我们感谢众多大学工作人员、国家森林局和土地管理局人员，他们帮助进行演示和收集数据。这种方法的实地工作得到了美国林业局落基山研究站、华盛顿特区和太平洋西北地区办公室的支持。本出版物中的发现和结论是作者的发现和结论，不应被解释为代表美国农业部或美国政府的任何官方决定或政策。

注意： 有关 BACB 操作的更多详细信息，请参阅设备随附的操作手册。
1. 前往现场的交通
<ol><li>使用 5 类商用挂钩（球尺寸 2-5/16 英寸或 58.75 厘米），将 BACB 挂在 1 吨或更大的皮卡车上，调整挂钩高度以确保框架纵梁水平运输。牵引前，检查制动控制器、拉断系统、制动器、车轮和拖车照明。</li>
	<li>确保 BACB 的旅行安全销已正确固定，并且火箱已降低到旅行销上。</li>
	<li>到达所需位置后，在仍连接到牵引车的情况下放置设备;它太重了，无法用手移动。楔住车轮并降低千斤顶支架。将其与牵引车断开连接。底盘（绿框）应前后水平;升高或降低 Jackstand 以实现此目的。<ol><li>如果 BACB 将在某个位置放置超过一天，请挖一条浅沟以积聚灰烬。保持沟槽与传送带一样宽。如果没有这个沟槽，BACB 将不得不移动并重新定位在同一位置，以便在第二天继续燃烧。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>稍微抬起火箱，从火箱前后拆下行程销，清理人员，然后将侧面降低到地面。与地面接触会抬高底盘，但轮胎应牢牢地保持在地面上。如果燃烧室侧壁的整个长度未与土壤接触，请考虑将装置移至更平坦的位置，或使用铲子或挖掘机平整场地。</li>
	<li>检查在火箱和封闭发动机之间运行振动器面板的液压马达是否未与绿框接触。</li>
	<li>在初始化液压系统之前，启动发动机并给它足够的时间预热。</li>
</ol>2. 现场准备
<ol><li>将 BACB 放在相对平坦的表面（坡度 <3%）上，相当靠近木头堆，使用 4 英尺 （1.2 m） 的工字梁水平仪或绳水平仪确保火箱水平。确保该区域没有头顶危险，并有足够的空间让小型挖掘机（图 2）将原料自由装载到空气歧管上。</li>
	<li>确保 BACB 上的空气歧管沿与风相同的方向吹风幕。每天查看任何电话天气应用程序，了解当地的盛行风向，或在最终 BACB 选址之前在现场记下风向。</li>
	<li>请勿将 BACB 放置在有大石头、植被或碎屑的地方。设备水平并降低火箱侧面后，在侧面周围放置土壤，以防止空气进入和烟雾从火箱中流出。</li>
	<li>将淬火盘（图 3）放在 BACB 后面的水平地面上。确保它不接触传送带。在淬火盘中装满大约 40 加仑 （150 L） 的水。在现场保留大约 300 加仑（1135 升）的水，以便根据需要重新填充淬火盘。</li>
	<li>选择任何木质原料，并使用干燥材料在火箱中生火。使用小型挖掘机在附近保持足够的原料供应以装载火箱。将所有原料切成短于燃烧室最大长度的长度。 注意：大直径（约 10 英寸（25 厘米）原木应锯成较小的长度（~18-36 英寸;45-91 厘米），非常大的材料（> 20 英寸（50 厘米））应切成 ~12-18 英寸;30-45 厘米）的部分，然后再放入火箱中。</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/66716/66716fig02.jpg"> 图 2：挖掘机移动木材残留物的示例。 小型挖掘机可用于装载产生生物炭的气幕燃烧器。此数字已从12 修改。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/66716/66716fig02large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/66716/66716fig03.jpg"> 图 3：急冷池放置示例。 急冷水池保持满水，并放置在传送带前方约 2 英寸（5 厘米）处。此数字已从12 修改。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/66716/66716fig03large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>
3. 减少危害
<ol><li>在点燃原料之前，请与当地空气质量许可机构和当地消防部门核实，以确认火灾危险不会太高而无法点燃，并且如果需要，空气质量监测已到位。</li>
	<li>此外，点燃前，清除 BACB 周围 6 英尺 （2 m） 区域的任何有机碎屑，以防止任何意外点燃。确保有一根带电的软管连接到足够的供水，并且 BACB 淬火盘装满了水。如果可能，请准备几个 5 加仑（20 升）的水桶，以扑灭意外的点火。在火灾危险升高期间燃烧时，评估是否需要设置洒水器、水泵或便携式储水器，以扑灭较大的意外点火。</li>
	<li>确保工人可以在机器的侧面和背面自由移动，以接触淬火盘、控制面板（图 4）和输送机的手动控制点，该控制点位于 BACB 的右后角。</li>
	<li>确保工人不要走在歧管对面的气幕前，并穿着耐用的非合成服装、高能见度背心、安全帽、皮手套以及眼睛和听力保护装置。</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/66716/66716fig04.jpg"> 图 4：生产生物炭的气幕燃烧器上的控制面板。 控制面板用于打开风幕、输送机和系统电源，以及升高和降低燃烧室。此数字已从12 修改。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/66716/66716fig04large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>
4. 操作前检查
<ol><li>在点燃原料之前，检查所有燃油和液位以及过滤器并润滑润滑脂点。一旦 BACB 开始运行并处于一定温度下，就可能无法检查、移动或保持液位、过滤器和润滑点。</li>
	<li>检查操作地点的天气预报，并确保燃烧期间风速不超过每小时 ~20 英里（每小时 30 公里）。</li>
	<li>点火前，与小型挖掘机操作员交谈，就装载和定位木材的手势（或使用双向无线电）达成一致，以确保干净燃烧。建议小型挖掘机操作员在空气歧管上装载，而不是将原料与空气歧管相对的原料装载到火箱中。</li>
</ol>5. 初始加载和创建基础火灾
<ol><li>最初使用小型挖掘机在火箱中装入干燥的原料（如果有）。装入木材，直到火箱大约装满 2/3，交替材料的方向（即，一个负载应垂直，下一层应平行于侧面）以创造有助于堆燃烧的空气空间。不要将材料紧密地捆成一捆，以确保材料容易点燃，也不要使用挖掘机压实火箱中的材料。</li>
	<li>确保将原料放置在整个燃烧室中，以形成均匀的煤床。注意火箱末端的原料间隙，以确保均匀填充和燃烧。</li>
	<li>在木材上使用助燃剂，例如柴油，然后用丙烷火炬或其他类似的点火装置在火箱的几个点燃它。</li>
</ol>6. 在火箱中添加木材
<ol><li>让基火燃烧，直到火箱大约一半装满燃烧残留物和煤。</li>
	<li>启动发动机并根据火灾情况调整风扇速度。缓慢提高发动机转速，这样歧管中的空气就不会吹灭火。按下控制面板上的 RABBIT 按钮提高发动机转速（图 4）。</li>
	<li>一旦达到良好的煤炭基础，就向小型挖掘机驾驶员发出信号，以不扑灭火势的速度添加额外的原料。由于添加了额外的原料并且气幕被破坏，预计会在短时间内产生烟雾。持续监测 BACB 和周围区域是否有逸出的火花或余烬，这些火花或余烬可能会导致意外着火。</li>
</ol>7. 生物炭生产
<ol><li>当基础火势建立时，添加了额外的原料，并且风扇速度已提高到 2800 rpm，将 系统电源 开关切换到 Biochar （图 4）。检查系统功率是否为 1800 psi。</li>
	<li>打开传送带和振动器。这两个功能将每 3 分钟自动循环一次。通过将系统电源开关从 Biochar 切换到 Firebox，保持连续生产（图 4）。当每个周期出现大量焦炭时，这将覆盖振动台和传送带的间歇计时器机制。</li>
	<li>将生物炭收集在淬火盘中，每 5-10 分钟从锅中取出生物炭，方法是使用宽耙子将生物炭移动到淬火盘的末端，然后使用筛铲将生物炭从锅中取出并堆成一堆。</li>
	<li>如果耙子卡在传送带中，警告频闪应闪烁。将主控制面板上的 Conveyor 开关切换到 OFF ，然后取下耙子并重新启动传送带。</li>
	<li>通过检查主控制器上的压力表来确定振动台或输送机是否已停止，从而响应其他警告频闪。如果需要，关闭摇床让粘合木材燃烧，或者在 BACB 右后角的手动控制点逆时针手动推进传送带。</li>
	<li>根据需要，在急冷水盘中重新装满水，以充分浇注热煤。请勿将水喷洒到传送带或火箱中的瓷砖上。</li>
	<li>只要条件允许，继续将原料添加到火箱中并制造生物炭。确保在当天早些时候添加更大直径的木材，以便将其完全转化为焦炭。</li>
</ol>8. 停止运营
<ol><li>在轮班结束前大约 1 到 2 小时停止加载 firebox。</li>
	<li>当剩余材料不再接触振动器面板时，请 关闭 振动器，并且在一天结束时不要将热煤留在火箱或传送带上。</li>
	<li>保持输送机开关 打开 ，直到所有煤炭都离开燃烧室。此时，适合切换到 Biochar 模式进行间歇性循环。</li>
	<li>白天，灰烬会积聚在传送带下（图 5）。每天将 BACB 移动到新的水平位置，以防止灰烬阻碍传送带移动。</li>
	<li>一旦火熄灭并且煤炭全部熄灭，就停止当天的作业。 注意：在紧急情况下，可以通过将泥土装载到燃烧的煤炭上来扑灭燃烧箱中的火。</li>
	<li>将火箱的侧面放下过夜，以使轮胎与传送带下的热灰绝缘。</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/66716/66716fig05.jpg"> 图 5：传送带下的灰烬和生物炭示例。 在燃烧过程中，一些灰烬和生物炭会通过金属传送带落下。此数字已从12 修改。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/66716/66716fig05large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>
9. 重新定位 BACB
<ol><li>将 BACB 挂在牵引车上，抬起火箱的侧面，插入旅行销，抬起千斤顶支架，然后立即将装置笔直向前牵引。</li>
	<li>通过将剩余的灰烬与水混合并将其分布在土壤中来冷却剩余的灰烬（图 6）。在搬到新位置之前，确保所有煤和灰烬材料摸起来都是冷的。</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/66716/66716fig06.jpg"> 图 6：灰分堆积示例。 到一天结束时，输送带下的灰烬堆积可以到达输送带。在放置产生生物炭的气幕燃烧器之前挖沟是在一个位置延长燃烧时间的一种方法。如果不能挖沟，则应将设备向前拉并每天清理灰烬。此数字已从12 修改。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/66716/66716fig06large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>

气幕燃烧器和生物炭 – 促进森林健康和碳捕获

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作者没有什么可披露的。

这种方法的第一个关键步骤是确保设备在两个轴上几乎水平放置，以便火箱侧板阻止烟雾离开和空气进入火箱。其他关键步骤是与挖掘机操作员进行频繁对话，在需要的地方将原料放入燃烧箱中，并向所有工人简要介绍操作空气燃烧器和挖掘机的安全方面。可以使用该设备进行一些修改，但一旦生物炭产量很高，就可以连续运行传送带和振动台。主要限制是难以确定生产率，因为这取决于负载速?...

在美国各地，在没有频繁的低强度火灾的情况下，许多林分的立木体积有所增加，这种火灾历史上是由土著人民引发的，而现代火灾已被抑制 1,2。由于这种防火措施，由此产生的积压林分给努力提高森林抵御野火、病虫害和干旱影响的土地管理者带来了挑战3。减少树木体积的标准管理做法包括计划火、商业前间伐和成熟林分采伐。这些操作会产生大量低价值和无价值的木质生物质，通常称为残留物。例如，在美国西部的 15 个州，据估计，采伐作业每年产生近 800 万吨残渣4。此外，美国农业部林务局实施了一项野火危机计划，该计划将在 10 年内额外处理 5000 万英亩（2000 万公顷）。这将导致需要处理额外的不可销售的材料，并且可能需要使用各种基于位置的选项。尽管树梢、树枝和无法销售的树木可用于生物能源或生物燃料，但有限的市场机会往往会导致这些残留物堆积和焚烧。建造砍伐桩旨在减少野火和昆虫风险，为林下植物创造生长空间，并实现其他土地管理目标。
露天焚烧是一种成本低、速度相对快速的减少木材体积的方法，但它也会产生烟雾和空气污染物，包括温室气体5。此外，它还可能对土壤的物理、化学和生物特性造成不良影响，导致可能持续数十年的烧伤疤痕6。为了减轻露天焚烧的有害副作用，需要替代方法来减少对气候变化、野火风险和土壤健康的负面影响7。
在这里，我们重点介绍了通过美国农业部、林务局、落基山研究站和 Air Burners， Inc.（佛罗里达州棕榈城）之间的合作研发协议 （CRADA） 开发的一种新型生物炭连续生产方法的使用。由此产生的技术，以下简称为生产生物炭的气幕燃烧器 （BACB; 图 1），从木质残留物中持续生产生物炭，同时限制烟雾和颗粒物的排放。与露天燃烧相比，BACB 的功能降低了火灾风险和烟雾的蔓延8，为安全扩展操作燃烧窗口创造了途径。与在景观上留下残渣堆导致燃料积累9 或主要产生烟雾和灰烬的替代燃烧方法不同，BACB 有效地减少了燃料负荷，同时保护土壤并产生生物炭，这是一种一致的高碳木炭，可用于加工现场或附近的土壤修复。此外，BACB 是可移动的，可以很容易地放置在原木平台、路边或露营地等。它还可以燃烧湿木或干木头、混合原料类型和尺寸，并且可以在恶劣天气和天气条件对明堆燃烧风险太大时使用。
BACB 生产的生物炭通常含有 70%-90% 的碳，高度多孔，粒度分布一致，使其适用于修复退化土壤，常见于废弃矿山、原木登陆点、滑行小径、河岸地区或农业场所。生物炭也可以用作堆肥的混合物或用于牲畜饲养场，以吸收营养物质并减少气味。一般来说，木质残渣生物炭的最佳土壤用途是减少侵蚀和硝酸盐浸出，同时提高土壤团聚体的稳定性和粗质地、低有机质土壤中的可用水10,11。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/66716/66716fig01.jpg"> 图 1：移动式生物炭生产气幕燃烧器。 测试现场显示了 slash 和产生生物炭的气幕燃烧器的一般配置。此数字已从12 修改。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/66716/66716fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>
设计和操作概述 尽管有几种类型的气幕燃烧器可用，但 BACB 不断产生生物炭。该单元长约 7 米 x 宽 2.5 米 x 高 2 米。它沿着燃烧室的顶部有一个空气歧管，提供稳定的空气幕以容纳其中的烟雾、颗粒物和余烬，并促进排放物的完全氧化。为了实现最佳运行，燃烧室被装载到歧管正下方的水平，确保通过燃烧室的气流不间断。BACB 可以拖曳在任何具有标准挂钩包和足够牵引能力的车辆后面。在堆积的生物质（也称为原料）附近准备一个平坦、光滑的场地，但场地周围有足够的空间，让设备和工作人员可以自由安全地移动。定位后，通过使用板载液压系统将燃烧室侧面降低到土壤上来固定装置。鼓风机电机为气幕歧管加压，风幕歧管的一侧与火箱的长度相同。生物质最初被点燃和燃烧，以在火箱中形成煤床。然后，可以定期添加额外的生物质，同时将进料保持在气幕以下。当材料燃烧时，会产生煤炭并通过燃烧室底部的开口落下，然后通过传送带将其从机器中清除。火箱内的一个面板会摆动以促进此过程。灰烬或细小材料通过传送带落到下面的土壤上。热煤通过燃烧箱底部的一个槽离开机器，并沉积到装满水的锅中，该锅停止燃烧并将生物炭冷却到可以安全处理的温度。当准备停止运行时，通过让任何剩余的材料燃烧来清理燃烧室。通常，该装置会在一夜之间冷却，并可以根据需要在第二天安全移动。除非有紧急情况，否则不要尝试在燃烧木材或冷却时移动 BACB。在紧急情况下，可以使用沙子或土壤来灭火并窒息煤炭。切勿将水直接喷洒在火箱中的瓷砖上。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>CharBoss air curtain burner</td>
			<td>Air Burners, Inc.</td>
			<td>T26</td>
			<td>Comes with 36&#34; landscape rake, sifting shovel, 1/2&#34; drive standard ratchet with 1 1/8&#34; socket, grease gun, and quench pan</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diesel fuel (Ultra-low sulfur)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Purchased locally</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diesel fuel tanks</td>
			<td>Uline</td>
			<td>H-1849Y</td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Engine oil (diesel grade)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any diesel grade oil 15W40 or 10W40.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Excavator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Local rental company.&#160; Smaller sizes require less fuel.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High temperature anti-seize lubricant (16 oz cartridge)</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>1288K97</td>
			<td>lubricating hydraulic fittings</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydraulic Oil</td>
			<td>Amsoil</td>
			<td>HVH05-EA (ISO32) /HVG05-EA (ISO22)</td>
			<td>Any ISO32 synthetic hydraulic oil, ISO22 option for cold weather. Amsoil ISO32 is factory installed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Large buckets</td>
			<td>Uline</td>
			<td>5495</td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lighting torch (propane)</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>9RCF3</td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-ton pickup (or larger)</td>
			<td>Rent locally</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for transporting CharBoss to site</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Viewing step</td>
			<td>Gorilla</td>
			<td>GLP=WP</td>
			<td>Stable step to allow viewing into firebox or other bench-style step&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water truck</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any available water truck with minimum 300 gallon capacity; gravity feed of water to the quench pan can be used.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wheel chocks</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Blocks of 4&#34;x 4&#34; lumber or commercially available chocks while hitching/unhitching unit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Personal protective equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ear protection</td>
			<td>Uline</td>
			<td>S-22141</td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eye protection</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fire shirt</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>12R487</td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fire pants</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>39EM96</td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hard hat</td>
			<td>Discount Safety Gear</td>
			<td>SFTSCHH1000038126</td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leather gloves</td>
			<td>Uline</td>
			<td>S-6777M</td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sturdy boots</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>any thick soled, leather boot.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Emergency gear</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Garmin InReach</td>
			<td>Cabelas</td>
			<td>100195666</td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pulaski axe</td>
			<td>Forestry suppliers</td>
			<td>85274</td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fire rake</td>
			<td>Forestry suppliers</td>
			<td>85210</td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

continuous in-woods production of biochar using a trailer-mounted air curtain burner

燃料处理和其他森林恢复间伐做法旨在降低野火风险，同时增强森林对干旱、昆虫和疾病的抵御能力，并增加地上碳 （C） 封存。然而，燃料处理会产生大量无法销售的木质生物质残留物，这些残留物通常在露天堆中燃烧，释放出大量的温室气体和颗粒物，并可能损坏堆积下方的土壤。气幕燃烧器提供了一种缓解这些问题的解决方案，有助于减少燃烧操作产生的烟雾和颗粒物，与桩燃烧相比，可以更充分地燃烧生物质残留物，并消除可能损害刀杆桩下方土壤的直接和强烈的火接触。在气幕式燃烧器中，燃烧是在受控环境中进行的。烟雾被气幕控制并再循环，因此可以在各种气候条件（例如风、雨、雪）下进行燃烧，从而延长了处理刀刃材料的燃烧季节。连续产生生物炭的移动式热解装置专门设计用于处理原木着陆处残留的木质生物质、垃圾填埋场的绿木或回收的原木材料，并在此过程中产生生物炭。这种高碳生物炭产出可用于通过改善其化学、物理和生物特性来增强土壤的弹性，并具有潜在的应用，可用于修复受污染的土壤，包括废弃矿场的土壤。在这里，我们描述了该设备的一般用途、适当的选址、加载方法、淬火要求以及操作这项新技术的经验教训。

从 2022 年 1 月到 2023 年 10 月，BACB 将各种原料热解成生物炭（表 1）。根据现场试验，BACB 每小时可燃烧约 1 吨（900 公斤）原料，大约 11%-25% 的原料干质量将保留为生物炭，其余为气体（水蒸气、CO2 等）和灰分。碳含量在 70%-90% 之间。较大的木头 （>30 cm） 比直径为 2-30 cm 的木头需要更长的热解时间。生物炭的数量和质量取决于原料特性（例如，大小、种类、水分含量）和负?...

Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Continuous In-woods Production of Biochar Using a Trailer-mounted Air Curtain Burner at JoVE.com

作者聚焦：推进基于地方的生物炭生产，促进生态系统恢复和土壤健康

我们描述了使用配备气幕的基于位置的移动热解装置来连续产生生物炭。该技术减少了对露天刀线焚烧的需求，从而降低了排放和对土壤的影响。该实验步骤包括位点选择、加载和淬灭的指南。

使用拖车式气幕燃烧器连续在林内生产生物炭

Fuel treatments and other forest restoration thinning practices aim to reduce wildfire risk while building forest resilience to drought, insects, and ...

continuous-woods-production-biochar-using-trailer-mounted-air-curtain

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Continuous In-woods Production of Biochar Using a Trailer-Mounted Air Curtain Burner

772 次观看.  USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 我们的研究重点是实施基于地方的生物炭生产方法，作为减少森林中有害燃料的策略，同时改善森林和土壤健康。目前，大多数生物炭是在大型生物能源工厂中制造的，但基于地方的技术在许多地区占有一席之地，这些地区运输低价值的木质残留物成本太高或缺乏基础设施。我们已经了解了木质生产生物炭的适当施用量、生产方法和其他用途。...

视频: 作者聚焦：推进基于地方的生物炭生产，促进生态系统恢复和土壤健康

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

Tracing rare stable isotopes from plant material through the ecosystem provides the most sensitive information about ecosystem processes; from CO2 fluxes and soil organic matter formation to small-scale stable-isotope biomarker probing. Coupling multiple stable isotopes such as 13C with 15N, 18O or&#160;2H has the potential to reveal even more information about complex stoichiometric relationships during biogeochemical transformations. Isotope labeled plant material has been used in various studies of litter decomposition and soil organic matter formation1-4. From these and other studies, however, it has become apparent that structural components of plant material behave differently than metabolic components (i.e. leachable low molecular weight compounds) in terms of microbial utilization and long-term carbon storage5-7. The ability to study structural and metabolic components separately provides a powerful new tool for advancing the forefront of ecosystem biogeochemical studies. Here we describe a method for producing 13C and 15N labeled plant material that is either uniformly labeled throughout the plant or differentially labeled in structural and metabolic plant components.
Here, we present the construction and operation of a continuous 13C and 15N labeling chamber that can be modified to meet various research needs. Uniformly labeled plant material is produced by continuous labeling from seedling to harvest, while differential labeling is achieved by removing the growing plants from the chamber weeks prior to harvest. Representative results from growing Andropogon gerardii Kaw demonstrate the system&#39;s ability to efficiently label plant material at the targeted levels. Through this method we have produced plant material with a 4.4 atom%13C and 6.7 atom%15N uniform plant label, or material that is differentially labeled by up to 1.29 atom%13C and 0.56 atom%15N in its metabolic and structural components (hot water extractable and hot water residual components, respectively). Challenges lie in maintaining proper temperature, humidity, CO2 concentration,&#160;and light levels in an airtight 13C-CO2 atmosphere for successful plant production. This chamber description represents a useful research tool to effectively produce uniformly or differentially multi-isotope labeled plant material for use in experiments on ecosystem biogeochemical cycling.

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

This method explains how to build and operate a continuous 13C and 15N isotope labeling chamber for uniform or differential plant tissue labeling. Representative results from metabolic and structural labeling of Andropogon gerardii are discussed.

设计一个连续和操作<sup&gt; 13</sup&gt; C和<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt;Ñ贴标商会统一或差分，代谢和结构，植物同位素标记

Tracing rare stable isotopes from plant material through the ecosystem provides the most sensitive information about ecosystem processes; from CO2 fluxes ...

科研

环境科学

Air-sampled Filter Analysis for Endotoxins and DNA Content

Outdoor aerosol research commonly uses particulate matter sampled on filters. This procedure enables various characterizations of the collected particles to be performed in parallel. The purpose of the method presented here is to obtain a highly accurate and reliable analysis of the endotoxin and DNA content of bio-aerosols extracted from filters. The extraction of high molecular weight organic molecules, such as lipopolysaccharides, from sampled filters involves shaking the sample in a pyrogen-free water-based medium. The subsequent analysis is based on an enzymatic reaction that can be detected using a turbidimetric measurement. As a result of the high organic content on the sampled filters, the extraction of DNA from the samples is performed using a commercial DNA extraction kit that was originally designed for soils and modified to improve the DNA yield. The detection and quantification of specific microbial species using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) analysis are described and compared with other available methods.

Two complementary analyses of atmospheric biological particles from air sampled filters are described herein: the extraction and detection of endotoxin, and of DNA.

内毒素和DNA含量的空气采样滤波器分析

Outdoor aerosol research commonly uses particulate matter sampled on filters. This procedure enables various characterizations of the collected particles ...

Extraction and Analysis of Microbial Phospholipid Fatty Acids in Soils

Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) are key components of microbial cell membranes. The analysis of PLFAs extracted from soils can provide information about the overall structure of terrestrial microbial communities. PLFA profiling has been extensively used in a range of ecosystems as a biological index of overall soil quality, and as a quantitative indicator of soil response to land management and other environmental stressors.
The standard method presented here outlines four key steps: 1. lipid extraction from soil samples with a single-phase chloroform mixture, 2. fractionation using solid phase extraction columns to isolate phospholipids from other extracted lipids, 3. methanolysis of phospholipids to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), and 4. FAME analysis by capillary gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Two standards are used, including 1,2-dinonadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PC(19:0/19:0)) to assess the overall recovery of the extraction method, and methyl decanoate (MeC10:0) as an internal standard (ISTD) for the GC analysis.

Phospholipid fatty acids provide information about the structure of soil microbial communities. We present methods for extraction from soil samples with a single-phase chloroform mixture, fractionation of extracted lipids using solid phase extraction columns, and methanolysis to produce fatty acid methyl esters, which are analyzed by capillary gas chromatography.

提取及土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸分析

Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) are key components of microbial cell membranes. The analysis of PLFAs extracted from soils can provide information about ...

A Gusseted Thermogradient Table to Control Soil Temperatures for Evaluating Plant Growth and Monitoring Soil Processes

Thermogradient tables were first developed in the 1950s primarily to test seed germination over a range of temperatures simultaneously without using a series of incubators. A temperature gradient is passively established across the surface of the table between the heated and cooled ends and is lost quickly at distances above the surface. Since temperature is only controlled on the table surface, experiments are restricted to shallow containers, such as Petri dishes, placed on the table. Welding continuous aluminum vertical strips or gussets perpendicular to the surface of a table enables temperature control in depth via convective heat flow. Soil in the channels between gussets was maintained across a gradient of temperatures allowing a greater diversity of experimentation. The gusseted design was evaluated by germinating oat, lettuce, tomato, and melon seeds. Soil temperatures were monitored using individual, battery-powered dataloggers positioned across the table. LED lights installed in the lids or along the sides of the gradient table create a controlled temperature chamber where seedlings can be grown over a range of temperatures. The gusseted design enabled accurate determination of optimum temperatures for fastest germination rate and the highest percentage germination for each species. Germination information from gradient table experiments can help predict seed germination and seedling growth under the adverse soil conditions often encountered during field crop production. Temperature effects on seed germination, seedling growth, and soil ecology can be tested under controlled conditions in a laboratory using a gusseted thermogradient table.

Traditional thermogradient tables create a range of temperatures across the surface. Welding gussets perpendicular to the surface of a thermogradient table will control temperature in depth increasing possible research applications.

一个插角Thermogradient表来控制土壤温度为评估植物生长和监测土壤过程

Thermogradient tables were first developed in the 1950s primarily to test seed germination over a range of temperatures simultaneously without using a ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in a Flow Tube Reactor

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the production of synthetic PM for laboratory studies have become a widespread necessity. Herein, experimental protocols demonstrate approaches to produce aerosolized organic PM by &#945;-pinene ozonolysis in a flow tube reactor. Methods are described for measuring the size distributions and morphology of the aerosol particles. The video demonstrates basic operations of the flow tube reactor and related instrumentation. The first part of the video shows the procedure for preparing gas-phase reactants, ozonolysis, and production of organic PM. The second part of the video shows the procedures for determining the properties of the produced particle population. The particle number-diameter distributions show different stages of particle growth, namely condensation, coagulation, or a combination of both, depending on reaction conditions. The particle morphology is characterized by an aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results confirm the existence of non-spherical particles that have grown from coagulation for specific reaction conditions. The experimental results also indicate that the flow tube reactor can be used to study the physical and chemical properties of organic PM for relatively high concentrations and short time frames.

This paper describes the operation procedure for the flow tube reactor and related data collection. It shows the protocols for setting the experiments, recording data and generating the number-diameter distribution as well as the particle mass information, which gives useful information about chemical and physical properties of the organic aerosols.

流管反应器中有机颗粒物的生产与测定

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

农业流域营养盐和泥沙的连续河道监测

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

春季池塘连续水文水质监测

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

Collection and Extraction of Occupational Air Samples for Analysis of Fungal DNA

Traditional methods of identifying fungal exposures in occupational environments, such as culture and microscopy-based approaches, have several limitations that have resulted in the exclusion of many species. Advances in the field over the last two decades have led occupational health researchers to turn to molecular-based approaches for identifying fungal hazards. These methods have resulted in the detection of many species within indoor and occupational environments that have not been detected using traditional methods. This protocol details an approach for determining fungal diversity within air samples through genomic DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing, and taxonomic identification of fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. ITS sequencing results in the detection of many fungal species that are either not detected or difficult to identify to species level using culture or microscopy. While these methods do not provide quantitative measures of fungal burden, they offer a new approach to hazard identification and can be used to determine overall species richness and diversity within an occupational environment.

Determining the fungal diversity within an environment is a method utilized in occupational health studies to identify health hazards. This protocol describes DNA extraction from occupational air samples for amplification and sequencing of fungal ITS regions. This approach detects many fungal species that can be overlooked by traditional assessment methods.

真菌 DNA 分析用职业空气标本的收集与提取

Traditional methods of identifying fungal exposures in occupational environments, such as culture and microscopy-based approaches, have several ...

Improving Infrared Spectroscopy Characterization of Soil Organic Matter with Spectral Subtractions

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic bonds that constitute the organic component of soils. However, the relatively low organic matter content of soils (commonly &#60; 5% by mass) and absorbance overlap of mineral and organic functional groups in the mid-infrared (MIR) region (4,000-400 cm-1) engenders substantial interference by dominant mineral absorbances, challenging or even preventing interpretation of spectra for SOM characterization. Spectral subtractions, a post-hoc mathematical treatment of spectra, can reduce mineral interference and enhance resolution of spectral regions corresponding to organic functional groups by mathematically removing mineral absorbances. This requires a mineral-enriched reference spectrum, which can be empirically obtained for a given soil sample by removing SOM. The mineral-enriched reference spectrum is subtracted from the original (untreated) spectrum of the soil sample to produce a spectrum representing SOM absorbances. Common SOM removal methods include high-temperature combustion (&#39;ashing&#39;) and chemical oxidation. Selection of the SOM removal method carries two considerations: (1) the amount of SOM removed, and (2) absorbance artifacts in the mineral reference spectrum and thus the resulting subtraction spectrum. These potential issues can, and should, be identified and quantified in order to avoid fallacious or biased interpretations of spectra for organic functional group composition of SOM. Following SOM removal, the resulting mineral-enriched sample is used to collect a mineral reference spectrum. Several strategies exist to perform subtractions depending on the experimental goals and sample characteristics, most notably the determination of the subtraction factor. The resulting subtraction spectrum requires careful interpretation based on the aforementioned methodology. For many soil and other environmental samples containing substantial mineral components, subtractions have strong potential to improve FTIR spectroscopic characterization of organic matter composition.

SOM underlies many soil functions and processes, but its characterization by FTIR spectroscopy is often challenged by mineral interferences. The described method can increase the utility of SOM analysis by FTIR spectroscopy by subtracting mineral interferences in soil spectra using empirically obtained mineral reference spectra.

利用光谱减法改进土壤有机质的红外光谱表征

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic ...

Construction of a Compact Low-Cost Radiation Shield for Air-Temperature Sensors in Ecological Field Studies

Low cost temperature sensors are increasingly used by ecologists to assess climatic variation and change on ecologically relevant scales. Although cost-effective, if not deployed with proper solar radiation shielding, the observations recorded from these sensors will be biased and inaccurate. Manufactured radiation shields are effective at minimizing this bias, but are expensive compared to the cost of these sensors. Here, we provide a detailed methodology for constructing a compact version of a previously described custom fabricated radiation shield, which is more accurate than other published shielding methods that attempt to minimize shield size or construction costs. The method requires very little material: corrugated plastic sheets, aluminum foil duct tape, and cable ties. One 15 cm and two 10 cm squares of corrugated plastic are used for each shield. After cutting, scoring, taping and stapling of the sheets, the 10 cm squares form the bottom two layers of the solar radiation shield, while the 15 cm square forms the top layer. The three sheets are held together with cable ties. This compact solar radiation shield can be suspended, or placed against any flat surface. Care must be taken to ensure that the shield is completely parallel to the ground to prevent direct solar radiation from reaching the sensor, possibly causing increased warm biases in sun-exposed sites in the morning and afternoon relative to the original, larger design. Even so, differences in recorded temperatures between the smaller, compact shield design and the original design were small (mean daytime bias = 0.06 &#176;C). Construction costs are less than half of the original shield design, and the new design results in a less conspicuous instrument that may be advantageous in many field ecology settings.

With the advent of small, low-cost environmental sensors, it is now possible to deploy high-density networks of sensors to measure hyper localized temperature variation. Here, we provide a detailed methodology for constructing a compact version of a previously described custom-fabricated radiation shield for use with inexpensive thermochrons.

使用拖车式气幕燃烧器连续在林内生产生物炭

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