Human Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Procedures Using the Modified Bergstr&#246;m Technique

The percutaneous biopsy technique enables researchers and clinicians to collect skeletal muscle tissue samples. The technique is safe and highly ...

Measuring Granulocyte and Monocyte Phagocytosis and Oxidative Burst Activity in Human Blood

The granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis and oxidative burst (OB) activity assay can be used to study the innate immune system. This manuscript provides ...

Appalacian State University

Appalachian State University

Non-digestible carbohydrates (NDC(4)) have been used as a low-calorie sweetener and prebiotics that stimulate the growth of certain intestinal bacteria that support healthy colon conditions. In this study, we examined the dietary effect of commercially available NDCs on estrogen receptor positive (ER+) human breast cancer. We conducted a feeding study of fructooligosaccharides (FOSs), Fibersol 2 (F2; digestion resistant maltodextrin), Hi-Maize (HM; high amylose cornstarch), and Frutafit (FF; a range of powdered inulins) (5% in diet, w/w) to evaluate their effects on the growth of ER(+) human breast cancer (MCF-7) tumors in the presence of 17β-estradiol (E(2)) using an athymic xenograft model. F2, HM, and FOSs supplementation significantly reduced E(2)-stimulated MCF-7 tumor growth by inhibiting cellular proliferation (Ki-67) and increasing apoptosis (M30) in tumors. F2, HM, and FOSs treatments also lowered serum E(2) level and reduced uterine weight compared to the control diet. NDCs treatments downregulated relative mRNA expression of the E(2)-responsive gene markers pS2, bcl2, bcl-xL, and cyclin D1 in MCF-7 tumors. In conclusion, the NDC intake may have a protective effect against ER(+) tumors by inhibiting cellular proliferation and increasing apoptosis.

Effects of non-digestible carbohydrates on the growth of estrogen-dependent human breast cancer (MCF-7) tumors implanted in ovariectomized athymic mice.

&#x7CD6;&#x5C3F;&#x75C5;&#x60A3;&#x8005;&#x7684;&#x5BFF;&#x547D;&#x662F; 7-8 y &#x77ED;&#x6BD4;&#x4E00;&#x822C;&#x4EBA;&#x53E3;&#x7684;&#x9AD8;&#x8840;&#x7CD6;&#x5F15;&#x8D77;&#x7684;&#x8840;&#x7BA1;&#x5E76;&#x53D1;&#x75C7;&#x548C;&#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x5668;&#x5B98;&#x5982;&#x809D;&#x810F;&#x548C;&#x9AA8;&#x9ABC;&#x808C;&#x808C;&#x8089;&#x7684;&#x635F;&#x5BB3;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x8FD9;&#x91CC;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x8C03;&#x67E5;&#x5F71;&#x54CD;&#x7684;&#x8868;&#x513F;&#x8336;&#x7D20;&#x3001; &#x53EF;&#x53EF;&#x3001; &#x5065;&#x5EB7;&#x4FC3;&#x8FDB;&#x7684;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x9EC4;&#x916E;&#x7C7B;&#x7684;&#x7269;&#x8D28;&#x4E4B;&#x4E00;&#x5F71;&#x54CD;&#x80A5;&#x80D6;&#x7CD6;&#x5C3F;&#x75C5; (db/db) &#x5C0F;&#x9F20; &#xFF08;&#x996E;&#x7528;&#x6C34;&#x7684; 15 wk 0.25%&#xFF09; &#x548C;&#x679C;&#x8747; (0.01-8 &bull; / L &#x5728;&#x996E;&#x98DF;&#x4E2D;&#xFF09;&#x3002;&#x7CD6;&#x5C3F;&#x75C5;&#x5C0F;&#x9F20; &#xFF08;&#x7CD6;&#x5C3F;&#x75C5;&#x63A7;&#x5236;&#x7EC4;&#x5728;&#x6CBB;&#x7597;&#x540E; 15 wk &#x8868;&#x513F;&#x8336;&#x7D20;&#x96C6;&#x56E2; 8.4%&#x4E0E; 50%&#x6B7B;&#x4EA1;&#x7387;&#xFF09;&#x3001; &#x8868;&#x513F;&#x8336;&#x7D20;&#x4FC3;&#x8FDB;&#x751F;&#x5B58;&#x7684;&#x81B3;&#x98DF;&#x6444;&#x5165;&#x91CF;&#x8840;&#x538B;&#x3001; &#x8840;&#x7CD6;&#x3001; &#x98DF;&#x7269;&#x6444;&#x5165;&#x91CF;&#x548C;&#x4F53;&#x91CD;&#x83B7;&#x5F97;&#x800C;&#x88AB;&#x4E0D;&#x5927;&#x5927;&#x6539;&#x53D8;&#x3002;&#x75C5;&#x7406;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x8868;&#x513F;&#x8336;&#x7D20;&#x7BA1;&#x7406;&#x964D;&#x4F4E;&#x4E3B;&#x52A8;&#x8109;&#x8840;&#x7BA1;&#x7684;&#x9000;&#x884C;&#x6027;&#x53D8;&#x548C;&#x8FDF;&#x949D;&#x7684;&#x8102;&#x80AA;&#x6C89;&#x79EF;&#x548C;&#x6C34;&#x80BF;&#x53D8;&#x6027;&#x7684;&#x7CD6;&#x5C3F;&#x75C5;&#x5F15;&#x8D77;&#x7684;&#x809D;&#x810F;&#x3002;&#x8868;&#x513F;&#x8336;&#x7D20;&#x6CBB;&#x7597;&#x5F15;&#x8D77;&#x7CD6;&#x5C3F;&#x75C5;&#x5C0F;&#x9F20;&#x66F4;&#x5065;&#x5EB7;&#x548C;&#x66F4;&#x957F;&#x7684;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x5BFF;&#x547D;&#xFF0C;&#x5305;&#x62EC;&#x6539;&#x5584;&#x7684;&#x9AA8;&#x9ABC;&#x808C;&#x5E94;&#x529B;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x3001; &#x51CF;&#x5C11;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x6027;&#x708E;&#x75C7;&#x6807;&#x5FD7;&#x7269;&#x548C;&#x8840;&#x6E05;&#x4F4E;&#x5BC6;&#x5EA6;&#x8102;&#x86CB;&#x767D;&#x80C6;&#x56FA;&#x9187;&#x3001; &#x589E;&#x52A0;&#x809D;&#x6297;&#x6C27;&#x5316;&#x5242;&#x8C37;&#x80F1;&#x7518;&#x80BD;&#x6D53;&#x5EA6;&#x548C;&#x603B;&#x8D85;&#x6C27;&#x5316;&#x7269;&#x6B67;&#x5316;&#x9176;&#x6D3B;&#x6027;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0E;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x8054;&#x7684;&#x53D8;&#x5316;&#x51CF;&#x5C11;&#x5FAA;&#x73AF;&#x80F0;&#x5C9B;&#x7D20;&#x6837;&#x751F;&#x957F;&#x56E0;&#x5B50;-1 &#xFF08;&#x4ECE; 303 &plusmn; 21 &#x6BEB;&#x514B;/&#x5347;&#x81F3; 189 &plusmn; &#x7CD6;&#x5C3F;&#x75C5;&#x63A7;&#x5236;&#x7EC4;&#x4E2D;&#x8868;&#x513F;&#x8336;&#x7D20;&#x6CBB;&#x7597;&#x7EC4;&#x4E2D; 21 &#x6BEB;&#x514B;/&#x5347;)&#x5E76;&#x6539;&#x5584;&#x809D;&#x810F;&#x548C;&#x9AA8;&#x9ABC;&#x808C;&#x808C;&#x8089;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x817A;&#x82F7;&#x9178;&#x6D3B;&#x5316;&#x86CB;&#x767D;&#x6FC0;&#x9176;-&alpha; &#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#x3002;&#x59CB;&#x7EC8;&#x5982;&#x4E00;&#xFF0C;&#x8868;&#x513F;&#x8336;&#x7D20; (0.1-8 &bull; / L) &#x4E5F;&#x4FC3;&#x8FDB;&#x751F;&#x5B58;&#x548C;&#x589E;&#x52A0;&#x7684;&#x679C;&#x8747;&#x7684;&#x5E73;&#x5747;&#x5BFF;&#x547D;&#x3002;&#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#xFF0C;&#x8868;&#x513F;&#x8336;&#x7D20;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x79CD;&#x65B0;&#x578B;&#x98DF;&#x7269;&#x6E90;&#x6027;&#x6297;&#x8870;&#x8001;&#x590D;&#x5408;&#x3002;

&#x81B3;&#x98DF;&#x8868;&#x513F;&#x8336;&#x7D20;&#x4FC3;&#x8FDB;&#x80A5;&#x80D6;&#x7CD6;&#x5C3F;&#x75C5;&#x5C0F;&#x9F20;&#x548C;&#x679C;&#x8747;&#x7684;&#x751F;&#x5B58;&#x3002;

The lifespan of diabetic patients is 7-8 y shorter than that of the general population because of hyperglycemia-induced vascular complications and damage to other organs such as the liver and skeletal muscle. Here, we investigated the effects of epicatechin, one of the major flavonoids in cocoa, on health-promoting effects in obese diabetic (db/db) mice (0.25% in drinking water for 15 wk) and Drosophila melanogaster (0.01-8 mmol/L in diet). Dietary intake of epicatechin promoted survival in the diabetic mice (50% mortality in diabetic control group vs. 8.4% in epicatechin group after 15 wk of treatment), whereas blood pressure, blood glucose, food intake, and body weight gain were not significantly altered. Pathological analysis showed that epicatechin administration reduced the degeneration of aortic vessels and blunted fat deposition and hydropic degeneration in the liver caused by diabetes. Epicatechin treatment caused changes in diabetic mice that are associated with a healthier and longer lifespan, including improved skeletal muscle stress output, reduced systematic inflammation markers and serum LDL cholesterol, increased hepatic antioxidant glutathione concentration and total superoxide dismutase activity, decreased circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 (from 303 Â± 21 mg/L in the diabetic control group to 189 Â± 21 mg/L in the epicatechin-treated group), and improved AMP-activated protein kinase-Î± activity in the liver and skeletal muscle. Consistently, epicatechin (0.1-8 mmol/L) also promoted survival and increased mean lifespan of Drosophila. Therefore, epicatechin may be a novel food-derived, antiaging compound.

Dietary epicatechin promotes survival of obese diabetic mice and Drosophila melanogaster.

La dur&eacute;e de vie des patients diab&eacute;tiques est plus courte que celle de la population en g&eacute;n&eacute;ral de 7 &agrave; 8 ans en raison de complications vasculaires induite par l&#39;hyperglyc&eacute;mie et des dommages &agrave; d&#39;autres organes comme le foie et le muscle squelettique. Ici, nous avons &eacute;tudi&eacute; les effets de l&#39;&eacute;picat&eacute;chine, l&#39;un des principaux flavono&iuml;des du cacao, sur la promotion de la sant&eacute; effets chez les ob&egrave;ses diab&eacute;tiques (db/db) souris (0,25 % dans l&#39;eau potable pendant 15 SEM) et Drosophila melanogaster (0,01-8 mmol/L dans le r&eacute;gime alimentaire). L&#39;apport alimentaire de survie &eacute;picat&eacute;chine promu chez les souris diab&eacute;tiques (mortalit&eacute; de 50 % dans le groupe contr&ocirc;le diab&eacute;tique contre 8,4 % dans le groupe d&#39;&eacute;picat&eacute;chine apr&egrave;s 15 semaines de traitement), tandis que le gain de tension art&eacute;rielle, la glyc&eacute;mie, la prise alimentaire et poids corporel ne &eacute;taient pas consid&eacute;rablement alt&eacute;r&eacute;s. Analyse pathologique a montr&eacute; que l&#39;administration l&#39;&eacute;picat&eacute;chine r&eacute;duit la d&eacute;g&eacute;n&eacute;rescence des vaisseaux aortiques et &eacute;mouss&eacute;e fat d&eacute;p&ocirc;ts et hydropique d&eacute;g&eacute;n&eacute;rescence du foie caus&eacute;e par le diab&egrave;te. Traitement de l&#39;&eacute;picat&eacute;chine caus&eacute; des changements chez les souris diab&eacute;tiques qui sont associ&eacute;s &agrave; une dur&eacute;e de vie plus saine et plus longtemps, y compris la sortie de stress am&eacute;lior&eacute;e de muscle squelettique, marqueurs de l&#39;inflammation syst&eacute;matique r&eacute;duit et cholest&eacute;rol s&eacute;rique LDL, la concentration de glutathion antioxydant h&eacute;patique accrue et total activit&eacute; dismutase, diminue circulant insulin-like growth factor-1 (de 303 &plusmn; 21 mg/L dans le groupe contr&ocirc;le diab&eacute;tique &agrave; 189 &plusmn; 21 mg/L dans le groupe trait&eacute; &eacute;picat&eacute;chine)et am&eacute;lior&eacute; l&#39;activit&eacute; AMP-activated protein kinase-&alpha; dans le foie et le muscle squelettique. R&eacute;guli&egrave;rement, l&#39;&eacute;picat&eacute;chine (0,1-8 mmol/L) aussi favoris&eacute; la survie et a augment&eacute; la dur&eacute;e de vie moyenne de la drosophile. Par cons&eacute;quent, &eacute;picat&eacute;chine peut &ecirc;tre un roman d&eacute;riv&eacute; alimentaire, anti-&acirc;ge compos&eacute;.

&Eacute;picat&eacute;chine alimentaire favorise la survie des souris diab&eacute;tiques ob&egrave;ses et Drosophila melanogaster.

Die Lebensdauer von Diabetes-Patienten ist 7-8-y k&uuml;rzer als die allgemeine Bev&ouml;lkerung wegen Hyperglyk&auml;mie induziert vaskul&auml;re Komplikationen und Sch&auml;den an anderen Organen wie der Leber und skelettartiger Muskel. Hier untersuchten wir die Wirkungen von Epicatechin, eines der wichtigsten Flavonoide in Kakao, zur F&ouml;rderung der Gesundheit Effekte auf &uuml;bergewichtige Diabetiker (Db/Db) M&auml;use (0,25 % im Trinkwasser f&uuml;r 15 wk) und Drosophila Melanogaster (0,01-8 Mmol/L in Ern&auml;hrung). Nahrungsaufnahme von Epicatechin gef&ouml;rdert-&Uuml;berleben in der diabetischen M&auml;usen (50 % Mortalit&auml;t bei diabetischen Kontrollgruppe vs. 8,4 % Epicatechin Gruppe nach 15 kW der Behandlung), Blutdruck, Blutzucker, Nahrungsaufnahme und K&ouml;rpergewicht Gewinn wurden nicht wesentlich ver&auml;ndert. Pathologische Analyse zeigte, dass Epicatechin Verwaltung reduziert die Degeneration der aortalen Gef&auml;&szlig;e und abgestumpften Fett Ablagerungen und Hydropic Degeneration in der Leber, die durch Diabetes verursacht. Epicatechin Behandlung verursacht &Auml;nderungen bei diabetischen M&auml;usen, die mit eine ges&uuml;nder und l&auml;nger Lebensdauer, einschlie&szlig;lich verbesserte Skelettmuskulatur Spannung Ausgang, reduzierte systematische Entz&uuml;ndungen Marker und Serum-LDL-Cholesterin, erh&ouml;hte hepatische Antioxidans Glutathion-Konzentration und total Superoxid-Dismutase-Aktivit&auml;t, verringerte zirkulierende Insulin-wie Wachstum Faktor-1 (von 303 &plusmn; 21 mg/L in der diabetischen Kontrollgruppe 189 &plusmn; 21 mg/L in der Epicatechin-behandelten Gruppe), und verbessert die AMP-aktivierte Protein-Kinase-&alpha;-Aktivit&auml;t in der Leber und skelettartiger Muskel. Konsequent, Epicatechin (0.1-8 Mmol/L) auch &uuml;berleben gef&ouml;rdert und erh&ouml;ht die mittlere Lebensdauer der Taufliege. Daher m&ouml;glicherweise Epicatechin Roman abgeleitet von Essen Antiaging zusammengesetzte.

Di&auml;tetische Epicatechin f&ouml;rdert &Uuml;berleben von fettleibigen diabetischen M&auml;usen und Drosophila Melanogaster.

La durata della vita dei pazienti diabetici &egrave; 7-8 y pi&ugrave; breve di quello della popolazione generale a causa di complicazioni vascolari indotta da iperglicemia e danni ad altri organi come il fegato e scheletrico muscolo. Qui, abbiamo studiato gli effetti dell&#39;epicatechina, uno dei principali flavonoidi nel cacao, sulla promozione della salute effetti in Drosophila melanogaster e obesi diabetici (db/db) topi (0,25% in acqua potabile per 15 sett) (0,01-8 mmol/L nella dieta). Assunzione di epicatechina promosso sopravvivenza in topi diabetici (50% di mortalit&agrave; nel gruppo di controllo diabetici vs 8,4% nel gruppo di epicatechina dopo 15 settimana di trattamento), mentre la pressione sanguigna, glucosio nel sangue, assunzione di cibo e peso corporeo di guadagno non erano alterato significativamente. Analisi patologica ha mostrato che la somministrazione epicatechina ridotto la degenerazione dei vasi dell&#39;aorta e degenerazione grassa deposizione e hydropic blunted nel fegato causato dal diabete. Trattamento epicatechina causato cambiamenti nei topi diabetici che sono associati con una vita pi&ugrave; sana e pi&ugrave; a lunga, tra cui uscita stress migliorata muscolo scheletrico, marcatori di infiammazione sistematica ridotta e colesterolo LDL siero, concentrazione di glutatione antiossidante epatico aumentato e attivit&agrave; di totale superossido dismutasi, diminuito circolanti insulin-like growth factor-1 (da &plusmn; 303 21 mg/L nel gruppo di controllo diabetico a 189 &plusmn; 21 mg/L nel gruppo trattato epicatechina)e migliorata attivit&agrave; &alpha;-chinasi AMP attivata della proteina nel muscolo scheletrico e fegato. Coerentemente, epicatechina (0.1-8 mmol/L) anche promosso la sopravvivenza e aumentata la durata media della drosofila. Pertanto, epicatechina pu&ograve; essere un romanzo derivata alimentare, composto antiaging.

Dietetico epicatechina promuove la sopravvivenza di topi obesi diabetici e Drosophila melanogaster.

&#x7CD6;&#x5C3F;&#x75C5;&#x60A3;&#x8005;&#x306E;&#x5BFF;&#x547D; 7 8 y &#x306E;&#x4E00;&#x822C;&#x7684;&#x306A;&#x4EBA;&#x53E3;&#x3088;&#x308A;&#x3082;&#x77ED;&#x3044;&#x9AD8;&#x8840;&#x7CD6;&#x8A98;&#x767A;&#x6027;&#x8840;&#x7BA1;&#x5408;&#x4F75;&#x75C7;&#x3068;&#x809D;&#x3068;&#x9AA8;&#x683C;&#x7B4B;&#x306A;&#x3069;&#x306E;&#x4ED6;&#x306E;&#x81D3;&#x5668;&#x3078;&#x306E;&#x640D;&#x50B7;&#x306E;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x3067;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x3053;&#x3067;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x52B9;&#x679C;&#x3092;&#x691C;&#x8A0E;&#x30A8;&#x30D4;&#x30AB;&#x30C6;&#x30AD;&#x30F3;&#x306E;&#x30B3;&#x30B3;&#x30A2;&#x3001;&#x5065;&#x5EB7;&#x3092;&#x4FC3;&#x9032;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x4E0A;&#x3067;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x306A;&#x30D5;&#x30E9;&#x30DC;&#x30CE;&#x30A4;&#x30C9;&#x306E;&#x3044;&#x305A;&#x308C;&#x304B;&#x306E;&#x52B9;&#x679C;&#x306E;&#x80A5;&#x6E80;&#x7CD6;&#x5C3F;&#x75C5; (db/db) &#x30DE;&#x30A6;&#x30B9; (&#x98F2;&#x6599;&#x6C34; 15 wk &#x3092; 0.25%) &#x3068;&#x30AD;&#x30A4;&#x30ED;&#x30B7;&#x30E7;&#x30A6;&#x30B8;&#x30E7;&#x30A6;&#x30D0;&#x30A8; &#xFF08;0.01 8 &#x30E2;&#x30EB;/L &#x306E;&#x98DF;&#x4E8B;&#x3067;)&#x3002;&#x6442;&#x53D6;&#x72B6;&#x6CC1;&#x6607;&#x683C;&#x30A8;&#x30D4;&#x30AB;&#x30C6;&#x30AD;&#x30F3;&#x751F;&#x5B58;&#x7CD6;&#x5C3F;&#x75C5;&#x30DE;&#x30A6;&#x30B9; &#xFF08;&#x5BFE; 8.4 %15 wk &#x5F8C;&#x30A8;&#x30D4;&#x30AB;&#x30C6;&#x30AD;&#x30F3; &#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30FC;&#x30D7;&#x306E;&#x6CBB;&#x7642;&#x3067;&#x7CD6;&#x5C3F;&#x75C5;&#x306E;&#x30B3;&#x30F3;&#x30C8;&#x30ED;&#x30FC;&#x30EB; &#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30FC;&#x30D7;&#x5185; 50% &#x6B7B;&#x4EA1;&#x7387;&#xFF09;&#x3001;&#x8840;&#x5727;&#x3001;&#x8840;&#x7CD6;&#x3001;&#x98DF;&#x54C1;&#x306E;&#x6442;&#x53D6;&#x91CF;&#x3068;&#x4F53;&#x91CD;&#x306E;&#x5229;&#x5F97;&#x3044;&#x305F;&#x306A;&#x3044;&#x5927;&#x5E45;&#x5909;&#x66F4;&#x3002;&#x75C5;&#x614B;&#x89E3;&#x6790;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x30A8;&#x30D4;&#x30AB;&#x30C6;&#x30AD;&#x30F3;&#x7BA1;&#x7406;&#x5927;&#x52D5;&#x8108;&#x8840;&#x7BA1;&#x306E;&#x5909;&#x6027;&#x3068;&#x7CD6;&#x5C3F;&#x75C5;&#x306B;&#x3088;&#x308B;&#x809D;&#x81D3;&#x3067;&#x920D;&#x5316;&#x306E;&#x8102;&#x80AA;&#x6C88;&#x7740;&#x3068;&#x6C34;&#x816B;&#x6027;&#x5909;&#x6027;&#x75C7;&#x3092;&#x6E1B;&#x5C11;&#x3055;&#x305B;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x5408;&#x8A08;&#x30C7;&#x30A3;&#x30B9;&#x30E0;&#x30BF;&#x30FC;&#x30BC;&#x6D3B;&#x6027;&#x3001;&#x5897;&#x52A0;&#x809D;&#x6297;&#x9178;&#x5316;&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30BF;&#x30C1;&#x30AA;&#x30F3;&#x6FC3;&#x5EA6;&#x3068;&#x8840;&#x6E05; LDL &#x30B3;&#x30EC;&#x30B9;&#x30C6;&#x30ED;&#x30FC;&#x30EB;&#x4F4E;&#x4E0B;&#x306E;&#x4F53;&#x7CFB;&#x7684;&#x306A;&#x708E;&#x75C7;&#x30DE;&#x30FC;&#x30AB;&#x30FC;&#x6539;&#x826F;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x9AA8;&#x683C;&#x7B4B;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x30EC;&#x30B9;&#x51FA;&#x529B;&#x3092;&#x542B;&#x3080;&#x5065;&#x5EB7;&#x3068;&#x3088;&#x308A;&#x9577;&#x3044;&#x5BFF;&#x547D;&#x3068;&#x95A2;&#x9023;&#x4ED8;&#x3051;&#x3089;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x7CD6;&#x5C3F;&#x75C5;&#x30DE;&#x30A6;&#x30B9;&#x306E;&#x5909;&#x5316;&#x3092;&#x5F15;&#x304D;&#x8D77;&#x3053;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x30A8;&#x30D4;&#x30AB;&#x30C6;&#x30AD;&#x30F3;&#x6CBB;&#x7642;&#x6E1B;&#x5C11;&#x5FAA;&#x74B0;&#x30A4;&#x30F3;&#x30B9;&#x30EA;&#x30F3;&#x69D8;&#x6210;&#x9577;&#x56E0;&#x5B50; 1 (303 &plusmn; &#x304B;&#x3089; 21 mg/L &#x306B; 189 &plusmn; &#x7CD6;&#x5C3F;&#x75C5;&#x30B3;&#x30F3;&#x30C8;&#x30ED;&#x30FC;&#x30EB; &#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30FC;&#x30D7; 21 mg/L &#x30A8;&#x30D4;&#x30AB;&#x30C6;&#x30AD;&#x30F3;&#x6295;&#x4E0E;&#x7FA4;&#x3067;)&#x3001;&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;&#x6539;&#x5584;&#x809D;&#x81D3;&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;&#x9AA8;&#x683C;&#x7B4B;&#x306B;&#x304A;&#x3051;&#x308B; AMP &#x6D3B;&#x6027;&#x5316;&#x30BF;&#x30F3;&#x30D1;&#x30AF;&#x8CEA;&#x30AD;&#x30CA;&#x30FC;&#x30BC; &alpha; &#x6D3B;&#x52D5;&#x3002;&#x4E00;&#x8CAB;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3001;&#x30A8;&#x30D4;&#x30AB;&#x30C6;&#x30AD;&#x30F3; (0.1 8 &#x30E2;&#x30EB;/L&#xFF09; &#x3082;&#x751F;&#x5B58;&#x4FC3;&#x9032;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x30B7;&#x30E7;&#x30A6;&#x30B8;&#x30E7;&#x30A6;&#x30D0;&#x30A8;&#x306E;&#x5E73;&#x5747;&#x5BFF;&#x547D;&#x3092;&#x5897;&#x52A0;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x304C;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x3001;&#x30A8;&#x30D4;&#x30AB;&#x30C6;&#x30AD;&#x30F3;&#x3001;&#x5C0F;&#x8AAC;&#x7531;&#x6765;&#x306E;&#x98DF;&#x54C1;&#x3001;&#x30A2;&#x30F3;&#x30C1;&#x30A8;&#x30A4;&#x30B8;&#x30F3;&#x30B0;&#x5316;&#x5408;&#x7269;&#x304C;&#x3042;&#x308A;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;

&#x98DF;&#x990C;&#x7642;&#x6CD5;&#x30A8;&#x30D4;&#x30AB;&#x30C6;&#x30AD;&#x30F3;&#x80A5;&#x6E80;&#x7CD6;&#x5C3F;&#x75C5;&#x30DE;&#x30A6;&#x30B9;&#x3001;&#x30B7;&#x30E7;&#x30A6;&#x30B8;&#x30E7;&#x30A6;&#x30D0;&#x30A8;&#x306E;&#x751F;&#x5B58;&#x3092;&#x4FC3;&#x9032;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;

&#xB2F9;&#xB1E8; &#xD658;&#xC790;&#xC758; &#xC218;&#xBA85;&#xC774; 7-8 y &#xC77C;&#xBC18; &#xC778;&#xAD6C; &#xBCF4;&#xB2E4; &#xB354; &#xC9E7;&#xC740; &#xD608;&#xB2F9; &#xC720;&#xBC1C; &#xD608;&#xAD00; &#xD569;&#xBCD1;&#xC99D; &#xBC0F; &#xAC04; &#xBC0F; &#xACE8;&#xACA9; &#xADFC;&#xC721; &#xB4F1; &#xB2E4;&#xB978; &#xC7A5;&#xAE30;&#xC5D0; &#xC190;&#xC0C1;&#xC744;. &#xC5EC;&#xAE30;&#xC5D0;, &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xB294; &#xD6A8;&#xACFC; &#xC870;&#xC0AC; epicatechin&#xC758; &#xAC74;&#xAC15; &#xC99D;&#xC9C4;&#xC5D0; &#xCF54;&#xCF54;&#xC544; &#xC8FC;&#xC694; &#xD50C; &#xB77C; &#xBCF4;&#xB178; &#xC774;&#xB4DC; &#xC911; &#xD558;&#xB098;&#xB294; &#xBE44;&#xB9CC; &#xB2F9;&#xB1E8;&#xBCD1; (db/db) &#xC950; 15 &#xC8FC;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xC2DD; &#xC218; (0.25%)&#xC640; Drosophila melanogaster &#xD6A8;&#xACFC; (0.01-8 m m o l/L &#xB2E4;&#xC774;&#xC5B4;&#xD2B8;). &#xB2F9;&#xB1E8;&#xBCD1; &#xC950; (&#xB2F9;&#xB1E8;&#xBCD1; &#xC81C;&#xC5B4; &#xADF8;&#xB8F9; &#xCE58;&#xB8CC;&#xC758; 15 &#xC8FC; &#xD6C4; epicatechin &#xADF8;&#xB8F9;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; 8.4% &#xB300;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; 50% &#xC0AC;&#xB9DD;)&#xC5D0; &#xC2B9;&#xC9C4; epicatechin &#xC0DD;&#xC874;&#xC758; &#xC2DD;&#xC774; &#xC12D;&#xCDE8; &#xD608;&#xC555;, &#xD608;&#xB2F9;, &#xC74C;&#xC2DD; &#xC12D;&#xCDE8; &#xB7C9;&#xACFC; &#xBAB8; &#xBB34;&#xAC8C; &#xC99D;&#xAC00; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xBC18;&#xBA74; &#xD588;&#xB2E4; &#xD06C;&#xAC8C; &#xBCC0;&#xACBD; &#xB418;&#xC9C0; &#xC54A;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xBCD1; &#xC801;&#xC778; &#xBD84;&#xC11D; epicatechin &#xAD00;&#xB9AC; &#xB300;&#xB3D9;&#xB9E5; &#xD608;&#xAD00;&#xC758; &#xBCC0;&#xC131; &#xBC0F; &#xB2F9;&#xB1E8;&#xBCD1;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC778; &#xD55C; &#xAC04; &#xBB34;&#xB518;&#xB41C; &#xB6B1;&#xB6B1;&#xD55C; &#xACF5; &#xC220; &#xC11C;&#xC640; hydropic &#xBCC0;&#xC131;&#xC744; &#xAC10;&#xC18C; &#xB098;&#xD0C0;&#xB0AC;&#xB2E4;. &#xAC74;&#xAC15; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xB354; &#xAE34; &#xC218;&#xBA85;, &#xAC1C;&#xC120; &#xB41C; &#xACE8;&#xACA9; &#xADFC;&#xC721; &#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xB808;&#xC2A4; &#xCD9C;&#xB825;, &#xAC10;&#xC18C; &#xB41C; &#xCCB4;&#xACC4;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xC5FC;&#xC99D; &#xB9C8;&#xCEE4; &#xBC0F; &#xD608; &#xCCAD; LDL &#xCF5C;&#xB808;&#xC2A4;&#xD14C;&#xB864;, &#xC99D;&#xAC00; &#xAC04;&#xC7A5; &#xD56D; &#xC0B0;&#xD654; glutathione &#xB18D;&#xB3C4;&#xAC00; &#xCD1D; superoxide dismutase &#xD65C;&#xB3D9; &#xB4F1;&#xC640; &#xAD00;&#xB828; &#xB41C; &#xB2F9;&#xB1E8;&#xBCD1; &#xC950;&#xC758; &#xBCC0;&#xD654; &#xC778; Epicatechin &#xCE58;&#xB8CC; &#xAC10;&#xC18C; &#xC21C;&#xD658; &#xC778;&#xC290;&#xB9B0; &#xAC19;&#xC740; &#xC131;&#xC7A5; &#xC778;&#xC790;-1 (303 &plusmn;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; 189 &plusmn; &#xB2F9;&#xB1E8;&#xBCD1; &#xC81C;&#xC5B4; &#xADF8;&#xB8F9;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; 21 mg/L epicatechin &#xCE58;&#xB8CC; &#xADF8;&#xB8F9;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; 21 mg/L)AMP &#xD65C;&#xC131;&#xD654; &#xD55C; &#xB2E8;&#xBC31;&#xC9C8; &#xD0A4; &#xB2C8; &#xC544; &#xC81C; &alpha; &#xAC04; &#xBC0F; &#xACE8;&#xACA9; &#xADFC;&#xC721;&#xC758; &#xD65C;&#xB3D9;&#xC744; &#xAC1C;&#xC120; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xC788;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC77C;&#xAD00; &#xB418; &#xAC8C;, epicatechin (0.1-8 m m o l/L)&#xB3C4; &#xC0DD;&#xC874;&#xC744; &#xC2B9;&#xC9C4; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xCD08;&#xD30C;&#xB9AC;&#xC758; &#xD3C9;&#xADE0; &#xC218;&#xBA85; &#xC99D;&#xAC00;. &#xB530;&#xB77C;&#xC11C; epicatechin &#xC18C;&#xC124; &#xC74C;&#xC2DD; &#xD30C;&#xC0DD; antiaging &#xBCF5;&#xD569; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

&#xC2DD;&#xC774; epicatechin Drosophila melanogaster &#xBE44;&#xB9CC; &#xB2F9;&#xB1E8;&#xBCD1; &#xC950;&#xC758; &#xC0DD;&#xC874;&#xC744; &#xCD09;&#xC9C4;&#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

La vida de los pacientes diab&eacute;ticos es 7-8 y m&aacute;s corto que el de la poblaci&oacute;n general debido a las complicaciones vasculares inducida por la hiperglucemia y da&ntilde;os a otros &oacute;rganos como el m&uacute;sculo esquel&eacute;tico y h&iacute;gado. Aqu&iacute;, hemos investigado los efectos de la epicatequina, uno de los principales flavonoides en el cacao, en la promoci&oacute;n de la salud efectos en ratones obesos diab&eacute;ticos de (db/db) (0.25% en agua potable por 15 semanas) y Drosophila melanogaster (0.01-8 mmol/L en la dieta). Ingesta de supervivencia de la epicatequina promovida en los ratones diab&eacute;ticos (50% de mortalidad en el grupo de control diab&eacute;tico vs 8,4% en el grupo de la epicatequina despu&eacute;s de 15 semanas de tratamiento), mientras que el aumento de la presi&oacute;n arterial, glucosa en la sangre, la ingesta de alimentos y peso no fueron significativamente alterados. El an&aacute;lisis patol&oacute;gico demostr&oacute; que la administraci&oacute;n de la epicatequina redujo la degeneraci&oacute;n de los vasos a&oacute;rticas y romas degeneraci&oacute;n grasa de deposici&oacute;n e hidr&oacute;pico en el h&iacute;gado causado por la diabetes. Epicatequina tratamiento provocado cambios en ratones diab&eacute;ticos que se asocian con una vida &uacute;til m&aacute;s larga y saludable, incluyendo la salida de tensi&oacute;n de m&uacute;sculo esquel&eacute;tico mejorada, marcadores de inflamaci&oacute;n sistem&aacute;tica reducci&oacute;n y LDL colesterol, antioxidante hep&aacute;tico mayor concentraci&oacute;n de glutati&oacute;n y actividad de total de la super&oacute;xido dismutasa, disminuy&oacute; la circulaci&oacute;n insulina-como factor de crecimiento-1 (de &plusmn; 303 21 mg/L en el grupo de control diab&eacute;tico a 189 &plusmn; 21 mg/L en el grupo tratado epicatequina)y mejor&oacute; la actividad de la quinasa-&alpha; de prote&iacute;na activada por AMP en el m&uacute;sculo esquel&eacute;tico y h&iacute;gado. Constantemente, epicatequina (0.1-8 mmol/L) tambi&eacute;n promueven la supervivencia y aumenta la vida &uacute;til media de Drosophila. Por lo tanto, epicatechin puede ser una novela derivados de alimentos, compuesto de antiaging.

Epicatequina diet&eacute;tica promueve la supervivencia de ratones diab&eacute;ticos obesos y Drosophila melanogaster.

Quercetin, a flavonol in fruits and vegetables, has been demonstrated to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating influences. The purpose of the present study was to determine if quercetin, vitamin C and niacin supplements (Q-500 = 500 mg/d of quercetin, 125 mg/d of vitamin C and 5 mg/d of niacin; Q-1000 = 1000 mg/d of quercetin, 250 mg/d of vitamin C and 10 mg/d of niacin) would alter small-molecule metabolite profiles and serum quercetin conjugate levels in adults. Healthy adults (fifty-eight women and forty-two men; aged 40-83 years) were assigned using a randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled trial to one of three supplement groups (Q-1000, Q-500 or placebo). Overnight fasted blood samples were collected at 0, 1 and 3 months. Quercetin conjugate concentrations were measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS/MS, and metabolite profiles were measured using two MS platforms (UPLC-quadrupole time-of-flight MS (TOFMS) and GC-TOFMS). Statistical procedures included partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and linear mixed model analysis with repeated measures. After accounting for age, sex and BMI, quercetin supplementation was associated with significant shifts in 163 metabolites/quercetin conjugates (false discovery rate, P<0·05). The top five metabolite shifts were an increase in serum guaiacol, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoic acid, allocystathionine and two bile acids. Inflammatory and oxidative stress metabolites were not affected. PLS-DA revealed a clear separation only between the 1000 mg/d and placebo groups (Q(2)Y = 0·763). The quercetin conjugate, isorhamnetin-3-glucuronide, had the highest concentration at 3 months followed by quercetin-3-glucuronide, quercetin-3-sulphate and quercetin diglucuronide. In human subjects, long-term quercetin supplementation exerts disparate and wide-ranging metabolic effects and changes in quercetin conjugate concentrations. Metabolic shifts were apparent at the 1000 mg/d dose; further research is required to understand the health implications of these shifts.

Dose-response to 3 months of quercetin-containing supplements on metabolite and quercetin conjugate profile in adults.

Functional overreaching has been linked to alterations in immunity and host pathogen defense, but little is known as to whether or not running and cycling evoke different responses. This study compared inflammation, muscle damage and soreness, and innate immune function responses to a 3-day period of intensified exercise in trained long distance runners (N=13, age 34.4±2.4year) and cyclists (N=22, age 36.6±1.7year, P=0.452). Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptomatology was monitored for 12weeks using the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS), and subjects from both athletic groups came to the lab during week five and exercised 2.5h/day for 3days in a row at 70% VO2max. Blood samples were collected before and after the 3-day period of exercise, with recovery samples collected 1-, 14-, and 38h-post-exercise. Samples were analyzed for muscle damage [creatine kinase (CK), myoglobin (MYO)], inflammation (CRP, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, MCP), and innate immunity [granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis (GR-PHAG and MO-PHAG) and oxidative burst activity (GR-OBA and MO-OBA)]. Runners compared to cyclists experienced significantly more muscle damage (CK 133% and MYO 404% higher post-3days exercise), inflammation (CRP 87%, IL-6 256%, IL 8 61%, IL-10 32%, MCP 29%), and delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS, 87%). The 3-day period of exercise caused significant downturns in GR-PHAG, MO-PHAG, GR-OBA, MO-OBA by 14- and 38h-recovery, but the pattern of change did not differ between groups. No group differences were measured for 12-week URTI severity (18.3±5.6 and 16.6±4.0, P=0.803) and symptom scores (33.4±12.6 and 24.7±5.8, P=0.477). These data indicate that a 3-day period of functional overreaching results in substantially more muscle damage and soreness, and systemic inflammation in runners compared to cyclists, but without group differences for 12-week URTI symptomatology and post-exercise decrements in innate immune function.

Immune and inflammation responses to a 3-day period of intensified running versus cycling.

Incidence of vitamin D deficiency is increasing worldwide. The purpose of this study was to determine if supplementation with vitamin D2 from Portobello mushroom powder would enhance skeletal muscle function and attenuate exercise-induced muscle damage in low vitamin D status high school athletes. Participants were randomised to Portobello mushroom powder (600 IU/d vitamin D2) or placebo for 6 weeks. Participants then completed a 1.5-h exercise session designed to induce skeletal muscle damage. Blood samples and measures of skeletal muscle function were taken pre-supplementation, post-supplementation/pre-exercise and post-exercise. Six weeks supplementation with vitamin D2 increased serum 25(OH)D2 by 9.9-fold and decreased serum 25(OH)D3 by 28%. Changes in skeletal muscle function and circulating markers of skeletal muscle damage did not differ between groups. In conclusion, 600 IU/d vitamin D2 increased 25(OH)D2 with a concomitant decrease in 25(OD)D3, with no effect on muscular function or exercise-induced muscle damage in high school athletes.

Influence of vitamin D mushroom powder supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage in vitamin D insufficient high school athletes.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of 8-weeks ingestion of a commercialized joint pain dietary supplement (Instaflex™ Joint Support, Direct Digital, Charlotte, NC) compared to placebo on joint pain, stiffness, and function in adults with self-reported joint pain. Instaflex™ is a joint pain supplement containing glucosamine sulfate, methylsufonlylmethane (MSM), white willow bark extract (15% salicin), ginger root concentrate, boswella serrata extract (65% boswellic acid), turmeric root extract, cayenne, and hyaluronic acid.

A commercialized dietary supplement alleviates joint pain in community adults: a double-blind, placebo-controlled community trial.

This study determined if 6-weeks vitamin D2 supplementation (vitD2, 3800 IU/day) had an influence on muscle function, eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), and delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) in National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) NASCAR pit crew athletes. Subjects were randomized to vitD2 (n=13) and placebo (n=15), and ingested supplements (double-blind) for six weeks. Blood samples were collected and muscle function tests conducted pre- and post-study (leg-back and hand grip dynamometer strength tests, body weight bench press to exhaustion, vertical jump, 30-s Wingate test). Post-study, subjects engaged in 90 min eccentric-based exercise, with blood samples and DOMS ratings obtained immediately after and 1- and 2-days post-exercise. Six weeks vitD2 increased serum 25(OH)D2 456% and decreased 25(OH)D3 21% versus placebo (p<0.001, p=0.036, respectively), with no influence on muscle function test scores. The post-study eccentric exercise bout induced EIMD and DOMS, with higher muscle damage biomarkers measured in vitD2 compared to placebo (myoglobin 252%, 122% increase, respectively, p=0.001; creatine phosphokinase 24 h post-exercise, 169%, 32%, p<0.001), with no differences for DOMS. In summary, 6-weeks vitD2 (3800 IU/day) significantly increased 25(OH)D2 and decreased 25(OH)D3, had no effect on muscle function tests, and amplified muscle damage markers in NASCAR pit crew athletes following eccentric exercise.

Vitamin D2 supplementation amplifies eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage in NASCAR pit crew athletes.

A freeze-dried fruit and vegetable juice powder (JUICE) was investigated as a countermeasure nutritional strategy to exercise-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune perturbations in trained cyclists. Thirty-four cyclists (25 male, 9 female) were randomized to control (nonJUICE) or JUICE for 17 days. JUICE provided 230 mg·day(-1) of flavonoids, doubling the typical adult daily intake. During a 3-d period of intensified exercise (days 15-17), subjects cycled at 70%-75% V̇O2max for 2.25 h per day, followed by a 15-min time trial. Blood samples were collected presupplementation, post supplementation (pre-exercise), and immediately and 14-h post exercise on the third day of exercise. Samples were analyzed for inflammation (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8; tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα); monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)), oxidative stress (oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), reduced and oxidized glutathione, protein carbonyls), and innate immune function (granulocyte (G-PHAG) and monocyte (M-PHAG) phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity). A 2 (group) × 4 (time points) repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant time effects due to 3 days of exercise for IL-6 (396% increase), IL-8 (78% increase), TNFα (12% increase), MCP-1 (30% increase), G-PHAG (38% increase), M-PHAG (36% increase), FRAP (12.6% increase), ORAC (11% decrease at 14 h post exercise), and protein carbonyls (82% increase at 14 h post exercise) (p < 0.01). No significant interaction effects were found for any of the physiological measures. Although providing 695 gallic acid equivalents of polyphenols per day, JUICE treatment for 17 days did not change exercise-induced alterations in inflammation and oxidative stress or immune function in trained cyclists after a 3-day period of overreaching.

Effects of a freeze-dried juice blend powder on exercise-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune function in cyclists.

Bioactive oxidized linoleic acid metabolites (OXLAMs) include 13- and 9-hydroxy-octadecadienoic acid (13-HODE + 9-HODE) and have been linked to oxidative stress, inflammation, and numerous pathological and physiological states. The purpose of this study was to measure changes in plasma 13-HODE + 9-HODE following a 75-km cycling bout and identify potential linkages to linoleate metabolism and established biomarkers of oxidative stress (F2-isoprostanes) and inflammation (cytokines) using a metabolomics approach. Trained male cyclists (N = 19, age 38.0 ± 1.6 yr, wattsmax 304 ± 10.5) engaged in a 75-km cycling time trial on their own bicycles using electromagnetically braked cycling ergometers (2.71 ± 0.07 h). Blood samples were collected preexercise, immediately post-, 1.5 h post-, and 21 h postexercise, and analyzed for plasma cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor), F2-isoprostanes, and shifts in metabolites using global metabolomics procedures with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). 13-HODE + 9-HODE increased 3.1-fold and 1.7-fold immediately post- and 1.5 h postexercise (both P < 0.001) and returned to preexercise levels by 21-h postexercise. Post-75-km cycling plasma levels of 13-HODE + 9-HODE were not significantly correlated with increases in plasma cytokines but were positively correlated with postexercise F2-isoprostanes (r = 0.75, P < 0.001), linoleate (r = 0.54, P = 0.016), arachidate (r = 0.77, P < 0.001), 12,13-dihydroxy-9Z-octadecenoate (12,13-DiHOME) (r = 0.60, P = 0.006), dihomo-linolenate (r = 0.57, P = 0.011), and adrenate (r = 0.56, P = 0.013). These findings indicate that prolonged and intensive exercise caused a transient, 3.1-fold increase in the stable linoleic acid oxidation product 13-HODE + 9-HODE and was related to increases in F2-isoprostanes, linoleate, and fatty acids in the linoleate conversion pathway. These data support the use of 13-HODE + 9-HODE as an oxidative stress biomarker in acute exercise investigations.

Mary Pat Meaney

Human Performance Laboratory,
North Carolina Research Campus,
Human Performance Laboratory, North Carolina Research Campus

Appalacian State University

Human Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Procedures Using the Modified Bergström Technique

Measuring Granulocyte and Monocyte Phagocytosis and Oxidative Burst Activity in Human Blood

Mary Pat Meaney

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Appalacian State University

Human Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Procedures Using the Modified Bergström Technique

Measuring Granulocyte and Monocyte Phagocytosis and Oxidative Burst Activity in Human Blood

Human Performance Laboratory,
North Carolina Research Campus,
Human Performance Laboratory, North Carolina Research Campus