璃基板上。</li>
	<li>使用碳纤维布（见 材料表）作为阴极基板。用剪刀将碳布剪成 25 毫米 x 25 毫米的正方形碎片。</li>
	<li>将碳布样品浸入丙酮，75%酒精，去离子水中，并分别超声处理3次，每次5分钟。然后，用去离子水冲洗碳布以去除酒精残留物。将碳布放在玻璃基板上。 注：根据所讨论的研究结果15,16，选择Au作为阴极和Ni作为阳极作为H 2 O 2 FCs的催化剂。 Pt、Pd、Ni、Au和Ag等金属对H 2 O2氧化或还原反应具有特定的催化选择性，使其成为合适的电极材料。Au@carbon纤维电极兼具电催化活性、稳定性和增强的导电性，使其成为无膜过氧化氢燃料电池的合适选择。</li>
</ol>2.在碳布上电镀Au
<ol><li>按照以下方法制备电镀试剂：氯金酸（HAuCl4），氯化钾（KCl），盐酸（HCl）和去离子水（参见 材料表）。</li>
	<li>在含有0.005M HAuCl 4,0.1M KCl和0.01M HCl的干净烧杯中制备80mL溶液（基于烧杯的体积）。 密封开口并搅拌溶液15分钟。</li>
	<li>准备电镀材料碳布和电镀液。电镀过程由电化学站（ES）运行（见 材料表）。 注：这里选择三电极方法进行电镀：碳布作为工作电极（WE），石墨棒作为对电极（CE），Ag/AgCl（饱和1M KCl溶液）作为参比电极（RE）。</li>
	<li>确保每个电极都夹紧正确的物体。将电极浸入电镀液中。</li>
	<li>启动 ES。将程序设置为 计时电流法， 如图 1C 所示。确保单个沉积圈如下：工作电位 0.1 V 持续 0.1 秒，静息电位 0.2 V 持续 0.2 秒。结果，AuCl4- 离子均匀地扩散到WE周围。<ol><li>将电镀圆圈设置为 800、1600、2400 和 3200 圆圈。运行程序。 注意： 通常，ES 中的计时电流法程序无法达到 1600 次循环。另外，ES的 多电位步骤 程序也可用于电镀方法，与计时电流法的选择相同（参见制造商的说明）。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>电镀后，关闭ES，包装试剂，收集Au电镀碳纤维布（Au@CF）。</li>
	<li>将Au@CF浸入去离子水中三次，以除去溶液残留物。将其放在玻璃基板上，在空气中干燥。</li>
	<li>切割由夹具引起的Au@CF的未镀部分，以防止部分CF接触溶液。</li>
	<li>用用于计算电流/功率密度的尺子测量Au@CF的大小（a： 长度， b：宽度）。</li>
</ol>3. 燃料电池的性能特征
<ol><li>制备两种浓度的溶液，一种溶液用于pH梯度（1mol H 2 O 2，pH = 1,3,5,7,9,11,13），另一种溶液用于H 2 O 2（C HP）梯度（pH = 1，CHP = 0.25mol，0.5mol，1mol，2 mol）。</li>
	<li>通过ES表征FC性能，其中两个电极用于OCP，三个电极用于极化和功率输出曲线（步骤3.3-3.6）。</li>
	<li>重新清洗泡沫镍，然后用去离子水再次Au@CF两次。将它们放在一边备用。</li>
	<li>在 FC 测试期间获取 OCP 数据：OCP 是 FC 性能的重要参数。<ol><li>使用泡沫镍作为 RE 和 CE，Au@CF作为 WE。将溶液添加到测试烧杯中。将电极连接到 ES。打开 ES。</li>
		<li>将程序设置为开路电位 - 时间法;运行时间：400 s，采样间隔：0.1 s，上限 E 限制：1 V，下 E 限制：-1 V。 注意： FC 输出通常需要一段时间才能稳定下来。运行测量，直到获得稳定的 FC 结果。</li>
		<li>测量数据。关闭程序。清洗烧杯和电极。为特定测试添加其他解决方案。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>根据 OCP 数据测试 FC 的输出性能。在这里，只需要原始 的线性扫描伏安法 （LSV）曲线数据。可以从LSV曲线计算出进一步的输出数据。<ol><li>重新清洗泡沫镍并用去离子水Au@CF（重复两次）。使用泡沫镍作为RE和CE，Au@CF作为WE。将溶液添加到测试烧杯中。</li>
		<li>将程序设置为LSV，OCP为初始E，0V为最终E，扫描速率为0.01 V/s，对应开路（OCP）和短路（0V）条件。运行程序。</li>
		<li>收集数据，关闭程序，清洗烧杯和电极，并添加其他特定测试所需的溶液。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>实验后清洗电极并将其存放在玻璃上。 注意：实验数据可以以EXCEL格式存储。</li>
</ol>4. 电极的结构表征
注：XRD是一种简单可靠的样品分析方法。XRD用于检测电极的元素，例如碳布上的电镀金。在 FC 表征之前和之后进行 XRD 测试，以分析电极的潜在腐蚀和降解。例如，金颗粒可以从CF中分离出来，在酸性溶液中可能会发生镍腐蚀5。
<ol><li>用去离子水清洗电极（两次），并在室温下在空气中干燥。</li>
	<li>用镊子刮掉电极上的金属。收集金属粉末并将其放入容器中。</li>
	<li>对金属粉末样品进行XRD测试17。</li>
	<li>采用SEM表征电极的形貌，并研究金布和碳纤维布之间的渗透和电镀。此外，通过SEM表征镍的腐蚀。</li>
</ol>5.数据处理和功率输出计算
<ol><li>所有数据都可以在EXCEL中进行分析。使用 Excel 或 Origin 分析数据并绘制实验图。</li>
	<li>使用OCP数据表征电极的选择性，例如，使用表格或线图。使用表图例的平均潜力。通常，线图用于演示 FC 的稳定性。</li>
	<li>使用 LSV 数据表征 FC 的输出性能。EXCEL 文件中有两列数据。通常，一个数据集显示电位 （U），另一个数据集记录电流 （I）。使用以下公式计算功率输出：P = U × I 注意： 高电流 （I） 值表示 FC 的性能令人满意。例如，电极表面积越大，电流就越大。FC 性能的归一化参数是电流密度 （I D），它等于电流除以电极的表面积 （A）：ID = I/A</li>
	<li>随后，计算功率密度 （PD） 为：P D = U × ID 注：必须取绝对值，因为初始数据值可能由于电流方向而为负值，这在测量过程中是不可取的。</li>
	<li>在单个图形中使用 U、I D 和 PD 比较参数非常简单。将 ID 分配给 x 轴，将 U 分配给左侧 y 轴，将 PD 分配给右侧 y 轴。</li>
</ol>

探索用于过氧化氢燃料电池的创新 3D 电极

<ol>
	<li>Sazali, N., Wan Salleh, W. N., Jamaludin, A. S., Mhd Razali, M. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+perspectives+on+fuel+cell+technology:+A+brief+review.">New perspectives on fuel cell technology: A brief review.</a> Membranes. 10 (5), 99 (2020).</li><li>Singla, M. K., Nijhawan, P., Oberoi, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrogen+fuel+and+fuel+cell+technology+for+cleaner+future:+a+review.">Hydrogen fuel and fuel cell technology for cleaner future: a review.</a> Environmental Science and Pollution Research International. 28 (13), 15607-15626 (2021).</li><li>Cao, D., Chen, D., Lan, J., Wang, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+alkaline+direct+NaBH4-H2O2+fuel+cell+with+high+power+density.">An alkaline direct NaBH4-H2O2 fuel cell with high power density.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 190 (2), 346-350 (2009).</li><li>Lan, R., Tao, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ammonia+as+a+suitable+fuel+for+fuel+cells.">Ammonia as a suitable fuel for fuel cells.</a> Frontiers in Energy Research. 2, 2014 (2014).</li><li>Alias, M. S., Kamarudin, S. K., Zainoodin, A. M., Masdar, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Active+direct+methanol+fuel+cell:+An+overview.">Active direct methanol fuel cell: An overview.</a> International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 45 (38), 19620-19641 (2020).</li><li>Ferrigno, R., Stroock, A. D., Clark, T. D., Mayer, M., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membraneless+vanadium+redox+fuel+cell+using+laminar+flow.">Membraneless vanadium redox fuel cell using laminar flow.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 124 (44), 12930-12931 (2002).</li><li>Yan, X., Xu, A., Zeng, L., Gao, P., Zhao, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+paper-based+microfluidic+fuel+cell+with+hydrogen+peroxide+as+fuel+and+oxidant.">A paper-based microfluidic fuel cell with hydrogen peroxide as fuel and oxidant.</a> Energy Technology. 6 (1), 140-143 (2018).</li><li>Ha, S. M., Ahn, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laminar+flow-based+micro+fuel+cell+utilizing+grooved+electrode+surface.">Laminar flow-based micro fuel cell utilizing grooved electrode surface.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 267, 731-738 (2014).</li><li>Liu, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+woven+thread-based+microfluidic+fuel+cell+with+graphite+rod+electrodes.">A woven thread-based microfluidic fuel cell with graphite rod electrodes.</a> International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 43 (49), 22467-22473 (2018).</li><li>Peng, J., Zhang, Z. Y., Niu, H. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Three-dimensional+two-phase+model+for+a+membraneless+fuel+cell+using+decomposition+of+hydrogen+peroxide+with+y-shaped+microchannel.">A Three-dimensional two-phase model for a membraneless fuel cell using decomposition of hydrogen peroxide with y-shaped microchannel.</a> Fuel Cells. 12 (6), 1009-1018 (2012).</li><li>Wu, K. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+selective+hydrogen+peroxide+electrosynthesis+on+carbon:+in+situ+interface+engineering+with+surfactants.">Highly selective hydrogen peroxide electrosynthesis on carbon: in situ interface engineering with surfactants.</a> Chem. 6 (6), 1443-1458 (2020).</li><li>Yang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+facile+microfluidic+hydrogen+peroxide+fuel+cell+with+high+performance:+electrode+interface+and+power-generation+properties.">A facile microfluidic hydrogen peroxide fuel cell with high performance: electrode interface and power-generation properties.</a> ACS Applied Energy Materials. 1 (10), 5328-5335 (2018).</li><li>An, L., Zhao, T., Yan, X., Zhou, X., Tan, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+dual+role+of+hydrogen+peroxide+in+fuel+cells.">The dual role of hydrogen peroxide in fuel cells.</a> Science Bulletin. 60 (1), 55-64 (2015).</li><li>Yamazaki, S. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+fuel+cell+with+selective+electrocatalysts+using+hydrogen+peroxide+as+both+an+electron+acceptor+and+a+fuel.">A fuel cell with selective electrocatalysts using hydrogen peroxide as both an electron acceptor and a fuel.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 178 (1), 20-25 (2008).</li><li>Sanli, A. E., Ayta&#231;, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Response+to+Disselkamp:+Direct+peroxide/peroxide+fuel+cell+as+a+novel+type+fuel+cell.">Response to Disselkamp: Direct peroxide/peroxide fuel cell as a novel type fuel cell.</a> International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 36 (1), 869-875 (2011).</li><li>Gu, L., Nie, L., George H, M. i. l. e. y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cathode+electrocatalyst+selection+and+deposition+for+a+direct+borohydride/hydrogen+peroxide+fuel+cell.">Cathode electrocatalyst selection and deposition for a direct borohydride/hydrogen peroxide fuel cell.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 173 (1), 77-85 (2007).</li><li>Yang, F., Cheng, K., Wu, T., Zhang, Y., Yin, J., Wang, G., Cao, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+Au+nanodendrites+supported+on+carbon+fiber+cloth+and+its+catalytic+performance+to+H2O2+electroreduction+and+electrooxidation.">Preparation of Au nanodendrites supported on carbon fiber cloth and its catalytic performance to H2O2 electroreduction and electrooxidation.</a> RSC Advances. 3 (16), 5483-5490 (2013).</li><li>Vidal-Iglesias, F. J., Solla-Gull&#243;n, J., Herrero, E., Rodes, A., Aldaz, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Do+you+really+understand+the+electrochemical+Nernst+equation.">Do you really understand the electrochemical Nernst equation.</a> Electrocatalysis. 4, 1-9 (2013).</li><li>Jing, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+open+circuit+potential+of+hydrogen+peroxide+at+noble+and+glassy+carbon+electrodes+in+acidic+and+basic+electrolytes.">The open circuit potential of hydrogen peroxide at noble and glassy carbon electrodes in acidic and basic electrolytes.</a> Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 658 (1-2), 46-51 (2011).</li><li>Eaves, S., Eaves, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cost+comparison+of+fuel-cell+and+battery+electric+vehicles.">A cost comparison of fuel-cell and battery electric vehicles.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 130 (1-2), 208-212 (2004).</li><li>Wee, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Which+type+of+fuel+cell+is+more+competitive+for+portable+application:+Direct+methanol+fuel+cells+or+direct+borohydride+fuel+cells.">Which type of fuel cell is more competitive for portable application: Direct methanol fuel cells or direct borohydride fuel cells.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 161 (1), 1-10 (2006).</li><li>Muthukumar, P., Groll, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Erratum+to+&amp;#34;Metal+hydride+based+heating+and+cooling+systems:+a+review&amp;#34.">Erratum to &amp;#34;Metal hydride based heating and cooling systems: a review&amp;#34.</a> International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 35 (16), 8816-8829 (2010).</li></ol>

作者没有冲突要声明。

除了溶液 pH 值和 H 2 O2浓度之外，有几个参数会显着影响无膜过氧化氢燃料电池的性能。电极材料的选择决定了电催化的活性和稳定性，而电极的表面积可以增强反应位点。工作温度影响反应动力学，反应物的流速可以决定燃料和氧化剂的混合效率。所用催化剂的浓度对反应速率至关重要，杂质会抑制或毒害催化剂。燃料电池的设计，包括电极间距和流道几何形状，会影响传质和?...

燃料电池是一种利用燃料和氧化剂将化学物质转化为电能的电化学装置。FC 比传统内燃机具有更高的能量转换效率，因为它们不受卡诺循环1 的约束。通过利用氢气 （H 2）2、硼氢化氢 （NaBH 4）3 和氨 （NH 3）4 等燃料，燃料电池已成为一种很有前途的能源，它既环保又能实现高性能，为减少人类对化石燃料的依赖提供了巨大的潜力。然而，燃料电池技术面临着特定的挑战。一个普遍存在的问题是质子交换膜 （PEM） 在 FC 系统中的内部作用，它起到了防止内部短路的作用。电解膜的集成会增加制造成本、内部电路电阻和架构复杂性5.此外，由于集成流道、电极和板以增强功率和电流输出的复杂过程，将单室 FC 转换为多堆栈阵列会带来额外的复杂性5。
在过去的几十年里，我们齐心协力地应对这些与膜相关的挑战并简化 FC 系统。值得注意的是，使用低雷诺数层流共流的无膜 FC 配置的出现提供了一种创新的解决方案。在这种设置中，两个流动之间的界面充当“虚拟”质子传导膜6。基于层流的 FC （LFFC） 已被广泛研究，利用了微流体的优势 7,8,9,10。然而，LFFC需要严格的条件，包括泵送层流燃料/氧化剂的高能量输入，减少流体流中的反应物交叉，以及优化流体动力学参数。
最近，H 2 O 2 因其碳中性和性质而作为潜在的燃料和氧化剂引起了人们的兴趣，在电极11,12 的电氧化和电还原过程中产生水 （H 2 O） 和氧气 （O2）。H2 O2 可以使用双电子还原过程或通过水的双电子氧化过程12 批量生产。随后，与其他气体燃料相比，液态H 2 O2燃料可以集成到现有的汽油基础设施5中。此外，H 2 O 2 歧化反应使 H 2 O2既可以作为燃料又可以作为氧化剂。图 1A 显示了简单的 H 2 O2 FC 架构的示意图。与传统的 FC2、3、4 相比，H 2 O2FC 利用了设备“简单”的优点。Yamasaki等人证明了无膜H 2 O2FCs，它既起着燃料的作用，又起着氧化剂的作用。所描述的电能产生机理启发了研究界继续这一研究方向6.随后，使用 H 2 O2 作为燃料和氧化剂的电氧化和电还原机理由以下反应表示13,14
在酸性介质中：
阳极：H2 O 2 → O2 + 2H+ + 2e-;Ea1 = 0.68 V vs. SHE 阴极：H 2 O 2 + 2H+ + 2e- → 2H2 O;Ea2 = 1.77 V 对比她 总计： 2 H 2O 2 → 2H 2 O + O2
在基本媒体中：
H 2 O 2 + OH- → HO 2- + H 2 O 阳极：HO2- + OH- → O 2 + H2O + 2e-;Eb1 = 0.15 V 对比她 阴极：HO2- + H2O + 2e- → 3OH-;Eb2 = 0.87 V 对比她 总计： 2 H 2O 2 → 2H 2 O + O2
图 1B 说明了 H 2 O 2 FC 的工作原理，H 2 O 2在阳极提供电子，在阴极接受电子。阳极和阴极之间的电子转移通过外部电路发生，从而产生电力。H 2 O2FC 的理论开路电位 （OCP） 在酸性介质中为 1.09 V，在碱性介质中为 0.62 V13。然而，许多实验结果显示，与理论OCP相比，该值较低，在酸性介质中达到0.75 V，在碱性介质中达到0.35 V。这一观察结果可归因于混合电位的存在13.此外，由于电极的催化选择性有限，H 2 O 2 FC 的功率和电流输出无法与上述 FCs2,3,4 竞争。 然而，值得注意的是，目前的H 2 O 2 FC技术在总成本方面可以优于H2、NaBH4和NH3 FC，如表1所示。因此，增强电极对H 2 O2电氧化和电还原的催化选择性仍然是这些器件面临的重大挑战。
在这项研究中，我们引入了一种三维多孔结构电极来改善电极与H 2 O2燃料之间的相互作用，旨在提高反应速率并增强功率和电流输出。我们还研究了溶液 pH 值和 H 2 O2浓度对 FC 性能的影响。本研究中使用的电极对包括镀金碳纤维布和泡沫镍。使用 X 射线衍射 （XRD） 和扫描电子显微镜 （SEM） 进行结构表征，开路电位 （OCP）、偏振和功率输出曲线作为 FC 测试的主要参数。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Merck &#38; Co. Inc. (MRK)</td>
			<td>67-64-1</td>
			<td>solution for pre-process of materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcohol</td>
			<td>Merck &#38; Co. Inc. (MRK)</td>
			<td>64-17-5</td>
			<td>solution for pre-process of materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbon fiber cloth</td>
			<td>Soochow Willtek photoelectric materials co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td>W0S1011</td>
			<td>substrate material for electroplating method</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrochemistry station</td>
			<td>&#160;Shanghai Chenhua Instrument Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>CHI600E</td>
			<td>device for electroplating method and fuel cell performance characterization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gold chloride trihydrate</td>
			<td>Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td>G141105-1g</td>
			<td>main solute for electroplating method</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical ReagentCo., Ltd</td>
			<td>10011018</td>
			<td>adjustment of solution pH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical ReagentCo., Ltd</td>
			<td>10011208</td>
			<td>fuel of cell</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nickel foam</td>
			<td>Willtek photoelectric materials co.ltd(Soochow,China)</td>
			<td>KSH-2011</td>
			<td>anode material for hydrogen peroxide fuel cell</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td>10016308</td>
			<td>additives for electroplating method</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scanning electron microscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss AG</td>
			<td>EVO 10</td>
			<td>structural characterization for sample</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical ReagentCo., Ltd</td>
			<td>10019718</td>
			<td>adjustment of solution pH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>X-Ray differaction machine</td>
			<td>Bruker Corporation</td>
			<td>D8 Advance</td>
			<td>structural characterization for sample</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

membraneless hydrogen peroxide fuel cells as a promising clean energy source

在对无膜过氧化氢燃料电池 （H 2 O 2 FC） 的深入研究中，过氧化氢 （H 2 O 2） 是一种碳中性化合物，经电化学分解产生 H 2 O、O 2和电能。H 2 O2独特的氧化还原特性使其成为可持续能源应用的可行候选者。所提出的无膜设计解决了传统燃料电池的局限性，包括制造复杂性和设计挑战。介绍了一种通过电镀技术合成的新型三维电极。该电极由镀金碳纤维布和泡沫镍制成，具有增强的电化学反应动力学，可提高 H 2 O2FC 的功率密度。燃料电池的性能与电解质溶液的pH值有着千丝万缕的联系。除了燃料电池应用外，这种电极在便携式能源系统中也具有潜力，并可作为高表面积催化剂。本研究强调了电极工程在优化H 2 O2作为环境友好能源的潜力方面的重要性。

电镀结果 图2显示了电镀结果。图2A表示X射线衍射结果。图2B，C是显微照片。图2D，E是SEM结果。金（Au）在碳纤维布（CF）上的有效沉积首先通过碳纤维布颜色从黑色到金黄色的物理变化来确认，如图2B，C所示。通过X射线衍射分析进?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Evaluation of Au-Electroplated Carbon Fiber Cloth Electrodes for Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cells at JoVE.com

作者聚焦：用于过氧化氢燃料电池的金电镀碳纤维布电极的设计和评估 

该协议介绍了利用Au电镀碳纤维布和泡沫镍电极的用于过氧化氢燃料电池的创新三维电极的设计和评估。研究结果强调了过氧化氢作为可持续能源技术有前途的候选者的潜力。

无膜双氧水燃料电池作为一种有前途的清洁能源

In an in-depth investigation of membraneless hydrogen peroxide-based fuel cells (H2O2 FCs), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a carbon-neutral compound, is ...

我们已经说明了一种在高表面积碳布上沉积纳米金颗粒的面部电镀方法。金电镀碳布作为过氧化氢燃料电池的阴极，具有很强的栅极性能。由于无膜过氧化氢燃料电池的特殊机理，研究人员目前正在开发贵金属配合物作为电极，并通过采用纳米技术和配位化学来改善这些电极的敏感区域。在我们的研究中，我们不仅提出了用于制造电极高表面积的电镀方法，而且还发现了pH值在燃料电池中非常重要的作用，这在先前报道的研究中仍然被忽视。有很多技术可用于制造这些纳米级电极，例如物理或化学蒸发。但是，这种方法非常昂贵，而且耗时。由于现在电极需要厚度的精度，因此电镀是这些电极非常有前途的方法。

membraneless-hydrogen-peroxide-fuel-cells-as-promising-clean-energy

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Membraneless Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cells as a Promising Clean Energy Source

1.8K 次观看.  Fudan University. 我们已经说明了一种在高表面积碳布上沉积纳米金颗粒的面部电镀方法。金电镀碳布作为过氧化氢燃料电池的阴极，具有很强的栅极性能。由于无膜过氧化氢燃料电池的特殊机理，研究人员目前正在开发贵金属配合物作为电极，并通过采用纳米技术和配位化学来改善这些电极的敏感区域。在我们的研究中，我们不仅提出了用于制造电极高表面积的电镀方法，而且还发现?...

视频: 作者聚焦：用于过氧化氢燃料电池的金电镀碳纤维布电极的设计和评估 

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen 1-7. The performance of SOFCs and the rates of many chemical and energy transformation processes in energy storage and conversion devices in general are limited primarily by charge and mass transfer along electrode surfaces and across interfaces. Unfortunately, the mechanistic understanding of these processes is still lacking, due largely to the difficulty of characterizing these processes under in situ conditions. This knowledge gap is a chief obstacle to SOFC commercialization. The development of tools for probing and mapping surface chemistries relevant to electrode reactions is vital to unraveling the mechanisms of surface processes and to achieving rational design of new electrode materials for more efficient energy storage and conversion2. Among the relatively few in situ surface analysis methods, Raman spectroscopy can be performed even with high temperatures and harsh atmospheres, making it ideal for characterizing chemical processes relevant to SOFC anode performance and degradation8-12. It can also be used alongside electrochemical measurements, potentially allowing direct correlation of electrochemistry to surface chemistry in an operating cell. Proper in situ Raman mapping measurements would be useful for pin-pointing important anode reaction mechanisms because of its sensitivity to the relevant species, including anode performance degradation through carbon deposition8, 10, 13, 14 ("coking") and sulfur poisoning11, 15 and the manner in which surface modifications stave off this degradation16. The current work demonstrates significant progress towards this capability. In addition, the family of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques provides a special approach to interrogate the electrode surface with nanoscale resolution. Besides the surface topography that is routinely collected by AFM and STM, other properties such as local electronic states, ion diffusion coefficient and surface potential can also be investigated17-22. In this work, electrochemical measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and SPM were used in conjunction with a novel test electrode platform that consists of a Ni mesh electrode embedded in an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte. Cell performance testing and impedance spectroscopy under fuel containing H2S was characterized, and Raman mapping was used to further elucidate the nature of sulfur poisoning. In situ Raman monitoring was used to investigate coking behavior. Finally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) were used to further visualize carbon deposition on the nanoscale. From this research, we desire to produce a more complete picture of the SOFC anode.

We present a unique platform for characterizing electrode surfaces in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that allows simultaneous performance of multiple characterization techniques (e.g. in situ Raman spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy alongside electrochemical measurements). Complementary information from these analyses may help to advance toward a more profound understanding of electrode reaction and degradation mechanisms, providing insights into rational design of better materials for SOFCs.

在固体氧化物燃料电池电极表面的探测和测绘

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen ...

科研

工程学

Flame Experiments at the Advanced Light Source: New Insights into Soot Formation Processes

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics Beamline of the Advanced Light Source (ALS) of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory1-4. This video demonstrates how the complex chemical structures of laboratory-based model flames are analyzed using flame-sampling mass spectrometry with tunable synchrotron-generated vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) radiation. This experimental approach combines isomer-resolving capabilities with high sensitivity and a large dynamic range5,6. The first part of the video describes experiments involving burner-stabilized, reduced-pressure (20-80 mbar) laminar premixed flames. A small hydrocarbon fuel was used for the selected flame to demonstrate the general experimental approach. It is shown how species&#8217; profiles are acquired as a function of distance from the burner surface and how the tunability of the VUV photon energy is used advantageously to identify many combustion intermediates based on their ionization energies. For example, this technique has been used to study gas-phase aspects of the soot-formation processes, and the video shows how the resonance-stabilized radicals, such as C3H3, C3H5, and i-C4H5, are identified as important intermediates7. The work has been focused on soot formation processes, and, from the chemical point of view, this process is very intriguing because chemical structures containing millions of carbon atoms are assembled from a fuel molecule possessing only a few carbon atoms in just milliseconds. The second part of the video highlights a new experiment, in which an opposed-flow diffusion flame and synchrotron-based aerosol mass spectrometry are used to study the chemical composition of the combustion-generated soot particles4. The experimental results indicate that the widely accepted H-abstraction-C2H2-addition (HACA) mechanism is not the sole molecular growth process responsible for the formation of the observed large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Gas sampling from laboratory-scale flames with online analysis of all species by mass spectrometry is a powerful method to investigate the complex mixture of chemical compounds occurring during combustion processes. Coupled with tunable soft ionization via synchrotron-generated vacuum-ultraviolet radiation, this technique provides isomer-resolved information and potentially fragment-free mass spectra.

火焰在实验的先进光源：全新洞察烟灰形成过程

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics ...

Failure Analysis of Batteries Using Synchrotron-based Hard X-ray Microtomography

Imaging morphological changes that occur during the lifetime of rechargeable batteries is necessary to understand how these devices fail. Since the advent of lithium-ion batteries, researchers have known that the lithium metal anode has the highest theoretical energy density of any anode material. However, rechargeable batteries containing a lithium metal anode are not widely used in consumer products because the growth of lithium dendrites from the anode upon charging of the battery causes premature cell failure by short circuit. Lithium dendrites can also form in commercial lithium-ion batteries with graphite anodes if they are improperly charged. We demonstrate that lithium dendrite growth can be studied using synchrotron-based hard X-ray microtomography. This non-destructive imaging technique allows researchers to study the growth of lithium dendrites, in addition to other morphological changes inside batteries, and subsequently develop methods to extend battery life.

Synchrotron-based hard X-ray microtomography is used to image the electrochemical growth of dendrites from a lithium metal electrode through a solid polymer electrolyte membrane.

电池的使用同步为基础的硬X射线微断层故障分析

Imaging morphological changes that occur during the lifetime of rechargeable batteries is necessary to understand how these devices fail. Since the advent ...

Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating

A procedure for a technique to measure the transverse coherence of synchrotron radiation X-ray sources using a single phase grating interferometer is reported. The measurements were demonstrated at the 1-BM bending magnet beamline of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). By using a 2-D checkerboard &#960;/2 phase-shift grating, transverse coherence lengths were obtained along the vertical and horizontal directions as well as along the 45&#176; and 135&#176; directions to the horizontal direction. Following the technical details specified in this paper, interferograms were measured at different positions downstream of the phase grating along the beam propagation direction. Visibility values of each interferogram were extracted from analyzing harmonic peaks in its Fourier Transformed image. Consequently, the coherence length along each direction can be extracted from the evolution of visibility as a function of the grating-to-detector distance. The simultaneous measurement of coherence lengths in four directions helped identify the elliptical shape of the coherence area of the Gaussian-shaped X-ray source. The reported technique for multiple-direction coherence characterization is important for selecting the appropriate sample size and orientation as well as for correcting the partial coherence effects in coherence scattering experiments. This technique can also be applied for assessing coherence preserving capabilities of X-ray optics.

The measurement protocol and data analysis procedure are given for obtaining transverse coherence of a synchrotron radiation X-ray source along four directions simultaneously using a single 2-D checkerboard phase grating. This simple technique can be applied for complete transverse coherence characterization of X-ray sources and X-ray optics.

使用2-D棋盘相位光栅X射线束相干测量沿多个方向

A procedure for a technique to measure the transverse coherence of synchrotron radiation X-ray sources using a single phase grating interferometer is ...

Integration of Light Trapping Silver Nanostructures in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells by Transfer Printing

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly known as plasmonic effects, play an important role. Research in this field has, however, been impeded owing to the difficulty of fabricating devices containing the desired functional metal nanostructures. In order to provide a viable strategy to this issue, we herein show a transfer printing-based approach that allows the quick and low-cost integration of designed metal nanostructures with a variety of device architectures, including solar cells. Nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps were fabricated from a commercially available nanohole plastic film as a master mold. On this nanopatterned PDMS stamps, Ag films were deposited, which were then transfer-printed onto block copolymer (binding layer)-coated hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (&#181;c-Si:H) surface to afford ordered Ag nanodisk structures. It was confirmed that the resulting Ag nanodisk-incorporated &#181;c-Si:H solar cells show higher performances compared to a cell without the transfer-printed Ag nanodisks, thanks to plasmonic light trapping effect derived from the Ag nanodisks. Because of the simplicity and versatility, further device application would also be feasible thorough this approach.

A viable transfer printing-based methodology to introduce plasmonic metal nanostructures in solar cells is described. Using nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps, an Ag-based ordered nanodisk array was integrated with standard hydrogenated microcrystalline Si solar cells, which led to improved device performances due to plasmonic light trapping.

灯光诱杀银纳米结构通过转移印花在氢化微晶硅太阳能电池集成

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly ...

Fabrication of White Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells with Stable Emission from Exciplexes

The authors present an approach for fabricating stable white light emission from polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) having an active layer which consists of blue-fluorescent poly(9,9-di-n-dodecylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (PFD) and &#960;-conjugated triphenylamine molecules. This white light emission originates from exciplexes formed between PFD and amines in electronically excited states. A device containing PFD, 4,4&#39;,4&#39;&#39;-tris[2-naphthyl(phenyl)amino]triphenylamine (2-TNATA), Poly(ethylene oxide) and K2CF3SO3 showed white light emission with Commission internationale de l&#39;&#233;clairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.33, 0.43) and a Color Rendering Index (CRI) of Ra = 73 at an applied voltage of 3.5 V. Constant voltage measurements showed that the CIE coordinates of (0.27, 0.37), Ra of 67, and the emission color observed immediately after application of a voltage of 5 V were nearly unchanged and stable after 300 sec.

The authors present a method for fabricating stable white-light-emitting electrochemical cells utilizing emission from exciplexes formed between a blue-emitting fluorene polymer and aromatic amines.

白的制造发光电化学细胞与来自激发络合物稳定的发射

The authors present an approach for fabricating stable white light emission from polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) having an active ...

Combustion Characterization and Model Fuel Development for Micro-tubular Flame-assisted Fuel Cells

Combustion based power generation has been accomplished for many years through a number of heat engine systems. Recently, a move towards small scale power generation and micro combustion as well as development in fuel cell research has created new means of power generation that combine solid oxide fuel cells with open flames and combustion exhaust. Instead of relying upon the heat of combustion, these solid oxide fuel cell systems rely on reforming of the fuel via combustion to generate syngas for electrochemical power generation. Procedures were developed to assess the combustion by-products under a wide range of conditions. While theoretical and computational procedures have been developed for assessing fuel-rich combustion exhaust in these applications, experimental techniques have also emerged. The experimental procedures often rely upon a gas chromatograph or mass spectrometer analysis of the flame and exhaust to assess the combustion process as a fuel reformer and means of heat generation. The experimental techniques developed in these areas have been applied anew for the development of the micro-tubular flame-assisted fuel cell. The protocol discussed in this work builds on past techniques to specify a procedure for characterizing fuel-rich combustion exhaust and developing a model fuel-rich combustion exhaust for use in flame-assisted fuel cell testing. The development of the procedure and its applications and limitations are discussed.

A protocol for creating a model fuel-rich combustion exhaust is developed through combustion characterization and is applied for micro-tubular flame-assisted fuel cell testing and research.

燃烧特性参数和模型燃料开发的微型管状火焰辅助燃料电池

Combustion based power generation has been accomplished for many years through a number of heat engine systems. Recently, a move towards small scale power ...

Measurement of Quantum Interference in a Silicon Ring Resonator Photon Source

Silicon photonic chips have the potential to realize complex integrated quantum information processing circuits, including photon sources, qubit manipulation, and integrated single-photon detectors. Here, we present the key aspects of preparing and testing a silicon photonic quantum chip with an integrated photon source and two-photon interferometer. The most important aspect of an integrated quantum circuit is minimizing loss so that all of the generated photons are detected with the highest possible fidelity. Here, we describe how to perform low-loss edge coupling by using an ultra-high numerical aperture fiber to closely match the mode of the silicon waveguides. By using an optimized fusion splicing recipe, the UHNA fiber is seamlessly interfaced with a standard single-mode fiber. This low-loss coupling allows the measurement of high-fidelity photon production in an integrated silicon ring resonator and the subsequent two-photon interference of the produced photons in a closely integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer. This paper describes the essential procedures for the preparation and characterization of high-performance and scalable silicon quantum photonic circuits.

Silicon photonic chips have the potential to realize complex integrated quantum systems. Presented here is a method for preparing and testing a silicon photonic chip for quantum measurements.

量子干涉效应在硅谐振环光子源测量

Silicon photonic chips have the potential to realize complex integrated quantum information processing circuits, including photon sources, qubit ...

In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

High pressure hydrogen gas is known to adversely affect metallic components of compressors, valves, hoses, and actuators. However, relatively little is known about the effects of high pressure hydrogen on the polymer sealing and barrier materials also found within these components. More study is required in order to determine the compatibility of common polymer materials found in the components of the hydrogen fuel delivery infrastructure with high pressure hydrogen. As a result, it is important to consider the changes in physical properties such as friction and wear in situ while the polymer is exposed to high pressure hydrogen. In this protocol, we present a method for testing the friction and wear properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) elastomer samples in a 28 MPa high pressure hydrogen environment using a custom-built in situ pin-on-flat linear reciprocating tribometer. Representative results from this testing are presented which indicate that the coefficient of friction between the EPDM sample coupon and steel counter surface is increased in high pressure hydrogen as compared to the coefficient of friction similarly measured in ambient air.

In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

A test methodology for quantifying tribological properties of polymers used in hydrogen infrastructure service is demonstrated and characteristic results for a common elastomer are discussed.

就地氢气输送基础设施用普通高分子材料的高压氢摩擦学试验

High pressure hydrogen gas is known to adversely affect metallic components of compressors, valves, hoses, and actuators. However, relatively little is ...

Developing High Performance GaP/Si Heterojunction Solar Cells

To improve the efficiency of Si-based solar cells beyond their Shockley-Queisser limit, the optimal path is to integrate them with III-V-based solar cells. In this work, we present high performance GaP/Si heterojunction solar cells with a high Si minority-carrier lifetime and high crystal quality of epitaxial GaP layers. It is shown that by applying phosphorus (P)-diffusion layers into the Si substrate and a SiNx layer, the Si minority-carrier lifetime can be well-maintained during the GaP growth in the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). By controlling the growth conditions, the high crystal quality of GaP was grown on the P-rich Si surface. The film quality is characterized by atomic force microscopy and high-resolution x-ray diffraction. In addition, MoOx was implemented as a hole-selective contact that led to a significant increase in the short-circuit current density. The achieved high device performance of the GaP/Si heterojunction solar cells establishes a path for further enhancement of the performance of Si-based photovoltaic devices.

Here, we present a protocol to develop high-performance GaP/Si heterojunction solar cells with a high Si minority-carrier lifetime.

研制高性能的 gap-硅异构太阳能电池

To improve the efficiency of Si-based solar cells beyond their Shockley-Queisser limit, the optimal path is to integrate them with III-V-based solar ...