这项工作是由HeteroFoaM中心，由美国能源部科学办公室基础能源科学办公室（BES）奖号码下DE-SC0001061上的能源前沿研究中心。

1。制作一个YSZ-嵌入式网状阳极电解槽<ol><li>称出两批YSZ​​粉0.2克。 </li><li>压缩一个批次YSZ粉末在一个圆柱形的不锈钢模具（13毫米直径），用单轴干压在压力为50 MPa，持续30秒。 </li><li>剪下&lt;1-厘米一块镍网格的YSZ光盘的表面上，并将其放置在模具内。 </li><li>添加其他0.2克YSZ粉末之上的Ni-模具内的啮合和扁平化的粉末的表面用柱塞式。 </li><li>单轴按YSZ粉末包之间夹持的Ni网在300兆帕的压力下持续30秒。 </li><li>从模具中提取按下Ni / YSZ的颗粒。 </li><li>消防颗粒在1440℃下进行5小时的氧化锆坩埚中，使用水平与流动的还原性气体气氛中的管式炉（4％的H 2 /平衡的Ar）。 </li></ol> 2。镍网电极的曝光，抛光，修饰<ol><li>机械结盟磨去的一个面上使用6微米的金刚石磨粒的烧结YSZ样品直到镍网表面显露。 </li><li>进一步抛光暴露的镍网表面约1分钟，在每个研磨工序中使用3微米，1微米，0.1微米的金刚石介质中的水/乙二醇悬浮液。 </li><li>超声波清洗抛光的样品在丙酮，乙醇，和DI水，每次10分钟。 </li><li>干燥样品在干净的压缩空气流。 </li><li>对于Ni目增加，耐结焦性，火的样品在1200℃下2小时的存在下，在还原气氛中，但不接触，BaO的粉末。 </li></ol> 3。全细胞的制备及电化学测试<ol><li>刷涂料从Ni-网格的YSZ样品的相对表面上的Ag膏作为反电极。 </li><li>将盘绕的银线的反电极Ag浆。 </li><li>干燥后的Ag膏的SAMPLe在120℃下的烘箱中30分钟，0.2-mm直径的银线连接的Ni-网格使用Ag膏的前端。 </li><li>再次干燥样品在120℃的烘箱中30分钟。 </li><li>密封电池（镍网格向下）顶部的一个3/8英寸陶瓷电池夹具管使用Aremco密封552（Ceramabond）。 </li><li>允许密封剂在空气中干燥2-4小时。 </li><li>两个绝缘的银导线连接的两个电极布线。 </li><li>细胞夹具安装在管式炉中，连接行气，夹具和连接线连接到正确的电化学测试设备。 </li><li>开始流动的超高纯度级（99.999％）H 2气体为50sccm的速率;通过细胞夹具在应气体鼓泡通过室温水3％（体积）的气体加湿。 H 2 O之前进入细胞的夹具。 </li><li>炉加热，与安装的小区至100℃2小时，然后通过260℃下1小时，然后最终800℃在升温速率为1℃，继续流动的H 2，所有的加热过程中，以避免氧化的Ni电极。第一的两个加热步骤是用于固化的Ceramabond。 </li><li>握住电池在炉中在800℃下烧结2小时以允许计数器的Ag电极。 </li><li>细胞稍微冷却到767°C的电化学性能测试。 </li><li>经过测试后，小心地取出细胞固定淬火炉在室温下而继续流入加湿H 2。 （注意：使用适当的个人防护装备的处理，如非常热的陶瓷隔热手套和垫子！） </li><li>分离的细胞从夹具表征后，通过分离电极布线和仔细分离的细胞从Ceramabond密封胶。 </li></ol> * 图1给出的示意性的YSZ-嵌入式镍网状细胞的，沿与一个典型的照片和光学显微镜照片的嵌入式网格。 在我们的调查中，细胞进行电化学特征与EG＆G PAR恒电位仪（273A型）加上一个Solartron公司1255 HF频率响应分析仪，使用CorrWare和ZPlot软件（斯克里布纳及联营公司）。线性扫描伏安法和恒定电压电流分析法被用来表征电池的性能，获得和阻抗谱在100千赫到0.1 Hz的频率范围内的振幅为10 mV。对于硫中毒研究，在H 2认证的100 ppm的H 2 S的气体混合物被混入用纯H 2的燃料气体流，以获得为20 ppm的H 2 S / H 2混合物。 4。测试后拉曼Spectromicroscopic映射<ol><li>词缀与网状阳极朝上到的拉曼显微镜镜台板用胶带或粘接剂，以防止样品运动期间拉曼分析的细胞样品。 </li><li>使用显微镜和XYZ阶段到定位的接口的Ni网状和YSZ基板之间的边界。 </li><li>使激光焦点切换显微镜过滤器和精细调整阶段的Z坐标。 </li><li>拉曼光谱仪设置在一个矩形网孔覆盖的面积与2微米的间隔，分离节点的接口的节点，得到光谱。光谱应围绕的波数（）对应的拉曼模式（s）的物种或相位（s）的权益。在这种情况下，980 cm -1的SO x的选择。 </li><li>对于每个谱图，整合强度跨的拉曼模式（s）的权益和分裂的强度，由具有相同的频谱平坦的基线。然后可以绘制的相对强度在一个相对于它的坐标的轮廓/色彩映射。 </li></ol>使用一个Renishaw RM1000系统配备一个冒顿激光StellarPro 514nm的Ar离子激光器（5毫瓦）的Th进行拉曼spectromicroscopy被orlabs HRP170 633 nm的He-Ne激光器（17兆瓦）。该系统配有一个XYZ机动项目阶段（之前科学H101RNSW）和50X的物镜，它们一起允许〜2微米映射分辨率。雷尼绍线2.0软件与硬件结合使用。数据处理使用MATLAB（MathWorks公司）。 （5） 在原位拉曼光谱监测焦化8 <ol><li>将YSZ-嵌入式镍网样品的拉曼室阶段，银焊膏，网朝上使用。 </li><li>加热到300℃，1小时的开放室干燥和消除的Ag膏悬浮介质。 </li><li>拉曼室的密封帽，并加盖它的拉曼显微镜载物台。用显微镜来定位的Ni / YSZ界面中描述的协议4.2。 </li><li>开始4％的H 2 / Ar气体通过腔室在〜100sccm的加湿水鼓泡流动。 </li><li>拉曼室加热到625°C。 </li><li>带来的激光成焦点和收集基线拉曼扫描点的镍网和YSZ基板150-2000厘米-1范围内的。 </li><li> 3-5％的C 3 H 8，介绍到的气体流中，并收集从Ni定期拉曼光谱，而气体流动，以观察随着时间的推移（ 例如，15小时）的表面上沉积的碳。 </li><li>样品冷却慢慢放下（5°C /分钟）4％H 2 / AR在流动。 </li></ol> *的进行原位拉曼分析的一个自定义的改性Harrick旅游科学高温的反应chamber.The室配备有一个石英窗口，帽，气体连接，和一个冷却线。被设置在图2的示意性和照片。 注意：应该使用冷却水保护的光学显微镜上的拉曼系统从加热！ 6。纳米可视化焦化原子力显微镜（AFM）和EFM <ol><li>波兰的一个面上的1厘米×1毫米见方的镍券下降到协议2.2中描述的等级为0.1μm。 </li><li>在内衬的石英管炉中，暴露在抛光镍券流动的气体，含有10％C 3 H 8在550℃下平衡由Ar 1分钟;应气体鼓泡通过室温水加湿气体3 ％（体积）。 H 2 O之前进入石英管。 </li><li>从炉中取出样品。通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜检查的表面形貌。 </li><li>安装样品的金属圆盘上，使用原子力显微镜（AFM）和EFM研究铜导电胶带。 </li><li>收集的形态图像，利用原子力显微镜在轻敲模式。 </li><li>安装的n型Si基AFM针尖（NSC16）或导电性AFM针尖（CSC11/Cr-Au）的到的电气的支架（MMEFCH）。 </li><li>扫描在“升降机模式”，其中的样品表面的前端首先收集的地形信息，它的第一跳闸整个样品表面和th连接检测的相位角的静电力的信息在其第二次访问。设置的提升高度最初为100nm，并逐渐减小它的表面粗糙度（20-30纳米）大致相同的值。 </li><li>在一个明确的镍表面结焦和洁净区之间的接口，收集了一系列的EFM线扫描，同时改变了样本偏差。 </li><li>通过比较，在不同的采样偏置电位的EFM线扫描，识别时的电压的相位角对比度翻转21。 </li><li>收集一个样本偏差是1-2V负WRT的开关点，和其他影像样本偏差1-2V积极WRT开关点的图像。 </li><li>通过比较的地形图像，并且两组的EFM图像在不同的采样施力，得到在样品上的碳和镍相的分布的地图。对于我们的SPM分析，Veeco公司的奈米级IIIA系统。的工作原理的EFM分析的示意图23，24的是，在图3中所示。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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没有利益冲突的声明。

硫中毒分析在图5所示的阻抗谱表明，硫中毒的现象，而不是一个影响大部分材料的表面或界面。具体而言，快速中毒的Ni网状电极（ 图6），可能会导致从直接暴露的Ni电极的燃料气体和后续的硫吸附，将不会限制气体扩散的情况下，这个过程的速率尽可能厚的多孔Ni / YSZ阳极。强烈地吸附硫镍，YSZ，和燃料之间的三相边界（TPB）处或附近可能会阻止三?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 的试剂/材料名称 </td><td> 公司 </td><td> 目录编号 </td><td> 评论 </td></tr><tr><td>镍网</td><td>阿法埃莎</td><td> CAS：7440-02-0 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>镍箔</td><td>阿法埃莎</td><td> CAS：7440-02-0 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> YSZ粉</td><td> TOSOH </td><td>批号：S800888B </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>银膏</td><td>贺利氏</td><td> C8710 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>氧化钡</td><td> Sigma-Aldrich公司</td><td> 1304-28-5 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>银线</td><td>阿法埃莎</td><td> 7440-22-4 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>丙酮</td><td> VWR </td><td> 67-64-1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>乙醇</td><td>阿法埃莎</td><td> 64-17-5 </td><td&gt; </td></tr><tr><td> UHP H 2 </td><td> Airgas公司</td><td></td><td>纯度为99.999％ </td></tr><tr><td> 100 ppm的H 2 S / H 2 </td><td> Airgas公司</td><td></td><td>认证的自定义组合</td></tr><tr><td> n型硅原子力显微镜针尖</td><td> MikroMasch </td><td> NSC16 </td><td> 10纳米尖端半径</td></tr><tr><td>金涂层的原子力显微镜针尖</td><td> MikroMasch </td><td> CSC11/Au/Cr </td><td> 20-30纳米尖端半径</td></tr><tr><td>拉曼光谱仪</td><td>雷尼绍</td><td> RM1000 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>氩离子激光器</td><td> ModuLaser </td><td> StellarPro 150 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> He-Ne激光</td><td> Thorlabs公司</td><td> HPL170 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>原子力显微镜</td><td> Veeco公司</td><td>奈米级IIIA </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>移动拉曼阶段</td><td>在此之前科学</td><td> H101RNSW </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>光学显微镜</td><td>徕卡</td><td> DMLM </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>扫描电子显微镜</td><td> LEO </td><td> 1550 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>管式炉</td><td>应用测试系统</td><td> 2110 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>抛光机</td><td>盟军高科技产品</td><td> MetPrep </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 6微米研磨介质</td><td>盟军高科技产品</td><td> 50-50040M </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 3微米的抛光介质</td><td>盟军高科技产品</td><td> 90-30020 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 1微米的研磨介质</td><td>盟军高科技产品</td><td> 90-30015 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 0.1微米的抛光介质</td><td>盟军高科技产品</td><td> 90-32000 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>拉曼室</td><td> Harrick旅游科学</td><td> HTRC </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

probing and mapping electrode surfaces in solid oxide fuel cells

固体氧化物型燃料电池（SOFC）具有潜在氢1-7以外的燃料利用的各种各样的最有效和具有成本效益的解决方案。固体氧化物燃料电池的性能和价格的许多化学和能源在转化过程中的能量储存和转换装置一般是有限的，主要是由沿电极表面的电荷和质量转移和跨接口。不幸的是，这些过程的机理的认识仍然不足，这主要是由于在原位条件下描述这些过程的难度。这方面的知识差距是固体氧化物燃料电池商业化的主要障碍。是非常重要的开发工具，用于探测和映射的表面化学相关的电极反应，揭开表面过程的机理和实现新的电极材料，设计合理，更高效的能源存储和转换2。在相对 ​​较少的原位&lt;/ em&gt;的表面分析方法，拉曼光谱仪可以进行即使在高温和恶劣的环境中，使其成为理想的表征化学过程相关的SOFC阳极的性能和降解8-12。它也可以被一起使用电化学测量，可能允许直接相关的电化学的操作单元格中的表面化学。正确的原位拉曼光谱测量将是有益的针指向重要的阳极反应机制，因为它的灵敏度相关的物种，包括碳阳极的性能退化的沉积8，10，13，14（“焦化”）和硫中毒11， 15和以何种方式在表面修饰避开这种退化16。目前的工作表明，这种能力的显着进展情况。此外，该系列的扫描探针显微镜（SPM）技术，提供了一个特殊的办法来询问电表面纳米级分辨率。除了 ​​定期收集，原子力显微镜（AFM）和扫描隧道显微镜的表面形貌，其他属性，如局域电子态，离子扩散系数和表面电位也可以进行调查17-22。在这项工作中，连同一种新的测试电极的平台，该平台由镍的网状电极嵌入的氧化钇稳定的氧化锆（YSZ）电解质，使用电化学测量，拉曼光谱，和SPM。燃料的情况下，含H 2 S的电池性能测试和交流阻抗谱的特点，拉曼光谱是用来进一步阐明硫中毒的性质。 原位拉曼光谱监测调查焦化的行为。最后，原子力显微镜（AFM）和静电力显微镜（EFM），被用来进一步可视化纳米尺度上的碳沉积。从这个研究中，我们渴望的SOFC阳极产生一个更全面的了解。

硫中毒分析 图4中所示的是典型的小区用的Ni的H 2和20ppm的H 2 S的情况下的网状电极，IV和IP曲线。显然，甚至只是几个ppm的H 2 S的引入可以毒害的Ni-YSZ阳极，导致相当大的性能退化。 为了更深入理解的Ni-YSZ阳极的中毒行为，交流阻抗谱的细胞里的开路电压（OCV）的条件下进行。 图5中所示的之前和之后被暴露?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells at JoVE.com

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

我们提出了一个独特的平台，表征电极表面的固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC），允许同时进行多种表征技术（<em例如，在原位</em拉曼光谱仪和扫描探针显微镜以及电化学测量）。从这些分析可以帮助补充信息，迈向一个更深刻的认识，电极反应和降解机制，提供设计合理，更好的材料，固体氧化物燃料电池的见解。

在固体氧化物燃料电池电极表面的探测和测绘

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen ...

probing-and-mapping-electrode-surfaces-in-solid-oxide-fuel-cells

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Unit 1

Gauss's Law

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15.8K 次观看.  Georgia Institute of Technology. 我们提出了一个独特的平台，表征电极表面的固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC），允许同时进行多种表征技术（

视频: Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Fabrication of Nano-engineered Transparent Conducting Oxides by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, density and stoichiometry by a proper control of the plasma plume expansion dynamics. Such versatility can be exploited to produce nanostructured films from compact and dense to nanoporous characterized by a hierarchical assembly of nano-sized clusters. In particular we describe the detailed methodology to fabricate two types of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films as transparent electrodes in photovoltaic devices: 1) at low O2 pressure, compact films with electrical conductivity and optical transparency close to the state of the art transparent conducting oxides (TCO) can be deposited at room temperature, to be compatible with thermally sensitive materials such as polymers used in organic photovoltaics (OPVs); 2) highly light scattering hierarchical structures resembling a forest of nano-trees are produced at higher pressures. Such structures show high Haze factor (&gt;80%) and may be exploited to enhance the light trapping capability. The method here described for AZO films can be applied to other metal oxides relevant for technological applications such as TiO2, Al2O3, WO3 and Ag4O4.

We describe the experimental method to deposit nanostructured oxide thin films by nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas. By using this method Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films, from compact to hierarchically structured as nano-tree forests, can be deposited.

制备纳米设计的脉冲激光沉积透明导电氧化物

Nanosecond Pulsed  Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition  of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, ...

科研

工程学

Monolayer Contact Doping of Silicon Surfaces and Nanowires Using Organophosphorus Compounds

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra shallow and sharp doping profiles at the nanometer scale. In MLCD process the dopant source is a monolayer containing dopant atoms.
In this article a detailed procedure for surface doping of silicon substrate as well as silicon nanowires is demonstrated. Phosphorus dopant source was formed using tetraethyl methylenediphosphonate monolayer on a silicon substrate. This monolayer containing substrate was brought to contact with a pristine intrinsic silicon target substrate and annealed while in contact. Sheet resistance of the target substrate was measured using 4 point probe. Intrinsic silicon nanowires were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process using a vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism; gold nanoparticles were used as catalyst for nanowire growth. The nanowires were suspended in ethanol by mild sonication. This suspension was used to dropcast the nanowires on silicon substrate with a silicon nitride dielectric top layer. These nanowires were doped with phosphorus in similar manner as used for the intrinsic silicon wafer. Standard photolithography process was used to fabricate metal electrodes for the formation of nanowire based field effect transistor (NW-FET). The electrical properties of a representative nanowire device were measured by a semiconductor device analyzer and a probe station.

A detailed procedure for surface doping of Silicon interfaces is provided. The ultra-shallow surface doping is demonstrated by using phosphorus containing monolayers and rapid annealing process. The method can be used for doping of macroscopic area surfaces as well as nanostructures.

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra ...

Writing and Low-Temperature Characterization of Oxide Nanostructures

Oxide nanoelectronics is a rapidly growing field which seeks to develop novel materials with multifunctional behavior at nanoscale dimensions. Oxide interfaces exhibit a wide range of properties that can be controlled include conduction, piezoelectric behavior, ferromagnetism, superconductivity and nonlinear optical properties. Recently, methods for controlling these properties at extreme nanoscale dimensions have been discovered and developed. Here are described explicit step-by-step procedures for creating LaAlO3/SrTiO3 nanostructures using a reversible conductive atomic force microscopy technique. The processing steps for creating electrical contacts to the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface are first described. Conductive nanostructures are created by applying voltages to a conductive atomic force microscope tip and locally switching the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface to a conductive state. A versatile nanolithography toolkit has been developed expressly for the purpose of controlling the atomic force microscope (AFM) tip path and voltage. Then, these nanostructures are placed in a cryostat and transport measurements are performed. The procedures described here should be useful to others wishing to conduct research in oxide nanoelectronics.

Oxide nanostructures provide new opportunities for science and technology. The interfacial conductivity between LaAlO3 and SrTiO3 can be controlled with near-atomic precision using a conductive atomic force microscopy technique. The protocol for creating and measuring conductive nanostructures at LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interfaces is demonstrated.

写作和氧化物纳米结构的低温特性

Oxide nanoelectronics is a rapidly growing field which seeks to develop novel materials with multifunctional behavior at nanoscale dimensions.  Oxide ...

Ultrasound Velocity Measurement in a Liquid Metal Electrode

A growing number of electrochemical technologies depend on fluid flow, and often that fluid is opaque. Measuring the flow of an opaque fluid is inherently more difficult than measuring the flow of a transparent fluid, since optical methods are not applicable. Ultrasound can be used to measure the velocity of an opaque fluid, not only at isolated points, but at hundreds or thousands of points arrayed along lines, with good temporal resolution. When applied to a liquid metal electrode, ultrasound velocimetry involves additional challenges: high temperature, chemical activity, and electrical conductivity. Here we describe the experimental apparatus and methods that overcome these challenges and allow the measurement of flow in a liquid metal electrode, as it conducts current, at operating temperature. Temperature is regulated within &#177;2 &#176;C using a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller that powers a custom-built furnace. Chemical activity is managed by choosing vessel materials carefully and enclosing the experimental setup in an argon-filled glovebox. Finally, unintended electrical paths are carefully prevented. An automated system logs control settings and experimental measurements, using hardware trigger signals to synchronize devices. This apparatus and these methods can produce measurements that are impossible with other techniques, and allow optimization and control of electrochemical technologies like liquid metal batteries.

Ultrasound velocimetry is used to study mixing by fluid flow in liquid metal electrodes. The focus of this manuscript is to illustrate the methods used for making precise, spatially-resolved ultrasound measurements while limiting oxidation and controlling and monitoring temperature, applied current, and the heater power being supplied.

超声速度测量的液态金属电极

A growing number of electrochemical technologies depend on fluid flow, and often that fluid is opaque. Measuring the flow of an opaque fluid is inherently ...

Iridium Oxide-reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid Thin Film Modified Screen-printed Electrodes as Disposable Electrochemical Paper Microfluidic pH Sensors

A facile, controllable, inexpensive and green electrochemical synthesis of IrO2-graphene nanohybrid thin films is developed to fabricate an easy-to-use integrated paper microfluidic electrochemical pH sensor for resource-limited settings. Taking advantages from both pH meters and strips, the pH sensing platform is composed of hydrophobic barrier-patterned paper micropad (&#181;PAD) using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with IrO2-graphene films and molded acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic holder. Repetitive cathodic potential cycling was employed for graphene oxide (GO) reduction which can completely remove electrochemically unstable oxygenated groups and generate a 2D defect-free homogeneous graphene thin film with excellent stability and electronic properties. A uniform and smooth IrO2 film in nanoscale grain size is anodically electrodeposited onto the graphene film, without any observable cracks. The resulting IrO2-RGO electrode showed slightly super-Nernstian responses from pH 2-12 in Britton-Robinson (B-R) buffers with good linearity, small hysteresis, low response time and reproducibility in different buffers, as well as low sensitivities to different interfering ionic species and dissolved oxygen. A simple portable digital pH meter is fabricated, whose signal is measured with a multimeter, using high input-impedance operational amplifier and consumer batteries. The pH values measured with the portable electrochemical paper-microfluidic pH sensors were consistent with those measured using a commercial laboratory pH meter with a glass electrode.

The study demonstrates the growth of iridium oxide-reduced graphene oxide (IrO2-RGO) nanohybrid thin films on irregular and rough screen-printed carbon substrate through a green electrochemical synthesis, and their implementation as a pH sensor with a patterned paper-fluidic platform.

氧化铱还原氧化石墨烯纳米杂化薄膜修饰丝网印刷电极一次性电化学微流控纸pH传感器

A facile, controllable, inexpensive and green electrochemical synthesis of IrO2-graphene nanohybrid thin films is developed to fabricate an easy-to-use ...

Non-aqueous Electrode Processing and Construction of Lithium-ion Coin Cells

Research into new and improved materials to be utilized in lithium-ion batteries (LIB) necessitates an experimental counterpart to any computational analysis. Testing of lithium-ion batteries in an academic setting has taken on several forms, but at the most basic level lies the coin cell construction. In traditional LIB electrode preparation, a multi-phase slurry composed of active material, binder, and conductive additive is cast out onto a substrate. An electrode disc can then be punched from the dried sheet and used in the construction of a coin cell for electrochemical evaluation. Utilization of the potential of the active material in a battery is critically dependent on the microstructure of the electrode, as an appropriate distribution of the primary components are crucial to ensuring optimal electrical conductivity, porosity, and tortuosity, such that electrochemical and transport interaction is optimized. Processing steps ranging from the combination of dry powder, wet mixing, and drying can all critically affect multi-phase interactions that influence the microstructure formation. Electrochemical probing necessitates the construction of electrodes and coin cells with the utmost care and precision. This paper aims at providing a step-by-step guide of non-aqueous electrode processing and coin cell construction for lithium-ion batteries within an academic setting and with emphasis on deciphering the influence of drying and calendaring.

Non-aqueous electrode processing is central to the construction of coin cells and the evaluation of new electrode chemistries for lithium-ion batteries. A step-by-step guide to the basic practices needed as an electrochemical engineer working with batteries in an academic experimental setting is furnished.

锂离子纽扣电池的非水电极加工和施工

Research into new and improved materials to be utilized in lithium-ion batteries (LIB) necessitates an experimental counterpart to any computational ...

Combustion Characterization and Model Fuel Development for Micro-tubular Flame-assisted Fuel Cells

Combustion based power generation has been accomplished for many years through a number of heat engine systems. Recently, a move towards small scale power generation and micro combustion as well as development in fuel cell research has created new means of power generation that combine solid oxide fuel cells with open flames and combustion exhaust. Instead of relying upon the heat of combustion, these solid oxide fuel cell systems rely on reforming of the fuel via combustion to generate syngas for electrochemical power generation. Procedures were developed to assess the combustion by-products under a wide range of conditions. While theoretical and computational procedures have been developed for assessing fuel-rich combustion exhaust in these applications, experimental techniques have also emerged. The experimental procedures often rely upon a gas chromatograph or mass spectrometer analysis of the flame and exhaust to assess the combustion process as a fuel reformer and means of heat generation. The experimental techniques developed in these areas have been applied anew for the development of the micro-tubular flame-assisted fuel cell. The protocol discussed in this work builds on past techniques to specify a procedure for characterizing fuel-rich combustion exhaust and developing a model fuel-rich combustion exhaust for use in flame-assisted fuel cell testing. The development of the procedure and its applications and limitations are discussed.

A protocol for creating a model fuel-rich combustion exhaust is developed through combustion characterization and is applied for micro-tubular flame-assisted fuel cell testing and research.

燃烧特性参数和模型燃料开发的微型管状火焰辅助燃料电池

Combustion based power generation has been accomplished for many years through a number of heat engine systems. Recently, a move towards small scale power ...

Preparation of Janus Particles and Alternating Current Electrokinetic Measurements with a Rapidly Fabricated Indium Tin Oxide Electrode Array

This article provides a simple method to prepare partially or fully coated metallic particles and to perform the rapid fabrication of electrode arrays, which can facilitate electrical experiments in microfluidic devices. Janus particles are asymmetric particles that contain two different surface properties on their two sides. To prepare Janus particles, a monolayer of silica particles is prepared by a drying process. Gold (Au) is deposited on one side of each particle using a sputtering device. The fully coated metallic particles are completed after the second coating process. To analyze the electrical surface properties of Janus particles, alternating current (AC) electrokinetic measurements, such as dielectrophoresis (DEP) and electrorotation (EROT)- which require specifically designed electrode arrays in the experimental device- are performed. However, traditional methods to fabricate electrode arrays, such as the photolithographic technique, require a series of complicated procedures. Here, we introduce a flexible method to fabricate a designed electrode array. An indium tin oxide (ITO) glass is patterned by a fiber laser marking machine (1,064 nm, 20 W, 90 to 120 ns pulse-width, and 20 to 80 kHz pulse repetition frequency) to create a four-phase electrode array. To generate the four-phase electric field, the electrodes are connected to a 2-channel function generator and to two invertors. The phase shift between the adjacent electrodes is set at either 90&#176; (for EROT) or 180&#176; (for DEP). Representative results of AC electrokinetic measurements with a four-phase ITO electrode array are presented.

In this article, a simple method to prepare partially or fully coated metallic particles and to perform AC electrokinetic property measurements with a rapidly fabricated indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode array is demonstrated.

使用快速制造的氧化铟锡电极阵列制备Janus粒子和交流电动势测量

This article provides a simple method to prepare partially or fully coated metallic particles and to perform the rapid fabrication of electrode arrays, ...

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

The goal of this protocol is to present how to perform spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy combined with polarization-variable 7-eV laser (laser-SARPES), and demonstrate a power of this technique for studying solid state physics. Laser-SARPES achieves two great capabilities. Firstly, by examining orbital selection rule of linearly polarized lasers, orbital selective excitation can be carried out in SAPRES experiment. Secondly, the technique can show full information of a variation of the spin quantum axis as a function of the light polarization. To demonstrate the power of the collaboration of these capabilities in laser-SARPES, we apply this technique for the investigations of spin-orbit coupled surface states of Bi2Se3. This technique affords to decompose spin and orbital components from the spin-orbit coupled wavefunctions. Moreover, as a representative advantage of using the direct spin detection collaborated with the polarization-variable laser, the technique unambiguously visualizes the light polarization dependence of the spin quantum axis in three-dimension. Laser-SARPES dramatically increases a capability of photoemission technique.

Here, we combine polarization-variable 7-eV laser with spin- and angle-resolved photoemission technique to visualize the spin-orbital coupling effect in solid states.

自旋角分辨光电子光谱与偏振变激光相结合的实验方法

The goal of this protocol is to present how to perform spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy combined with polarization-variable 7-eV laser ...

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications

Several ways to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces are presented in this work. Aluminum was chosen as the metal substrate due to its wide use in industry. The wettability of the produced surface was analyzed by bouncing drop experiments and the topography was analyzed by confocal microscopy. In addition, we show various methodologies to measure its durability and anti-icing properties. Superhydrophobic surfaces hold a special texture that must be preserved to keep their water-repellency. To fabricate durable surfaces, we followed two strategies to incorporate a resistant texture. The first strategy is a direct incorporation of roughness to the metal substrate by acid etching. After this surface texturization, the surface energy was decreased by silanization or fluoropolymer deposition. The second strategy is the growth of a ceria layer (after surface texturization) that should enhance the surface hardness and corrosion resistance. The surface energy was decreased with a stearic acid film.
The durability of the superhydrophobic surfaces was examined by a particle impact test, mechanical wear by lateral abrasion, and UV-ozone resistance. The anti-icing properties were explored by studying the ability to repeal subcooled water, freezing delay, and ice adhesion.

We illustrate several methodologies to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces and to explore their durability and anti-icing properties.

防结冰用超疏水性金属表面的制备

Several ways to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces are presented in this work. Aluminum was chosen as the metal substrate due to its wide use in ...