这项工作得到了作者 YL 的启动基金和加州州立大学萨克拉门托分校的教学法增强奖 （PEA） 的支持。

1、油源及制备
<ol><li>将 2.0 mL HPLC 级甲醇加入 15 mL 离心管中。 注意:甲醇是一种高度易燃的液体。吞咽、与皮肤接触或吸入有毒，会对眼睛造成伤害。确保在使用甲醇时穿戴个人防护设备 （PPE），并在通风橱中使用。</li>
	<li>向离心管中加入一粒 KOH （~0.10 g），并使用超声波清洁器 （40 kHz） 溶解 KOH 固体，只需打开超声波。 注意:吞咽 KOH 是有害的。它会导致严重的皮肤灼伤、眼睛损伤和严重的眼睛损伤。确保在使用这种物质时穿戴个人防护装备。 注意: 为获得最佳结果，请将离心管放入装满水的烧杯中，然后将烧杯放入超声波浴中。这种浸没式配置保证了反应混合物彻底暴露在超声波照射下，从而最大限度地提高其有效性。</li>
</ol>2. 酯交换工艺
<ol><li>将 8.0 mL 特级初榨橄榄油加入离心管中。</li>
	<li>盖上离心管盖子并盖紧，用力摇晃离心管，使油和甲醇钾溶液混合。 注意: 摇晃离心管时，请保持离心机盖紧。</li>
	<li>松开盖子，将离心管放入超声波浴中。打开超声波浴1分钟。</li>
	<li>第一个 1 分钟后，拧紧离心机盖，再次剧烈摇晃离心管。</li>
	<li>松开盖子，将反应混合物放入超声波浴中再放置14分钟。</li>
	<li>将反应混合物转移到分液漏斗中，并排空底部甘油层。</li>
	<li>用 15 mL 饱和 NaCl 溶液洗涤顶层 3 次，以洗去酯中多余的甲醇和残留的催化剂。用 pH 试纸测试，确保最终洗涤的 pH 值为中性。</li>
	<li>将顶部生物柴油层转移到干燥、干净的小瓶中，向小瓶中加入无水 Na2SO4，涡旋混合物，让混合物静置约 15 分钟，直到生物柴油澄清。使用透明生物柴油产品进行表征。</li>
</ol>3. 生物柴油的表征
<ol><li>傅里叶变换红外 （FT-IR） 分析<ol><li>记录 FT-IR 光谱，范围为 4000-400 cm-1。通过以 4 cm-1 的分辨率共加 16 个扫描来测量每个样品。通过在每次样品扫描前采集新鲜空气光谱来执行背景减法。这是为了确保准确的基线校正和最小的样品污染。在每个新样品之前，使用甲醇清洁 ATR 板，然后用无绒湿巾擦干。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>质子核磁共振 （1H NMR） 分析<ol><li>要分析生物柴油产品的化学成分，请在室温下在 500 MHz NMR 波谱仪上记录生物柴油和特级初榨橄榄油的核磁共振 （NMR） 波谱。利用高分辨率 5 mm 双梯度探针，通过将 50 mg 样品溶解在含有 0.05% 四甲基硅烷 （TMS） 的 0.7 mL 氘代氯仿 （CDCl3） 中作为内标来制备每个样品。使用 TOPSPIN 程序采集 1H NMR 谱图，进行 16 次扫描，并以 0.0 ppm 的 TMS 标准为参考。 注意:CDCl3 如果吞咽是有害的，如果吸入是有毒的。它会引起皮肤刺激和严重的眼睛刺激。使用这种物质时，请穿戴个人防护装备。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>粘度分析<ol><li>准备两个 5.75 英寸玻璃巴斯德移液器和一个移液器泵。</li>
		<li>用笔在每个移液器上做两个标记。顶部标记在移液器主体上，第二个标记位于窄柄上，距尖端约 2 厘米。</li>
		<li>使用移液器泵将特级初榨橄榄油填充到移液器中，弯月面位于顶部标记处。</li>
		<li>取下移液器泵并启动秒表。当特级初榨橄榄油达到较低标记时停止秒表。</li>
		<li>重复步骤3.3.3和3.3.4，使用生物柴油产品而不是特级初榨橄榄油。</li>
		<li>通过定时通过玻璃移液管来确定生物柴油与特级初榨橄榄油的相对粘度。 相对粘度=（油时间）/（生物柴油时间）。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>可燃性测试<ol><li>将一根长约 2 厘米的棉绳浸入生物柴油中，将另一根棉绳浸入特级初榨橄榄油中。确保管柱与相应的液体完全饱和。将涂有涂层的棉绳放在铝箔上。</li>
		<li>在指定的实验室区域，远离易燃溶剂，评估点燃每根棉线的难易程度，并观察产生的火焰的质量。确定一根棉绳是否比另一根棉绳更容易点燃。评估哪种液体具有卓越的芯吸能力，哪种液体能保持更强的燃烧。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>

通过超声辅助植物油酯交换合成生物柴油

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作者没有什么可透露的。

在该演示中，阐明了一种超声波辅助方法，用于碱催化生产生物柴油，以实现最佳功效。为获得最佳结果，应将离心管放入装满水的烧杯内，然后将烧杯放入超声波浴中。这种浸没式配置保证了反应混合物彻底暴露于超声波处理中，从而最大限度地提高其有效性。如果需要，也可以使用离心架来替换超声波浴内的烧杯，这可以进一步降低超声波的噪音。
正确的溶剂选择是通?...

生物柴油源自常见的植物性油脂，是一种减轻对石油依赖的可持续解决方案1。这种可再生替代品展示了减少温室气体排放，特别是二氧化碳，同时依赖于可持续资源。此外，与石油柴油相比，生物柴油具有明显的优势，其特点是不含硫成分、无毒和可生物降解性。作为传统化石燃料的替代品，生物柴油通过减少我们对不可再生化石燃料的依赖并减轻气候变化的不利影响，符合联合国 （UN） 的净零政策。生物柴油为满足当前的能源需求提供了一条充满希望的途径，使其成为更绿色未来的有力选择2.
用于生物柴油生产的主要方法涉及酯交换反应，这是一种化学过程，其中油脂中的甘油三酯在高温条件下在催化剂存在下与醇（通常是甲醇或乙醇）发生反应1,2,3,4。该反应产生脂肪酸烷基酯，这是生物柴油的主要成分。各种类型的植物油是生物柴油生产的主要原料，包括食用油5（例如，特级初榨橄榄油和玉米油）和非食用油 6,7,8（例如，刺山柑籽油），以及废油9。甲醇最常用于这种酯交换过程，因为它是一种相对便宜的醇。此外，一系列催化剂（如硫酸、磷酸、氢氧化钾、氢氧化钠）或酶（如脂肪酶）可用于加速酯交换过程1,2,3,4。传统上，反应混合物在回流下长时间加热，通常为 30 分钟或更长时间。加热不如超声波加热节能，同时也存在安全风险5.因此，需要一种更安全、更快、更节能的酯交换工艺。
超声波辐照是热、光和电等传统能源的优质替代品，这主要是由于声空化现象10。这种现象的特征是气泡的形成、膨胀和剧烈崩溃，产生温度达到约 5000 K、压力为 1000 个大气压的局部热点。这种极端条件，加上快速的加热和冷却速率（超过 1010 K/s），为在室温下有效发生各种化学反应提供了必要的能量，包括那些以前认为通过传统方法无法达到的反应10。超声波辅助合成在各个研究领域迅速普及。值得注意的是，人们对有机合成和固态材料中的超声波辅助合成的兴趣是由其环保性质、能源效率和环境条件下缩短的反应时间推动的 5,11,12,13,14,15,16 .本文介绍了一种快速有效的技术，用于使用碱性催化剂对植物油进行安全的超声辅助酯交换反应，从而在短时间内产生纯生物柴油产品。虽然特级初榨橄榄油是本研究中的演示培养基，但必须注意的是，超声波方法适用于一系列植物油5,17。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Chloroform-d</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>865-49-6</td><td>&amp;bull; Harmful if swallowed.&lt;br/&gt; &amp;bull; Causes skin irritation.&lt;br/&gt; &amp;bull; Causes serious eye irritation.&lt;br/&gt; &amp;bull; Toxic if inhaled.&lt;br/&gt; &amp;bull; Suspected of causing cancer.&lt;br/&gt; &amp;bull; Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child.&lt;br/&gt; &amp;bull; Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure</td></tr><tr><td>Heated Ultrasonic Baths, Digital, Branson Ultrasonic</td><td>Branson&amp;nbsp;</td><td>89375-492</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Fisher Scientific Company</td><td>67-56-1</td><td>Highly flammable liquid and vapor. Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled. Causes damage to organs (Eyes).</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium hydroxide&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific Company</td><td>1310-58-3</td><td>May be corrosive to metals. Harmful if swallowed. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Causes serious eye damage</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>7647-14-5</td><td>Not hazardous</td></tr><tr><td>Vegetable oils</td><td></td><td></td><td>A commonly consumed food with a long history of safe use in pesticides.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

ultrasonic-assisted preparation of biodiesel products from vegetable oils

本研究利用植物油作为可持续的原料，提出了一种用于生物柴油合成的超声波辅助酯交换的创新方法。这种碱性催化的程序利用超声波作为有效的能量输入，促进了特级初榨橄榄油快速转化为生物柴油。在本演示中，反应在环境条件下的超声波浴中运行15分钟，需要1:6的特级初榨橄榄油与甲醇的摩尔比和最少量的KOH作为催化剂。还报道了生物柴油的理化性质。该方法强调了超声波辅助酯交换的显著优势，可显著减少反应和分离时间，实现近乎完美的纯度 （~100%）、高产量和可忽略不计的废物产生。重要的是，这些好处是在优先考虑安全和环境可持续性的框架内实现的。这些令人信服的发现强调了这种方法在将植物油转化为生物柴油方面的有效性，使其成为研究和实际应用的可行选择。

在此演示中，由 KOH 催化的特级初榨橄榄油和甲醇的酯交换反应在室温下在超声波浴中生产生物柴油（图 1）5。离心管中的起始材料显示反应物是不混溶的，并分为两层，如图 2A 所示。上层是甲醇和KOH的混合物，而下层则由特级初榨橄榄油组成。为了促进均质化，建议在对离心管进行超声搅拌之前对反应物进行短暂的预混合。
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Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Author Spotlight: Employing Green-Chemistry Principles for Safe and Sustainable Synthesis of Biodiesels at JoVE.com

作者聚焦:采用绿色化学原则安全可持续地合成生物柴油

本文介绍了一种使用碱性催化剂对植物油进行安全的超声辅助酯交换方法。该方法对于制备纯生物柴油产品具有快速有效的效果。

超声辅助制备植物油生物柴油产品

Utilizing vegetable oil as a sustainable feedstock, this study presents an innovative approach to ultrasonic-assisted transesterification for biodiesel ...

我们的研究引入了一种环保且安全的方法，通过超声波辅助酯交换反应生产生物柴油。我们正试图回答如何运用绿色化学原理并利用超声波能量来促进反应。我们目前正在使用超声波技术来增强反应的可持续性，遵循绿色化学的原则。我们开发了一种安全、快速和高效的方法，用于从植物油合成高纯度生物柴油。该方法在常温和常压下合成生物柴油，比传统的加热方式更节能、更安全。此外，生物柴油产品的纯度接近100%

ultrasonic-assisted-preparation-biodiesel-products-from-vegetable

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Ultrasonic-Assisted Preparation of Biodiesel Products from Vegetable Oils

1.0K 次观看.  California State University, Sacramento. 我们的研究引入了一种环保且安全的方法，通过超声波辅助酯交换反应生产生物柴油。我们正试图回答如何运用绿色化学原理并利用超声波能量来促进反应。我们目前正在使用超声波技术来增强反应的可持续性，遵循绿色化学的原则。我们开发了一种安全、快速和高效的方法，用于从植物油合成高纯度生物柴油。该方法在常温和常压下合成生物柴油，比传统的加热方式?...

视频: 作者聚焦:采用绿色化学原则安全可持续地合成生物柴油

Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating

Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to produce biofuels has received significant attention because of the quest for a replacement for fossil fuels. Among the various thermochemical and biochemical routes, fast pyrolysis followed by catalytic hydrotreating is considered to be a promising near-term opportunity. This paper reports on experimental methods used 1) at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to produce bio-oils in a fluidized-bed reactor and 2) at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) for catalytic hydrotreating of bio-oils in a two-stage, fixed-bed, continuous-flow catalytic reactor. The configurations of the reactor systems, the operating procedures, and the processing and analysis of feedstocks, bio-oils, and biofuels are described in detail in this paper. We also demonstrate hot-vapor filtration during fast pyrolysis to remove fine char particles and inorganic contaminants from bio-oil. Representative results showed successful conversion of biomass feedstocks to fuel-range hydrocarbon biofuels and, specifically, the effect of hot-vapor filtration on bio-oil production and upgrading. The protocols provided in this report could help to generate rigorous and reliable data for biomass pyrolysis and bio-oil hydrotreating research.

Experimental methods for fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to produce bio-oils and for the catalytic hydrotreating of bio-oils to produce fuel range hydrocarbons are presented. Hot-vapor filtration during fast pyrolysis to remove fine char particles and inorganic contaminants from bio-oil was also assessed.

生物质转化为油气生产液体燃料通过热蒸汽过滤快速热解和催化加氢

Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to produce biofuels has received significant attention because of the quest for a replacement for fossil fuels. Among ...

科研

生物化学

Experimental Protocol for Biodiesel Production with Isolation of Alkenones as Coproducts from Commercial Isochrysis Algal Biomass

The need to replace petroleum fuels with alternatives from renewable and more environmentally sustainable sources is of growing importance. Biomass-derived biofuels have gained considerable attention in this regard, however first generation biofuels from edible crops like corn ethanol or soybean biodiesel have generally fallen out of favor. There is thus great interest in the development of methods for the production of liquid fuels from domestic and superior non-edible sources. Here we describe a detailed procedure for the production of a purified biodiesel from the marine microalgae Isochrysis. Additionally, a unique suite of lipids known as polyunsaturated long-chain alkenones are isolated in parallel as potentially valuable coproducts to offset the cost of biodiesel production. Multi-kilogram quantities of Isochrysis are purchased from two commercial sources, one as a wet paste (80% water) that is first dried prior to processing, and the other a dry milled powder (95% dry). Lipids are extracted with hexanes in a Soxhlet apparatus to produce an algal oil (&#34;hexane algal oil&#34;) containing both traditional fats (i.e., triglycerides, 46-60% w/w) and alkenones (16-25% w/w). Saponification of the triglycerides in the algal oil allows for separation of the resulting free fatty acids (FFAs) from alkenone-containing neutral lipids. FFAs are then converted to biodiesel (i.e., fatty acid methyl esters, FAMEs) by acid-catalyzed esterification while alkenones are isolated and purified from the neutral lipids by crystallization. We demonstrate that biodiesel from both commercial Isochrysis biomasses have similar but not identical FAME profiles, characterized by elevated polyunsaturated fatty acid contents (approximately 40% w/w). Yields of biodiesel were consistently higher when starting from the Isochrysis wet paste (12% w/w vs. 7% w/w), which can be traced to lower amounts of hexane algal oil obtained from the powdered Isochrysis product.

Experimental Protocol for Biodiesel Production with Isolation of Alkenones as Coproducts from Commercial Isochrysis Algal Biomass

Detailed methods are presented for the production of biodiesel along with the co-isolation of alkenones as valuable coproducts from commercial Isochrysis microalgae.

实验协议生产生物柴油与饱和酮的分离从商业余积<em&gt;等鞭金藻</em&gt;藻类生物量

The need to replace petroleum fuels with alternatives from renewable and more environmentally sustainable sources is of growing importance. ...

环境科学

Preparation of Carbon Nanosheets at Room Temperature

Amphiphilic molecules equipped with a reactive, carbon-rich "oligoyne" segment consisting of conjugated carbon-carbon triple bonds self-assemble into defined aggregates in aqueous media and at the air-water interface. In the aggregated state, the oligoynes can then be carbonized under mild conditions while preserving the morphology and the embedded chemical functionalization. This novel approach provides direct access to functionalized carbon nanomaterials. In this article, we present a synthetic approach that allows us to prepare hexayne carboxylate amphiphiles as carbon-rich siblings of typical fatty acid esters through a series of repeated bromination and Negishi-type cross-coupling reactions. The obtained compounds are designed to self-assemble into monolayers at the air-water interface, and we show how this can be achieved in a Langmuir trough. Thus, compression of the molecules at the air-water interface triggers the film formation and leads to a densely packed layer of the molecules. The complete carbonization of the films at the air-water interface is then accomplished by cross-linking of the hexayne layer at room temperature, using UV irradiation as a mild external stimulus. The changes in the layer during this process can be monitored with the help of infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy and Brewster angle microscopy. Moreover, a transfer of the carbonized films onto solid substrates by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique has enabled us to prove that they were carbon nanosheets with lateral dimensions on the order of centimeters.

We present the synthesis of an amphiphilic hexayne and its use in the preparation of carbon nanosheets at the air-water interface from a self-assembled monolayer of these reactive, carbon-rich molecular precursors.

碳纳米片在室温下准备

Amphiphilic molecules equipped with a reactive, carbon-rich "oligoyne" segment consisting of conjugated carbon-carbon triple bonds self-assemble into ...

化学

A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products

The guanidine functional group, displayed most prominently in the amino acid arginine, one of the fundamental building blocks of life, is an important structural element found in many complex natural products and pharmaceuticals. Owing to the continual discovery of new guanidine-containing natural products and designed small molecules, rapid and efficient guanidinylation methods are of keen interest to synthetic and medicinal organic chemists. Because the nucleophilicity and basicity of guanidines can affect subsequent chemical transformations, traditional, indirect guanidinylation is typically pursued. Indirect methods commonly employ multiple protection steps involving a latent amine precursor, such as an azide, phthalimide, or carbamate. By circumventing these circuitous methods and employing a direct guanidinylation reaction early in the synthetic sequence, it was possible to forge the linear terminal guanidine containing backbone of clavatadine A to realize a short and streamlined synthesis of this potent factor XIa inhibitor. In practice, guanidine hydrochloride is elaborated with a carefully constructed protecting array that is optimized to survive the synthetic steps to come. In the preparation of clavatadine A, direct guanidinylation of a commercially available diamine eliminated two unnecessary steps from its synthesis. Coupled with the wide variety of known guanidine protecting groups, direct guanidinylation evinces a succinct and efficient practicality inherent to methods that find a home in a synthetic chemist&#39;s toolbox.

Here, we present a protocol for direct, early stage guanidinylation that enables rapid total synthesis of aminoguanidine-containing small organic molecules. An advanced synthetic intermediate used in the synthesis of a blood coagulation factor XIa inhibitor was prepared using this protocol.

一个直接的，早期胍基协议的复杂含氨基胍，天然产物合成

The guanidine functional group, displayed most prominently in the amino acid arginine, one of the fundamental building blocks of life, is an important ...

Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives

Reported in this paper is a very simple method for direct preparation of 4-substituted quinazoline derivatives from a reaction between substituted 2-aminobenzophenones and thiourea in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). This is a unique complementary reaction system in which thiourea undergoes thermal decomposition to form carbodiimide and hydrogen sulfide, where the former reacts with 2-aminobenzophenone to form 4-phenylquinazolin-2(1H)-imine intermediate, whilst hydrogen sulfide reacts with DMSO to give methanethiol or other sulfur-containing molecule which then functions as a complementary reducing agent to reduce 4-phenylquinazolin-2(1H)-imine intermediate into 4-phenyl-1,2-dihydroquinazolin-2-amine. Subsequently, the elimination of ammonia from 4-phenyl-1,2-dihydroquinazolin-2-amine affords substituted quinazoline derivative. This reaction usually gives quinazoline derivative as a single product arising from 2-aminobenzophenone as monitored by GC/MS analysis, along with small amount of sulfur-containing molecules such as dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, etc. The reaction usually completes in 4-6 hr at 160 &#186;C in small scale but may last over 24 hr when carried out in large scale. The reaction product can be easily purified by means of washing off DMSO with water followed by column chromatography or thin layer chromatography.

A protocol for facile preparation of 4-substituted quinazoline derivatives from 2-aminobenzophenones, thiourea and dimethyl sulfoxide is presented.

的4-取代喹唑啉衍生物简便制备

Reported in this paper is a very simple method for direct preparation of 4-substituted quinazoline derivatives from a reaction between substituted ...

Preparation of Biopolymer Aerogels Using Green Solvents

Although the first reports on aerogels made by Kistler1 in the 1930s dealt with aerogels from both inorganic oxides (silica and others) and biopolymers (gelatin, agar, cellulose), only recently have biomasses been recognized as an abundant source of chemically diverse macromolecules for functional aerogel materials. Biopolymer aerogels (pectin, alginate, chitosan, cellulose, etc.) exhibit both specific inheritable functions of starting biopolymers and distinctive features of aerogels (80-99% porosity and specific surface up to 800 m2/g). This synergy of properties makes biopolymer aerogels promising candidates for a wide gamut of applications such as thermal insulation, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, drug delivery systems, functional foods, catalysts, adsorbents and sensors. This work demonstrates the use of pressurized carbon dioxide (5 MPa) for the ionic cross linking of amidated pectin into hydrogels. Initially a biopolymer/salt dispersion is prepared in water. Under pressurized CO2 conditions, the pH of the biopolymer solution is lowered to 3 which releases the crosslinking cations from the salt to bind with the biopolymer yielding hydrogels. Solvent exchange to ethanol and further supercritical CO2 drying (10 - 12 MPa) yield aerogels. Obtained aerogels are ultra-porous with low density (as low as 0.02 g/cm3), high specific surface area (350 - 500 m2/g) and pore volume (3 - 7 cm3/g for pore sizes less than 150 nm).

A new way for the production of biopolymer-based aerogels by carbon dioxide (CO2) induced gelation is shown. The technique utilizes pressurized carbon dioxide (5 MPa) for the production of biopolymer hydrogels and supercritical CO2 (12 MPa) to convert gels into aerogels. The only solvents needed besides CO2 are water and ethanol.

生物聚合物气凝胶制备使用绿色溶剂

Although the first reports on aerogels made by Kistler1 in the 1930s dealt with aerogels from both inorganic oxides (silica and others) and biopolymers ...

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil (HGO) for production of transportation fuels through a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) route. Cracking experiments are performed with a fully automated reaction unit at a fixed weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 8 hr-1, 490-530 &#176;C, and catalyst/oil ratios of 4-12 g/g. When a feed is in contact with catalyst in the fluid-bed reactor, cracking takes place generating gaseous, liquid, and solid products. The vapor produced is condensed and collected in a liquid receiver at -15 &#176;C. The non-condensable effluent is first directed to a vessel and is sent, after homogenization, to an on-line gas chromatograph (GC) for refinery gas analysis. The coke deposited on the catalyst is determined in situ by burning the spent catalyst in air at high temperatures. Levels of CO2 are measured quantitatively via an infrared (IR) cell, and are converted to coke yield. Liquid samples in the receivers are analyzed by GC for simulated distillation to determine the amounts in different boiling ranges, i.e., IBP-221 &#176;C (gasoline), 221-343 &#176;C (light cycle oil), and 343 &#176;C+ (heavy cycle oil). Cracking of a feed containing canola oil generates water, which appears at the bottom of a liquid receiver and on its inner wall. Recovery of water on the wall is achieved through washing with methanol followed by Karl Fischer titration for water content. Basic results reported include conversion (the portion of the feed converted to gas and liquid product with a boiling point below 221 &#176;C, coke, and water, if present) and yields of dry gas (H2-C2's, CO, and CO2), liquefied petroleum gas (C3-C4), gasoline, light cycle oil, heavy cycle oil, coke, and water, if present.

This paper presents an experimental method to produce biofuels and biochemicals from canola oil mixed with a fossil-based feed in the presence of a catalyst at mild temperatures. Gaseous, liquid, and solid products from a reaction unit are quantified and characterized. Conversion and individual product yields are calculated and reported.

通过催化裂化转换从菜籽油生物燃料和生物化学实验室生产

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil ...

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Cannabidiolic Acid from Cannabis Biomass

Industrial hemp (Cannabis spp.) has many compounds of interest with potential medical benefits. Of these compounds, cannabinoids have come to the center of attention, specifically acidic cannabinoids. The focus is turning toward acidic cannabinoids due to their lack of psychotropic activity. Cannabis plants produce acidic cannabinoids with hemp plants producing low levels of psychotropic cannabinoids. As such, utilization of hemp for acidic cannabinoid extraction would eliminate the need for decarboxylation prior to extraction as a source for the cannabinoids. The use of solvent-based extraction is ideal for obtaining acidic cannabinoids as their solubility in solvents such as supercritical CO2 is limited due to the high pressure and temperature required to reach their solubility constants. An alternative method designed to increase solubility is ultrasonic-assisted extraction. In this protocol, the impact of solvent polarity (acetonitrile 0.46, ethanol 0.65, methanol 0.76, and water 1.00) and concentration (20%, 50%, 70%, 90%, and 100%) on ultrasonic-assisted extraction efficiency has been examined. Results show that water was the least effective and acetonitrile was the most effective solvent examined. Ethanol was further examined since it has the lowest toxicity and is generally regarded as safe (GRAS). Surprisingly, 50% ethanol in water is the most effective ethanol concentration for extracting the highest amount of cannabinoids from hemp. The increase in cannabidiolic acid concentration was 28% when compared to 100% ethanol, and 23% when compared to 100% acetonitrile. While it was determined that 50% ethanol is the most effective concentration for our application, the method has also been demonstrated to be effective with alternative solvents. Consequently, the proposed method is deemed effective and rapid for extracting acidic cannabinoids.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Cannabidiolic Acid from Cannabis Biomass

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) increases extraction efficiency of solvents and when applied to Cannabis spp. biomass it reduces the time required for extraction. This decreases the cost and potential cannabinoid loss due to degradation. Additionally, UAE is considered a green method due to low solvent use.

从 大麻 生物质中超声辅助提取大麻二酸

Industrial hemp (Cannabis spp.) has many compounds of interest with potential medical benefits. Of these compounds, cannabinoids have come to the center ...

Ultrafast Lignin Extraction from Unusual Mediterranean Lignocellulosic Residues

Pretreatment is still the most expensive step in lignocellulosic biorefinery processes. It must be made cost-effective by minimizing chemical requirements as well as power and heat consumption and by using environment-friendly solvents. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are key, green, and low-cost solvents in sustainable biorefineries. They are transparent mixtures characterized by low freezing points resulting from at least one hydrogen bond donor and one hydrogen bond acceptor. Although DESs are promising solvents, it is necessary to combine them with an economic heating technology, such as microwave irradiation, for competitive profitability. Microwave irradiation is a promising strategy to shorten the heating time and boost fractionation because it can rapidly attain the appropriate temperature. The aim of this study was to develop a one-step, rapid method for biomass fractionation and lignin extraction using a low-cost and biodegradable solvent. 
In this study, a microwave-assisted DES pretreatment was conducted for 60 s at 800 W, using three kinds of DESs. The DES mixtures were facilely prepared from choline chloride (ChCl) and three hydrogen-bond donors (HBDs): a monocarboxylic acid (lactic acid), a dicarboxylic acid (oxalic acid), and urea. This pretreatment was used for biomass fractionation and lignin recovery from marine residues (Posidonia leaves and aegagropile), agri-food byproducts (almond shells and olive pomace), forest residues (pinecones), and perennial lignocellulosic grasses (Stipa tenacissima). Further analyses were conducted to determine the yield, purity, and molecular weight distribution of the recovered lignin. In addition, the effect of DESs on the chemical functional groups in the extracted lignin was determined by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results indicate that the ChCl-oxalic acid mixture affords the highest lignin purity and the lowest yield. The present study demonstrates that the DES-microwave process is an ultrafast, efficient, and cost-competitive technology for lignocellulosic biomass fractionation.

Deep eutectic solvent-based, microwave-assisted pretreatment is a green, fast, and efficient process for lignocellulosic fractionation and high-purity lignin recovery.

超高速利格宁从不寻常的地中海木质细胞残留物中提取

Pretreatment is still the most expensive step in lignocellulosic biorefinery processes. It must be made cost-effective by minimizing chemical requirements ...

Sonication Extraction of Lipid Biomarkers from Sediment

Source: Laboratory of Jeff Salacup&#160;- University of Massachusetts Amherst
The material comprising the living &#34;organic&#34; share of any ecosystem (leaves, fungi, bark, tissue; Figure 1) differs fundamentally from the material of the non-living &#34;inorganic&#34; share (rocks and their constituent minerals, oxygen, water, metals). Organic material contains carbon linked to a series of other carbon and hydrogen molecules (Figure 2), which distinguishes it from inorganic material. Carbon&#39;s wide valency range (-4 to +4) allows it to form up to four separate covalent bonds with neighboring atoms, usually C, H, O, N, S, and P. It can also share up to three covalent bonds with a single other atom, such as the triple bond in the often-poisonous cyanide, or nitrile, group. Over the past 4.6 billion years, this flexibility has led to an amazing array of chemical structures, which vary in size, complexity, polarity, shape, and function. The scientific field of organic geochemistry is concerned with the identification and characterization of the whole range of detectable organic compounds, called biomarkers, produced by life on this planet, as well as others, through geologic time.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/10055/10055fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. Organic material, such as trees, leaves, and moss, are chemically and visually distinct from inorganic material, such as pavement.

超声提取沉积物的脂类生物标志物

Source: Laboratory of Jeff Salacup&#160;- University of Massachusetts Amherst
The material comprising the living &#34;organic&#34; share of any ecosystem ...

超声辅助制备植物油生物柴油产品

副本

摘要

探索更多视频

生物质转化为油气生产液体燃料通过热蒸汽过滤快速热解和催化加氢

实验协议生产生物柴油与饱和酮的分离从商业余积

碳纳米片在室温下准备

一个直接的，早期胍基协议的复杂含氨基胍，天然产物合成

的4-取代喹唑啉衍生物简便制备

生物聚合物气凝胶制备使用绿色溶剂

通过催化裂化转换从菜籽油生物燃料和生物化学实验室生产

从大麻生物质中超声辅助提取大麻二酸

超高速利格宁从不寻常的地中海木质细胞残留物中提取

超声提取沉积物的脂类生物标志物

超声辅助制备植物油生物柴油产品

副本

摘要

探索更多视频

生物质转化为油气生产液体燃料通过热蒸汽过滤快速热解和催化加氢

实验协议生产生物柴油与饱和酮的分离从商业余积

碳纳米片在室温下准备

一个直接的，早期胍基协议的复杂含氨基胍，天然产物合成

的4-取代喹唑啉衍生物简便制备

生物聚合物气凝胶制备使用绿色溶剂

通过催化裂化转换从菜籽油生物燃料和生物化学实验室生产

从 大麻 生物质中超声辅助提取大麻二酸

超高速利格宁从不寻常的地中海木质细胞残留物中提取

超声提取沉积物的脂类生物标志物

从大麻生物质中超声辅助提取大麻二酸