压力抛光技术的开发与SR Lockery合作。

拉移液器使用灯丝一个车夫，如萨特的P - 97火焰山/布朗微电极拖轮，拉约10-20移液器。 <ol><li>选择你的玻璃。我们使用硼硅（BF150 - 86 - 10，OD = 1.5毫米，编号= 0.86毫米）。商店的玻璃，仔细，所以保持清洁和无尘。 </li><li>设计一个拉动的程序。其主要目的是尖端张开约所需的大小，这将取决于应用程序。萨特的 P - 97移液器食谱 2是一个很好的参考。 </li><li>在显微镜下观察确定开口直径和平滑的移液器。舍弃粗糙，凹凸不平，或不规则的小窍门。对于标准的膜片钳记录，是2-4微米跨越的小费开放是最好的。一个先端钝，导致较低的电阻相同的开口直径，这是首选。形状和大小，在抛光过程中，可以修改如下。 </li></ol>压力抛光移液器<ol><li>将吸管持有人一个干净，压缩空气。使用稳压器，设置压缩空气〜40 PSI压力。 4路控制阀，使吸管持有人的压力，要打开和关闭连接的压缩空气。 ⅛®管长度在聚乙烯吸管持有人连接到控制阀。 </li><li>使用一个高压力吸管架，抛光线圈由一个脚踏，配备低和高放大倍率，长工作距离（理想情况下，10X和100X）空中目标显微镜控制抛光钻机（microforge）。它是重要的是要能够观察到在协议吸管开放。 </li><li> 可选 ：涂层具有疏水性的绝缘体，以减少电容和改善噪声特性（见“拉移液器”这种技术）的吸管。 </li><li>验证压力阀在关闭的位置。吸管放入吸管持有人，并用手指拧紧拧紧接头。 安全注意事项 ：如果移液器吸管持有人持有的紧密，空气压力会导致移液器移液器支架弹出。 </li><li>将在microforge的移液器和持有人。位置显微镜舞台上的吸管持有这样既尖和抛光线圈microforge电源低（10倍）可见。带来的长丝的一角〜75微米。请记住，灯丝加热时，将扩大。 </li><li>切换到高功率（100倍）的目标。枪头和抛光线圈应在重点和视野。如果不是，调整抛光线圈的高度。 （吸管的位置，无法调整）。枪头和抛光线圈应靠近两侧的视野。避免定位线圈太近，因为它会扩大，因为它加热到您的移液器和凹凸的枪头 。 </li><li>打开阀门，直接加压空气进入移液器，枪头，直到热背后的尖端锥度开始向外气球。 </li><li>停止加热前提示气球太广泛。实验是必需的，以确定适当的距离，热量和时间，所需的形状。 </li><li> 可选 ：抛光的提示，在没有压力的情况下，减少尖端张开直径。步骤7和8可以反复微调的形状和尺寸的枪头。 </li><li>关闭的压力，同时指出在一个安全的方向的枪头，取出吸管，并放置在一个干净的储物盒，将防尘。 安全注意事项 ：如果不关闭，气压吸管吸管持有人可在取出弹出。 </li></ol>注意事项的microforge 我们使用过的，现成的市售零件组装一个microforge。 （您也可以购买由少数几家公司，如ALA的科学，GlassWorx压力抛光套件）。不管的microforge，它是必不可少的，有不够好，看到提示开放，这常常是一个直径只有几微米的光学。为此目的，我们使用长工作距离的100倍镜头。此外，大衣抛光线圈，以尽量减少高熔化温度，以玻璃上沉积的移液器汽化的金属。 第3部分：预期结果 适度的压力抛光，可以减少没有明显变化，在开口直径的吸液管的阻力。如果需要，该协议可用于亚微米开口与5 -10MΩ电阻移液器。

<ol>
	<li>Goodman, M. B., Lockery, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pressure+polishing:+a+method+for+re-shaping+patch+pipettes+during+fire+polishing. .">Pressure polishing: a method for re-shaping patch pipettes during fire polishing. .</a> J Neurosci Methods. 100, 13-15 (2000).</li></ol>

我们最初开发这种方法使移液器有用2-3μm的神经元在 C片钳记录线虫 1。它是在古德曼实验室常规使用。我们的压力不仅波兰移液器录制从微小的C。线虫的神经元，但也获得macropatch表示在爪蟾卵母细胞的离子通道和单通道录音。对于一个给定的尖端开口直径，生硬的造型产生一个低电阻的吸管。下吸液管电阻会导致较低的串联电阻和低噪声录音。

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Glass Capillaries</td>
<td>Consumable</td>
<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
<td>BF150-85-10 (or similar)</td>
<td>The method works with any type of capillary except those made from quartz. However, we recommend using capillaries with a filament.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Inverted Microscope</td>
<td>Microscope</td>
<td>Leica</td>
<td>DM IL (or similar)</td>
<td>Any simple inverted microscope will do. However, it is essential to have sufficient magnification to see pipettes during polishing. We use a 100x metallurgical lens with a long working distance for this purpose.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Microforge Kit</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>ALA Science</td>
<td>CPM-2</td>
<td>Supplies polishing coil, controller and foot pedal.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Air pressure source</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>ALA Science</td>
<td>PR-60</td>
<td>Accessory for providing high pressure, includes a suitable valve. Alternatively, compressed air from the building can be used together with a filter/regulator (set to 40 PSI) and a 4-way valve (see below)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4-way valve</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
<td>A-98150-01</td>
<td>Fittings will be needed to couple valve to tubing</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pipette Holder with Luer Connector</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
<td>MPH-6S20</td>
<td>Use a male luer-to-barb fitting to connect pipette holder to high-pressure tubing</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tygon&#174; tubing</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
<td>06408-62</td>
<td>Use this tubing to connect pipette holder to 4-way valve
</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

pressure-polishing pipettes for improved patch-clamp recording

压力抛光塑造膜片钳记录玻璃移液器的方法。首先，我们开发了适合小（&lt;3米）的神经元细胞体的录音编造移液器此方法。基本原理是类似玻璃吹制，并结合空气的压力和热量，修改形状由传统的微量车夫准备的补丁移液器。它可以应用到所谓的软（碱石灰）和硬（硼硅）眼镜。一般来说，抛光压力，可以减少25％，吸液管电阻不减少的尖端张开“（Goodman和Lockery，2000）直径。它可以适用于几乎任何类型的玻璃，只需要增加一个高压阀门及配件一个microforge。这种技术是必要的记录，从超小细胞（&lt;5米）和，还可以通过单声道录音，最大限度地减少吸液管电阻。钝的形状也很有用穿孔膜片钳记录，因为这在一个较大的膜穿孔的气泡的笔尖形状结果。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pressure-polishing Pipettes for Improved Patch-clamp Recording at JoVE.com

Pressure-polishing Pipettes for Improved Patch-clamp Recording

这是一个指导修改形状的玻璃微量。具体来说，通过热和空气压力的锥度不增加尖端张开扩大，导致较低的吸液管电阻。这是至关重要的，以获得小细胞低噪音录音，但在许多应用中非常有用。

改进的膜片钳记录的压力抛光移液器

Pressure-polishing is a method for shaping glass pipettes for patch-clamp recording.  We first developed this method for fabricating pipettes suitable for ...

pressure-polishing-pipettes-for-improved-patch-clamp-recording

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

12.9K 次观看.  Stanford University School of Medicine. 这是一个指导修改形状的玻璃微量。具体来说，通过热和空气压力的锥度不增加尖端张开扩大，导致较低的吸液管电阻。这是至关重要的，以获得小细胞低噪音录音，但在许多应用中非常有用。

视频: Pressure-polishing Pipettes for Improved Patch-clamp Recording

Methods for Patch Clamp Capacitance Recordings from the Calyx

We demonstrate the basic techniques for presynaptic patch clamp recording at the calyx of Held, a mammalian central nervous system nerve terminal. Electrical recordings from the presynaptic terminal allow the measurement of action potentials, calcium channel currents, vesicle fusion (exocytosis) and subsequent membrane uptake (endocytosis). The fusion of vesicles containing neurotransmitter causes the vesicle membrane to be added to the cell membrane of the calyx. This increase in the amount of cell membrane is measured as an increase in capacitance. The subsequent reduction in capacitance indicates endocytosis, the process of membrane uptake or removal from the calyx membrane. Endocytosis, is necessary to maintain the structure of the calyx and it is also necessary to form vesicles that will be filled with neurotransmitter for future exocytosis events. Capacitance recordings at the calyx of Held have made it possible to directly and rapidly measure vesicular release and subsequent endocytosis in a mammalian CNS nerve terminal. In addition, the corresponding postsynaptic activity can be simultaneously measured by using paired recordings. Thus a complete picture of the presynaptic and postsynaptic electrical activity at a central nervous system synapse is achievable using this preparation. Here, the methods for slice preparation, morphological features for identification of calyces of Held, basic patch clamping techniques, and examples of capacitance recordings to measure exocytosis and endocytosis are presented.

We demonstrate the basic techniques for presynaptic patch clamp recording at the calyx of Held, a mammalian central nervous system nerve terminal.

膜片钳从花萼电容录音方法

We demonstrate the basic techniques for presynaptic patch clamp recording at the calyx of Held, a mammalian central nervous system nerve terminal. ...

科研

生物学

Patch Clamp Recording of Ion Channels Expressed in  Xenopus Oocytes

Since its development by Sakmann and Neher 1, 2, the patch clamp has become established as an extremely useful technique for electrophysiological measurement of single or multiple ion channels in cells. This technique can be applied to ion channels in both their native environment and expressed in heterologous cells, such as oocytes harvested from the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. Here, we describe the well-established technique of patch clamp recording from Xenopus oocytes. This technique is used to measure the properties of expressed ion channels either in populations (macropatch) or individually (single-channel recording). We focus on techniques to maximize the quality of oocyte preparation and seal generation. With all factors optimized, this technique gives a probability of successful seal generation over 90 percent. The process may be optimized differently by every researcher based on the factors he or she finds most important, and we present the approach that have lead to the greatest success in our hands.

This is intended as an introduction to patch clamp recording from Xenopus laevis oocytes. It covers vitelline membrane removal, formation of a gigaohm seal (gigaseal), and the optional conversion of the patch to the outside-out topology.

补丁钳爪蟾卵母细胞中表达的离子通道

Since its development by Sakmann and Neher 1, 2, the patch clamp has become established as an extremely useful technique for electrophysiological ...

Making Patch-pipettes and Sharp Electrodes with a Programmable Puller

Glass microelectrodes (also called pipettes) have been a workhorse of electrophysiology for decades. Today, such pipettes are made from glass capillaries using a programmable puller. Such instruments heat the capillary using either a metal filament or a laser and draw out the glass using gravity, a motor or both. Pipettes for patch-clamp recording are formed using only heat and gravity, while sharp electrodes for intracellular recording use a combination of heat, gravity, and a motor. The procedure used to make intracellular recording pipettes is similar to that used to make injection needles for a variety of applications, including cRNA injection into Xenopus oocytes. In general, capillary glass &lt;1.2 mm in diameter is used to make pipettes for patch clamp recording, while narrower glass is used for intracellular recording (outer diameter = 1.0 mm). For each tool, the puller is programmed slightly differently. This video shows how to make both kinds of recording pipettes using pre-established puller programs.

This video shows how to use a programmable puller to make patch pipettes and sharp electrodes for electrophysiology. The same procedure can be used to make a variety of glass tools, including injection needles.

膜片吸液管和夏普电极与一个可编程的拖轮

Glass microelectrodes (also called pipettes) have been a workhorse of electrophysiology for decades.  Today, such pipettes are made from glass capillaries ...

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may also be used to study the structure-function relationship for other ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors1. BK channels are widely expressed in different tissues and have been implicated in many physiological functions, including regulation of smooth muscle contraction, frequency tuning of inner hair cells and regulation of neurotransmitter release2-6. BK channels are activated by membrane depolarization and by intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ 6-9. Therefore, the protocol is designed to control both the membrane voltage and the intracellular solution. In this protocol, messenger RNA of BK channels is injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes (stage V-VI) followed by 2-5 days of incubation at 18&deg;C10-13. Membrane patches that contain single or multiple BK channels are excised with the inside-out configuration using patch clamp techniques10-13. The intracellular side of the patch is perfused with desired solutions during recording so that the channel activation under different conditions can be examined. To summarize, the mRNA of BK channels is injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes to express channel proteins on the oocyte membrane; patch clamp techniques are used to record currents flowing through the channels under controlled voltage and intracellular solutions.

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Ionic current of BK channels is recorded using patch clamp techniques. BK channels are expressed in Xenopus oocytes by injecting messenger RNA. The intracellular solution during patch clamp recordings is controlled by a perfusion system.

膜片钳和灌注技术研究离子通道的表达爪蟾卵母细胞

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may ...

Aseptic Laboratory Techniques: Volume Transfers with Serological Pipettes and Micropipettors

Microorganisms are everywhere - in the air, soil, and human body as well as on inanimate surfaces like laboratory benches and computer keyboards. The ubiquity of microbes creates a copious supply of potential contaminants in a laboratory. To ensure experimental success, the number of contaminants on equipment and work surfaces must be minimized. Common among many experiments in microbiology are techniques involving the measurement and transfer of cultures containing bacterial cells or viral particles. To do so without contacting non-sterile surfaces or contaminating sterile media requires (1) preparing a sterile workspace, (2) precisely setting and accurately reading instruments for aseptic transfer of liquids, and (3) properly manipulating instruments, cultures flasks, bottles and tubes within a sterile field. Learning these procedures calls for training and practice. At first, actions should be slow, deliberate, and controlled with the goal being for aseptic technique to become second nature when working at the bench. Here we present the steps for measuring volumes using serological pipettes and micropipettors within a sterile field created by a Bunsen burner. Volumes range from microliters (&mu;l) to milliliters (ml) depending on the instrument used. Liquids commonly transferred include sterile broth or chemical solutions as well as bacterial cultures and phage stocks. By following these procedures, students should be able to: &#8226;Work within the sterile field created by the Bunsen burner flame. &#8226;Use serological pipettes without compromising instrument sterility.&#8226; Aspirate liquids with serological pipettes, precisely reading calibrated volumes by aligning the meniscus formed by the liquid to the graduation marks on the pipette. &#8226;Keep culture bottles, flasks, tubes and their respective caps sterile during liquid transfers. &#8226;Identify different applications for plastic versus glass serological pipettes. &#8226;State accuracy limitations for micropipettors. &#8226;Precisely and accurately set volumes on micropipettors. &#8226;Know how to properly use the first and second stop on a micropipettor to aspirate and transfer correct volumes.

When working in a laboratory, it is imperative to minimize sources of contamination. Aseptic technique refers to procedures that permit transfer of cultures and reagents while avoiding contact with non-sterile surfaces. Serological pipettes and micropipettors are used to measure precise volumes without compromising sterility of solutions used in experiments.

无菌实验室技术：量与血清学移液器和Micropipettors的转移

Microorganisms are everywhere - in the air, soil, and human body as well as on inanimate surfaces like laboratory benches and computer keyboards. The ...

Exploring Arterial Smooth Muscle Kv7 Potassium Channel Function using Patch Clamp Electrophysiology and Pressure Myography

Contraction or relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the walls of resistance arteries determines the artery diameter and thereby controls flow of blood through the vessel and contributes to systemic blood pressure. The contraction process is regulated primarily by cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]cyt), which is in turn controlled by a variety of ion transporters and channels. Ion channels are common intermediates in signal transduction pathways activated by vasoactive hormones to effect vasoconstriction or vasodilation. And ion channels are often targeted by therapeutic agents either intentionally (e.g. calcium channel blockers used to induce vasodilation and lower blood pressure) or unintentionally (e.g. to induce unwanted cardiovascular side effects).
Kv7 (KCNQ) voltage-activated potassium channels have recently been implicated as important physiological and therapeutic targets for regulation of smooth muscle contraction. To elucidate the specific roles of Kv7 channels in both physiological signal transduction and in the actions of therapeutic agents, we need to study how their activity is modulated at the cellular level as well as evaluate their contribution in the context of the intact artery.
The rat mesenteric arteries provide a useful model system. The arteries can be easily dissected, cleaned of connective tissue, and used to prepare isolated arterial myocytes for patch clamp electrophysiology, or cannulated and pressurized for measurements of vasoconstrictor/vasodilator responses under relatively physiological conditions. Here we describe the methods used for both types of measurements and provide some examples of how the experimental design can be integrated to provide a clearer understanding of the roles of these ion channels in the regulation of vascular tone.

Measurements of Kv7 (KCNQ) potassium channel activity in isolated arterial myocytes (using patch clamp electrophysiological techniques) in parallel with measurements of constrictor/dilator responses (using pressure myography) can reveal important information about the roles of Kv7 channels in vascular smooth muscle physiology and pharmacology.

探讨动脉平滑肌的KV7钾离子通道功能使用膜片钳电生理和压力Myography

Contraction  or relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the walls of resistance arteries  determines the artery diameter and thereby controls flow of ...

Giant Liposome Preparation for Imaging and Patch-Clamp Electrophysiology

The reconstitution of ion channels into chemically defined lipid membranes for electrophysiological recording has been a powerful technique to identify and explore the function of these important proteins. However, classical preparations, such as planar bilayers, limit the manipulations and experiments that can be performed on the reconstituted channel and its membrane environment. The more cell-like structure of giant liposomes permits traditional patch-clamp experiments without sacrificing control of the lipid environment.
Electroformation is an efficient mean to produce giant liposomes &gt;10 &mu;m in diameter which relies on the application of alternating voltage to a thin, ordered lipid film deposited on an electrode surface. However, since the classical protocol calls for the lipids to be deposited from organic solvents, it is not compatible with less robust membrane proteins like ion channels and must be modified. Recently, protocols have been developed to electroform giant liposomes from partially dehydrated small liposomes, which we have adapted to protein-containing liposomes in our laboratory.
We present here the background, equipment, techniques, and pitfalls of electroformation of giant liposomes from small liposome dispersions. We begin with the classic protocol, which should be mastered first before attempting the more challenging protocols that follow. We demonstrate the process of controlled partial dehydration of small liposomes using vapor equilibrium with saturated salt solutions. Finally, we demonstrate the process of electroformation itself. We will describe simple, inexpensive equipment that can be made in-house to produce high-quality liposomes, and describe visual inspection of the preparation at each stage to ensure the best results.

Reconstituting functional membrane proteins into giant liposomes of defined composition is a powerful approach when combined with patch-clamp electrophysiology. However, conventional giant liposome production may be incompatible with protein stability. We describe protocols for producing giant liposomes from pure lipids or small liposomes containing ion channels.

巨脂质体制剂成像和膜片钳电

The reconstitution of ion channels into chemically defined lipid membranes for electrophysiological recording has been a powerful technique to identify ...

One-channel Cell-attached Patch-clamp Recording

Ion channel proteins are universal devices for fast communication across biological membranes. The temporal signature of the ionic flux they generate depends on properties intrinsic to each channel protein as well as the mechanism by which it is generated and controlled and represents an important area of current research. Information about the operational dynamics of ion channel proteins can be obtained by observing long stretches of current produced by a single molecule. Described here is a protocol for obtaining one-channel cell-attached patch-clamp current recordings for a ligand gated ion channel, the NMDA receptor, expressed heterologously in HEK293 cells or natively in cortical neurons. Also provided are instructions on how to adapt the method to other ion channels of interest by presenting the example of the mechano-sensitive channel PIEZO1. This method can provide data regarding the channel&#8217;s conductance properties and the temporal sequence of open-closed conformations that make up the channel&#8217;s activation mechanism, thus helping to understand their functions in health and disease.

Described here is a procedure for obtaining long stretches of current recording from one ion channel with the cell-attached patch-clamp technique. This method allows for observing, in real time, the pattern of open-close channel conformations that underlie the biological signal. These data inform about channel properties in undisturbed biological membranes.

单通道细胞贴附膜片钳记录

Ion channel proteins are universal devices for fast communication across biological membranes. The temporal signature of the ionic flux they generate ...

Reconstitution of a Transmembrane Protein, the Voltage-gated Ion Channel, KvAP, into Giant Unilamellar Vesicles for Microscopy and Patch Clamp Studies

Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) are a popular biomimetic system for studying membrane associated phenomena. However, commonly used protocols to grow GUVs must be modified in order to form GUVs containing functional transmembrane proteins. This article describes two dehydration-rehydration methods &#8212; electroformation and gel-assisted swelling &#8212; to form GUVs containing the voltage-gated potassium channel, KvAP. In both methods, a solution of protein-containing small unilamellar vesicles is partially dehydrated to form a stack of membranes, which is then allowed to swell in a rehydration buffer. For the electroformation method, the film is deposited on platinum electrodes so that an AC field can be applied during film rehydration. In contrast, the gel-assisted swelling method uses an agarose gel substrate to enhance film rehydration. Both methods can produce GUVs in low (e.g., 5 mM) and physiological (e.g., 100 mM) salt concentrations. The resulting GUVs are characterized via fluorescence microscopy, and the function of reconstituted channels measured using the inside-out patch-clamp configuration. While swelling in the presence of an alternating electric field (electroformation) gives a high yield of defect-free GUVs, the gel-assisted swelling method produces a more homogeneous protein distribution and requires no special equipment.

The reconstitution of the transmembrane protein, KvAP, into giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) is demonstrated for two dehydration-rehydration methods &#8212; electroformation, and gel-assisted swelling. In both methods, small unilamellar vesicles containing the protein are fused together to form GUVs that can then be studied by fluorescence microscopy and patch-clamp electrophysiology.

跨膜蛋白的重组，电压门控离子通道，KvAP，进入巨人单层囊的显微镜和膜片钳研究

Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) are a popular biomimetic system for studying membrane associated phenomena. However, commonly used protocols to grow ...

Implementing Patch Clamp and Live Fluorescence Microscopy to Monitor Functional Properties of Freshly Isolated PKD Epithelium

Cyst initiation and expansion during polycystic kidney disease is a complex process characterized by abnormalities in tubular cell proliferation, luminal fluid accumulation and extracellular matrix formation. Activity of ion channels and intracellular calcium signaling are key physiologic parameters which determine functions of tubular epithelium. We developed a method suitable for real-time observation of ion channels activity with patch-clamp technique and registration of intracellular Ca2+ level in epithelial monolayers freshly isolated from renal cysts. PCK rats, a genetic model of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), were used here for ex vivo analysis of ion channels and calcium flux. Described here is a detailed step-by-step procedure designed to isolate cystic monolayers and non-dilated tubules from PCK or normal Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, and monitor single channel activity and intracellular Ca2+ dynamics. This method does not require enzymatic processing and allows analysis in a native setting of freshly isolated epithelial monolayer. Moreover, this technique is very sensitive to intracellular calcium changes and generates high resolution images for precise measurements. Finally, isolated cystic epithelium can be further used for staining with antibodies or dyes, preparation of primary cultures and purification for various biochemical assays.

Ion channels expressed in renal tubular epithelium play a significant role in the pathology of polycystic kidney disease. Here we describe experimental protocols used to perform patch-clamp analysis and intracellular calcium level measurements in cystic epithelium freshly isolated from rodent kidneys.

实施膜片钳和活荧光显微镜监视新鲜分离的PKD上皮细胞的功能特性

Cyst initiation and expansion during polycystic kidney disease is a complex process characterized by abnormalities in tubular cell proliferation, luminal ...