a-simple-device-to-rapidly-prepare-whole-mounts-of-the-mouse-intestine

A Simple Device to Rapidly Prepare Whole Mounts of the Mouse Intestine

Preparing whole mounts of the mouse small intestine and colon for subsequent analysis or quantification can be time consuming and difficult. We describe ...

National Institutes of Health

CCR4-NOT complex 7 (Cnot7) was identified as a regulator of gene expression in yeast and evolutionally conserved in mammals. Cnot7 deficient male mice exhibit abnormality in spermatogenesis. As these mice contained construct to express LacZ, we followed the expression patterning in these animals. LacZ was expressed in osteoblasts located in the primary spongiosa in adult mice. Cellular analysis indicated that LacZ is expressed in osteoblasts but not in osteoclasts. In the mineralized nodules formed in the culture of bone marrow cells obtained from Cnot7 +/- mice, LacZ expression was mainly observed in the cells forming mineralized nodules but not in un-mineralized area scattered around the periphery of the nodules. LacZ blue positive cells were gradually depositing minerals along its time course of the in vitro mineralization assay. Cnot7 expression was enhanced by the treatment with BMP. These data suggest that Cnot7 is expressed in osteoblasts and is associated with mineralization.

Expression analysis of LacZ gene placed in the locus of Cnot7 exhibits its activity in osteoblasts in vivo and in mineralized nodules in vitro.

Cnot7 is a recently identified regulator of spermatogenesis in adult mice. Because Cnot7 binds to Tob, a BMP inhibitor shown to be involved in bone metabolism, we examined whether Cnot7 is involved in bone mass regulation by using adult Cnot7 deficient mice. Cnot7-/- mice exhibited a high bone mass phenotype. This was associated with an increase in bone formation rate but not with any alteration in bone resorption parameters. On BMP treatment, Cnot7-/- cells expressed higher levels of alkaline phosphatase compared with control cells. Direct BMP2 injection induced larger bone mass in Cnot7-/- calvaria than control in vivo. These observations revealed that Cnot7 is an endogenous suppressor of bone mass and inhibits BMP actions in osteoblasts.

Cnot7-null mice exhibit high bone mass phenotype and modulation of BMP actions.

Mice lacking tob2, a member of the antiproliferative family genes, had decreased bone mass, and the number of osteoclasts differentiated from bone marrow cells was increased. Overexpression of Tob2 in stromal cells repressed vitamin D(3)-induced osteoclasts formation. Furthermore, expression of RANKL mRNA in stromal cells was increased in the absence of Tob2 and decreased in the presence of Tob2. Tob2 interacted with vitamin D(3) receptor (VDR), which suggests its involvement in vitamin D(3) receptor-mediated regulation of transcription. Because VDR regulates RANKL expression, our data suggest that Tob2 negatively regulates formation of osteoclasts by suppressing RANKL expression through its interaction with VDR.

Osteoporotic bone formation in mice lacking tob2; involvement of Tob2 in RANK ligand expression and osteoclasts differentiation.

The abundant in neuroepithelium area (ana) gene was originally identified as a member of the tob/btg family of antiproliferative genes. Like the other family members, Ana inhibits growth of NIH3T3 cells when overexpressed. However, whether or not Ana is involved in tumor progression has been elusive. Here, we show that expression of ana is relatively high in the lung, the expression being restricted in type II alveolar epithelial cells. We further show that ana expression is reduced in 97% of the human lung cancer cell lines examined (61/63) and 86% of clinical samples from lung adenocarcinoma patients (36/42). Long-term observation of ana-deficient (ana−/–) mice reveals that 8% of them develop lung tumors (5/66) by 21 months after birth, while 0% of wild-type mice (0/35) develop the same type of tumors. We also show that exogenously expressed ana gene product suppresses the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression in lung cancer cells. Taken together, we propose that ana functions as a tumor suppressor and that its product inhibits tumor progression as well by suppressing angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis.

Deficiency of antiproliferative family protein Ana correlates with development of lung adenocarcinoma.

Ectopic bone formation after joint replacement or brain injury in humans is a serious complication that causes immobility of joints and severe pain. However, mechanisms underlying such ectopic bone formation are not fully understood. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMPs) are defined as inducers of ectopic bone formation, and they are regulated by several types of inhibitors. ANA is an antiproliferative molecule that belongs to Tob/BTG family, but its activity in bone metabolism has not been known. Here, we examined the role of ANA on ectopic bone formation activity of BMP. In ANA-deficient and wild-type mice, BMP2 was implanted to induce ectopic bone formation in muscle. ANA deficiency increased mass of newly formed bone in vivo compared with wild-type based on 3D-muCT analyses. ANA mRNA was expressed in bone in vivo as well as in osteoblastic cells in vitro. Such ANA mRNA levels were increased by BMP2 treatment in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Overexpression of ANA suppressed BMP-induced expression of luciferase reporter gene linked to BMP response elements in these cells. Conversely, ANA mRNA knockdown by small interference RNA enhanced the BMP-dependent BMP response element reporter expression. It also enhanced BMP-induced osteoblastic differentiation in muscle-derived C2C12 cells. Immunoprecipitation assay indicated that ANA interacts with Smad8. Thus, ANA is a suppressor of ectopic bone formation induced by BMP, and this inhibitory ANA activity is a part of the negative feedback regulation of BMP function.

ANA deficiency enhances bone morphogenetic protein-induced ectopic bone formation via transcriptional events.

Circulating micro-RNA (miR) profiles have been proposed as promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for cancer, including lung cancer. We have developed methods to accurately and reproducibly measure micro-RNA levels in serum and plasma. Here, we study paired serum and plasma samples from 220 patients with early stage nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 220 matched controls. We use qRT-PCR to measure the circulating levels of 30 different miRs that have previously been reported to be differently expressed in lung cancer tissue. Duplicate RNA extractions were performed for 10% of all samples, and micro-RNA measurements were highly correlated among those duplicates. This demonstrates high reproducibility of our assay. The expressions of miR-146b, miR-221, let-7a, miR-155, miR-17-5p, miR-27a and miR-106a were significantly reduced in the serum of NSCLC cases, while miR-29c was significantly increased. No significant differences were observed in plasma of patients compared with controls. Overall, expression levels in serum did not correlate well with levels in plasma. In secondary analyses, reduced plasma expression of let-7b was modestly associated with worse cancer-specific mortality in all patients, and reduced serum expression of miR-223 was modestly associated with cancer-specific mortality in stage IA/B patients. MiR profiles also showed considerable differences comparing African American and European Americans. In summary, we found significant differences in miR expression when comparing cases and controls and find evidence that expression of let-7b is associated with prognosis in NSCLC.

Circulating micro-RNA expression profiles in early stage nonsmall cell lung cancer.

Clara cells of mammalian airways have multiple functions and are morphologically heterogeneous. Although Notch signaling is essential for the development of these cells, it is unclear how Notch influences Clara cell specification and if diversity is established among Clara cell precursors. Here we identify expression of the secretoglobin Scgb3a2 and Notch activation as early events in a program of secretory cell fate determination in developing murine airways. We show that Scgb3a2 expression in vivo is Notch-dependent at early stages and ectopically induced by constitutive Notch1 activation, and also that in vitro Notch signaling together with the pan-airway transcription factor Ttf1 (Nkx2.1) synergistically regulate secretoglobin gene transcription. Furthermore, we identified a subpopulation of secretory precursors juxtaposed to presumptive neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs), distinguished by their strong Scgb3a2 and uroplakin 3a (Upk3a) signals and reduced Ccsp (Scgb1a1) expression. Genetic ablation of Ascl1 prevented NEB formation and selectively interfered with the formation of this subpopulation of cells. Lineage labeling of Upk3a-expressing cells during development showed that these cells remain largely uncommitted during embryonic development and contribute to Clara and ciliated cells in the adult lung. Together, our findings suggest a role for Notch in the induction of a Clara cell-specific program of gene expression, and reveals that the NEB microenvironment in the developing airways is a niche for a distinct subset of Clara-like precursors.

Neuroepithelial body microenvironment is a niche for a distinct subset of Clara-like precursors in the developing airways.

The CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) play important roles in carcinogenesis of many tumors including the lung. Since multiple C/EBPs are expressed in lung, the combinatorial expression of these C/EBPs on lung carcinogenesis is not known.

Deficiency of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein family DNA binding prevents malignant conversion of adenoma to carcinoma in NNK-induced lung carcinogenesis in the mouse.

Secretoglobin (SCGB) 3A2, a cytokine-like secretory protein of small molecular weight, which may play a role in lung inflammation, is predominantly expressed in airway epithelial cells. In order to understand the physiological role of SCGB3A2, Scgb3a2(-/-) mice were generated and characterized. Scgb3a2(-/-) mice did not exhibit any overt phenotypes. In ovalbumin- (OVA-) induced airway allergy inflammation model, Scgb3a2(-/-) mice in mixed background showed a decreased OVA-induced airway inflammation, while six times C57BL/6NCr backcrossed congenic Scgb3a2(-/-) mice showed a slight exacerbation of OVA-induced airway inflammation as compared to wild-type littermates. These results indicate that the loss of SCGB3A2 function was influenced by a modifier gene(s) in mixed genetic background and suggest that SCGB3A2 has anti-inflammatory property. The results further suggest the possible use of recombinant human SCGB3A2 as an anti-inflammatory agent.

Secretoglobin superfamily protein SCGB3A2 deficiency potentiates ovalbumin-induced allergic pulmonary inflammation.

Secretoglobin (SCGB) 3A2, a cytokine-like secretory protein of small molecular weight, is predominantly expressed in airway epithelial cells. While SCGB3A2 is known to have anti-inflammatory, growth factor, and anti-fibrotic activities, whether SCGB3A2 has any other roles, particularly in lung homeostasis and disease has not been demonstrated in vivo. The aim of this study was to address these questions in mice.

Mitsuhiro Yoneda

National Cancer Institute,
Laboratory of Metabolism,
National Cancer Institute, Laboratory of Metabolism

National Institutes of Health

A Simple Device to Rapidly Prepare Whole Mounts of the Mouse Intestine

Mitsuhiro Yoneda

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National Institutes of Health

A Simple Device to Rapidly Prepare Whole Mounts of the Mouse Intestine

National Cancer Institute,
Laboratory of Metabolism,
National Cancer Institute, Laboratory of Metabolism