Overview Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all of ...

Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of ...

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. ...

Overview Lipids are a group of structurally and functionally diverse organic compounds that are insoluble in water. Certain classes of lipids, such as ...

Lipids include a diverse group of compounds that are largely nonpolar in nature. This is because they are hydrocarbons that include mostly nonpolar ...

Carbohydrates are an essential part of the diet in humans and animals. Grains, fruits, and vegetables are natural sources of carbohydrates that provide ...

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its ...

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions ...

Noncovalent attractions are associations within and between molecules that influence the shape and structural stability of complexes. These interactions ...

The potential of hydrogen (pH) is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a water-based solution determined by the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+). ...

The bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be broken through the addition of water, releasing one or two phosphate groups in an exergonic process ...