JoVE Logo

Anmelden

7.14 : Das Aufbauprinzip und die Hundschen Regeln

To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and continuing across the periods of the periodic table, we add one proton at a time to the nucleus and one electron to the proper subshell until we have described the electron configurations of all the elements. This procedure is called the aufbau principle, from the German word aufbau (“to build up”). Each added electron occupies the subshell of lowest energy available, subject to the limitations imposed by the allowed quantum numbers according to the Pauli exclusion principle. Electrons enter higher-energy subshells only after lower-energy subshells have been filled to capacity. Figure 1 illustrates the traditional way to remember the filling order for atomic orbitals. 

Figure1

Figure 1 This diagram depicts the energy order for atomic orbitals and is useful for deriving ground-state electron configurations.

Consider writing the electron configuration for carbon—an element with atomic number six. Four electrons fill the 1s and 2s orbitals. The remaining two electrons occupy the 2p subshell. We now have a choice of filling one of the 2p orbitals and pairing the electrons or of leaving the electrons unpaired in two different, but degenerate, p orbitals. The orbitals are filled as described by Hund’s rule: the lowest-energy configuration for an atom with electrons within a set of degenerate orbitals is that having the maximum number of unpaired electrons. Thus, the two electrons in the carbon 2p orbitals have identical n, l, and ms quantum numbers and differ in their ml quantum number (in accord with the Pauli exclusion principle). The orbital diagram for carbon, with an electron configuration of 1s22s21p2 is: 

Figure2

Nitrogen (atomic number 7) fills the 1s and 2s subshells and has one electron in each of the three 2p orbitals, in accordance with Hund’s rule. These three electrons have unpaired spins. Oxygen (atomic number 8) has a pair of electrons in any one of the 2p orbitals (the electrons have opposite spins) and a single electron in each of the other two. Fluorine (atomic number 9) has only one 2p orbital containing an unpaired electron. All of the electrons in the noble gas neon (atomic number 10) are paired, and all of the orbitals in the n = 1 and the n = 2 shells are filled. 

This text is adapted from Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 6.4: Electronic Structure of Atoms.

Tags

JoVE CoreJoVE Core Chemistry Chapter 7JoVE Core Chemistry Lesson 986

Aus Kapitel 7:

article

Now Playing

7.14 : Das Aufbauprinzip und die Hundschen Regeln

Elektronische Struktur von Atomen

43.5K Ansichten

article

7.1 : Das Licht als Welle

Elektronische Struktur von Atomen

48.0K Ansichten

article

7.2 : Das elektromagnetische Spektrum

Elektronische Struktur von Atomen

52.3K Ansichten

article

7.3 : Interferenz und Beugung

Elektronische Struktur von Atomen

30.4K Ansichten

article

7.4 : Photoelektrischer Effekt

Elektronische Struktur von Atomen

29.1K Ansichten

article

7.5 : Das Bohrsche Atommodell

Elektronische Struktur von Atomen

49.7K Ansichten

article

7.6 : Emissionsspektren

Elektronische Struktur von Atomen

49.3K Ansichten

article

7.7 : Die Materiewelle nach de Broglie

Elektronische Struktur von Atomen

25.2K Ansichten

article

7.8 : Das Heisenbergsche Unschärferelation

Elektronische Struktur von Atomen

22.9K Ansichten

article

7.9 : Das quantenmechanische Modell eines Atoms

Elektronische Struktur von Atomen

41.6K Ansichten

article

7.10 : Quantenzahlen

Elektronische Struktur von Atomen

34.1K Ansichten

article

7.11 : Atomorbitale

Elektronische Struktur von Atomen

32.9K Ansichten

article

7.12 : Das Paulische Ausschließungsprinzip

Elektronische Struktur von Atomen

33.6K Ansichten

article

7.13 : Die Energien von Atomorbitalen

Elektronische Struktur von Atomen

23.6K Ansichten

article

7.15 : Elektronenkonfiguration von Multielektronenatomen

Elektronische Struktur von Atomen

37.7K Ansichten

JoVE Logo

Datenschutz

Nutzungsbedingungen

Richtlinien

Forschung

Lehre

ÜBER JoVE

Copyright © 2025 MyJoVE Corporation. Alle Rechte vorbehalten