1) Zellpräparation <ol><li> Bei der Verwendung von anhaftenden Zellen, ist es notwendig, trypsinize und sammeln die Zellen vor der Elektroporation. </li><li> Zum Vergleich Transfektion unter den vier embryonalen Maus-Fibroblasten (MEF) Kulturen, die drei anderen Stelle Zahlen, gehen Sie wie folgt auf jeder Flasche. </li><li> Absaugen Zellkulturmedien. </li><li> Add PBS, um Zellen zu waschen. </li><li> Entfernen PBS; add ausreichend Trypsin, um Zellen bedecken und einige Minuten warten, damit Trypsin, um Zellen zu lösen. </li><li> Überprüfen Sie Flaschen mit einem Mikroskop, um den Zustand der Zellen zu überprüfen, smack Kolben auf Zellen zu trennen, und dann überprüfen Kolben erneut, um sicherzustellen Zellen sind alle gelöst. </li><li> Warten Sie zusätzlich Zeit und bei Bedarf wiederholen. </li><li> Wenn alle Zellen abgelöst werden, fügen Serum mit Medien Trypsin zu neutralisieren. </li><li> Transfer-Zellen in ein Zentrifugenröhrchen und Pellet-Zellen durch Zentrifugation (RZB = 300 xg). </li><li> Überstand entfernen und die Zellen in einem bekannten Volumen von PBS. </li><li> Zählen von Zellen. </li><li> Transfer in ein neues Röhrchen das entsprechende Volumen der Zellsuspension die erforderliche Anzahl von Zellen für Experimente (Sie werden 150 ul Zellen pro Vertiefung in einer Dichte von 1 x 10 6 Zellen / ml benötigen) liefern können. </li><li> Centrifuge Zellen. </li><li> Überstand entfernen und die Zellen in dem entsprechenden Volumen Gene Pulser Elektroporationspuffer auf eine Zelldichte von 1 x 10 6 Zellen / ml erreichen. </li><li> Add 20 ug von Plasmid pro ml Zellsuspension und vorsichtig mischen. </li></ol> 2) Die Elektroporation Schiff Setup und Elektroporation Platte Setup und Elektroporation <ol><li> Steckerplatte Kammer in den Leistungsteil des Gene Pulser MXcell Elektroporation System. </li><li> Je 150 ul Zellgemisch oder Puffer in die Vertiefungen einer 96-well Platte Elektroporation. </li><li> Legen Sie Platte in Platte Kammer und Puls. </li><li> Entfernen Platte aus der Kammer. </li><li> Gut mischen Inhalte durch Auf-und Abpipettieren in jede Vertiefung. </li><li> Übertragen Sie die Zellen aus jedem gut vorgewärmten Puffer in 12-Well-Platten. </li><li> Tippen Sie auf Teller verteilen Zellen und steckte es in Inkubator. </li><li> Lassen Zellen für 24 Stunden zu erholen. </li></ol> Cuvette Setup und Elektroporation <ol start="9"><li> Ziehen Sie Lamellenraum aus dem Leistungsteil des Gene Pulser MXcell Elektroporation System und stecken Sie den ShockPod ™ Küvette Kammer. </li><li> Pipette 600 ul Zellsuspension in ein 0,4 cm Abstand Elektroporationsküvette. </li><li> Put Küvette in ShockPod Kammer und liefern elektrischen Impuls. </li><li> Entfernen Küvette aus der Kammer. </li><li> Mix Küvette Inhalte durch Auf-und Abpipettieren in Küvette. </li><li> Übertragen Sie die Zellen aus jedem gut vorgewärmten Puffer in 12-Well-Platten. </li><li> Tippen Sie auf Teller verteilen Zellen und steckte es in Inkubator. </li><li> Lassen Sie die Zellen für 24 Stunden zu erholen. </li></ol> 3) repräsentative Ergebnisse Nach Transfektion von Zellen und erlaubt ihnen, Wiederherstellung, Analyse der Transfektionseffizienz qualitativ mit Epifluoreszenzmikroskopie und quantitativ mit Hilfe der Durchflusszytometrie. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1662/1662fig1.jpg" alt="Abbildung 1" /> Abbildung 1. Cells, die erfolgreich elektroporiert und sind nun Ausdruck des GFP-Gens erscheinen unter Epifluoreszenzmikroskopie. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1662/1662fig2.jpg" alt="Abbildung 2" /> Abbildung 2. Anzeigen der Zellen unter Phasenkontrast ermöglicht die Visualisierung der beiden transfizierten und nicht transfizierten Zellen. Dies sind die Zellen, die die niedrigste Spannung Elektroporation Puls bei 200 V ausgesetzt waren. Die Zellen sind weitgehend konfluenten aufgrund der hohen Zelldichte. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1662/1662fig3.jpg" alt="Abbildung 3" /> Abbildung 3. Das gleiche Sichtfeld unter Epifluoreszenz zeigt eine Anzahl von Zellen sind Ausdruck der GFP-Marker, aber diese sind nur ein kleiner Prozentsatz der Zellen sichtbar in dem vorhergehenden Bild. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1662/1662fig4.jpg" alt="Abbildung 4" /> Abbildung 4. Bei 250V, verringert sich die Gesamtzahl der lebenden Zellen unter Phasenkontrast gesehen leicht. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1662/1662fig5.jpg" alt="Abbildung 5" /> Abbildung 5. Under Epifluoreszenz, kann man sehen, dass die Anzahl der GFP exprimierenden Zellen erhöht hat. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1662/1662fig6.jpg" alt="Abbildung 6" /> Abbildung 6. Auf der höchsten Spannung, 375V, gibt es weniger lebende Zellen sichtbar. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1662/1662fig7.jpg" alt="Abbildung 7" /> Abbildung 7. Allerdings sind ein Großteil der restlichen Zellen, die GFP. Welche Bedingung ist optimal, hängt von den experimentellen Design. In einigen Experimenten wurde die größte Anzahl an transfizierten Zellen könnte optimal sein, in anderen Experimenten der höchste Prozentsatz der Transfektion wohl am besten sein. Wir interessieren uns für den Prozentsatz an Zellen, die GFP positive unter jeder Bedingung und wie die Prozentsätze variieren mit Zell-Alter sind. Die Durchflusszytometrie kann liefern quantitative Information über die Transfektion Ergebnisse, die unter jedem der verschiedenen Elektroporation Bedingungen. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1662/1662fig8.jpg" alt="Abbildung 8" /> Abbildung 8. Hier ist der Anteil der Zellen, die GFP positive in den Kanal 5 Zellen unter jedem der 12 Elektroporation Bedingungen gezeigt werden. Die maximale Transfektion Anteil von ca. 80% unter der höchsten Spannung exponentiellen Abfall Puls, Zustand 6, und 70% unter dem stärksten Rechteckimpuls getestet, Zustand 12. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1662/1662fig9.jpg" alt="Abbildung 9" /> Abbildung 9. Mit der Zellen weitergegeben 9 Mal vor der Elektroporation, das allgemeine Muster der Transfektion Prozentsatz nahezu identisch ist, aber mit einem sehr leichten Rückgang der Transfektion Prozentsätze. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1662/1662fig10.jpg" alt="Abbildung 10" /> Abbildung 10. Sehen Sie hier die Anteile der GFP-Zellen in der Passage 13 Zellen, die zu einem deutlichen Rückgang in der Transfektion Prozentsatz im Vergleich zu den jüngeren Zellen zeigen. Die höchsten Prozentsätze wurden Transfektion etwa die Hälfte, was mit den jüngeren Zellen demonstriert die Bedeutung der Verwendung gesunden Zellen so bald nach der Isolierung wie möglich erreicht. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3"> Elektroporation Bedingungen für die Transfektion von MEF-Zellen mit dem Gene Pulser MXcell verwendet </td></tr><tr><td> Zustand (1-6) Exponentiellen Abfall Impulse, alle mit 350 uF, 1000OHM </td><td> Spannung (V) </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 1 </td><td> 200 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 2 </td><td> 250 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 3 </td><td> 300 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 4 </td><td> 326 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 5 </td><td> 350 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 6 </td><td> 376 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Condition (7-12) Rechteckimpulse, Alle mit 2000 uF, 1000 ohm, und 1 Impuls </td><td> Spannung (V) </td><td> Impulsdauer (ms) </td></tr><tr><td> 7 </td><td> 200 </td><td> 10 </td></tr><tr><td> 8 </td><td> 250 </td><td> 10 </td></tr><tr><td> 9 </td><td> 300 </td><td> 10 </td></tr><tr><td> 10 </td><td> 200 </td><td> 20 </td></tr><tr><td> 11 </td><td> 250 </td><td> 20 </td></tr><tr><td> 12 </td><td> 300 </td><td> 20 </td></tr></tbody></table>

Die Autoren werden von Bio-Rad Laboratories, die Reagenzien und Instrumente in diesem Artikel verwendet produziert beschäftigt

Dieses Video Artikel beschreibt, wie die MXcell Elektroporation System nutzen, um leicht zu identifizieren optimale Bedingungen für die Elektroporation MEFs oder andere primäre Zelllinien. Die 96-Well-Platte-Format ermöglicht für viele Wiederholungen der experimentellen oder Optimierung Bedingungen gleichzeitig durchgeführt werden, wodurch die Notwendigkeit für viele einzelne Experimente, beseitigen können. Während der Durchführung dieses Verfahrens, sollte man daran denken, gesunde Zellen so bald nach der Isolierung wie möglich zu nutzen und Elektroporation Bedingungen, die zur Elektroporationspuffer abgestimmt sind zu verwenden.

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<td>Gene Pulser&reg; Electroporation Buffer</td>
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<td>Gene Pulser MXcell&trade; Electroporation System</td>
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<td>Gene Pulser MXcell&trade; ShockPod&trade; Cuvette Chamber</td>
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<td>Gene Pulser MXcell&trade; Electroporation System With ShockPod&trade; Cuvette Chamber</td>
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using the gene pulser mxcell electroporation system to transfect primary cells with high efficiency

Es wird immer deutlicher, dass die Elektroporation der effektivste Weg, um Plasmid-DNA oder siRNA in primären Zellen einzuführen. Die Gene Pulser MXcell Elektroporation und Gene Pulser Elektroporation Puffer (Bio-Rad) wurden speziell entwickelt, um leicht transfizieren Nukleinsäuren in Säugerzellen und schwer zu transfizieren Zellen, wie Primär-und Stammzellen. Wir werden zeigen, wie man ein einfaches Experiment, um schnell die besten Elektroporation Bedingungen durchzuführen. Wir werden zeigen, wie man mehrere Proben durch eine Reihe von Elektroporation Bedingungen, so dass ein Experiment zur gleichen Zeit wie die Optimierung durchgeführt wird, kann durchgeführt werden, laufen. Wir werden auch zeigen, wie optimale Bedingungen identifiziert mit 96-well Platten Elektroporation können mit Standard-Elektroporationsküvetten verwendet werden, erleichtert die Umstellung von Elektroporation Platten Elektroporationsküvetten unter Beibehaltung der gleichen Elektroporation Effizienz. In dem Video werden wir auch diskutieren einige der wichtigsten Faktoren, die zum Erfolg oder Misserfolg der Elektroporation Experimente führen kann.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency at JoVE.com

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

Dieses Verfahren zeigt, wie die Gene Pulser MXcell Elektroporation System nutzen, um schnell und einfach identifizieren die besten Bedingungen für die Elektroporation embryonalen Maus-Fibroblasten (MEFs) oder andere Primärzellen. Überlegungen zur Fehlerbehebung sind auch in den zugehörigen Video diskutiert.

Mit dem Gene Pulser MXcell Elektroporation System zur Primary Cells mit hohem Wirkungsgrad zu transfizieren

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

using-gene-pulser-mxcell-electroporation-system-to-transfect-primary

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

23.9K Aufrufe.  Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.. Dieses Verfahren zeigt, wie die Gene Pulser MXcell Elektroporation System nutzen, um schnell und einfach identifizieren die besten Bedingungen für die Elektroporation embryonalen Maus-Fibroblasten (MEFs) oder andere Primärzellen. Überlegungen zur Fehlerbehebung sind auch in den zugehörigen Video diskutiert.

Serie: Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell  electroporation system and Gene Pulser  electroporation buffer were specifically developed to transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells.This video demonstrates how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow, and then prepare them for electroporation in the MXcell system. We begin by isolating femur and tibia. Bone marrow from both femur and tibia are then harvested and cultures are established. Cultured bone marrow cells are then transfected and analyzed.

This procedure describes how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow and is followed by transfection using the Gene Pulser MXCell electroporation system.

Die Herstellung von primären hämatopoetischen Zellkulturen aus Knochenmark der Maus für die Elektroporation

Forschung

Biologie

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

The retina and its sole output neuron, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), comprise an excellent model in which to examine biological questions such as cell differentiation, axon guidance, retinotopic organization and synapse formation[1]. One drawback is the inability to efficiently and reliably manipulate gene expression in RGCs in vivo, especially in the otherwise accessible murine visual pathways. Transgenic mice can be used to manipulate gene expression, but this approach is often expensive, time consuming, and can produce unwanted side effects. In chick, in ovo electroporation is used to manipulate gene expression in RGCs for examining retina and RGC development. Although similar electroporation techniques have been developed in neonatal mouse pups[2], adult rats[3], and embryonic murine retinae in vitro[4], none of these strategies allow full characterization of RGC development and axon projections in vivo. To this end, we have developed two applications of electroporation, one in utero and the other ex vivo, to specifically target embryonic murine RGCs[5, 6]. 
With in utero retinal electroporation, we can misexpress or downregulate specific genes in RGCs and follow their axon projections through the visual pathways in vivo, allowing examination of guidance decisions at intermediate targets, such as the optic chiasm, or at target regions, such as the lateral geniculate nucleus. Perturbing gene expression in a subset of RGCs in an otherwise wild-type background facilitates an understanding of gene function throughout the retinal pathway. Additionally, we have developed a companion technique for analyzing RGC axon growth in vitro. We electroporate embryonic heads ex vivo, collect and incubate the whole retina, then prepare explants from these retinae several days later. Retinal explants can be used in a variety of in vitro assays in order to examine the response of electroporated RGC axons to guidance cues or other factors. In sum, this set of techniques enhances our ability to misexpress or downregulate genes in RGCs and should greatly aid studies examining RGC development and axon projections.

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

Here we present two techniques for manipulating gene expression in murine retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by in utero and ex vivo electroporation. These techniques enable one to examine how alterations in gene expression affect RGC development, axon guidance, and functional properties.

In utero und ex vivo Elektroporation für die Genexpression in Maus retinalen Ganglienzellen

The retina and its sole output neuron, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), comprise an excellent model in which to examine biological questions such as cell ...

Primary Culture and Plasmid Electroporation of the Murine Organ of Corti. 

In all mammals, the sensory epithelium for audition is located along the spiraling organ of Corti that resides within the conch shaped cochlea of the inner ear (fig 1). Hair cells in the developing cochlea, which are the mechanosensory cells of the auditory system, are aligned in one row of inner hair cells and three (in the base and mid-turns) to four (in the apical turn) rows of outer hair cells that span the length of the organ of Corti. Hair cells transduce sound-induced mechanical vibrations of the basilar membrane into neural impulses that the brain can interpret. Most cases of sensorineural hearing loss are caused by death or dysfunction of cochlear hair cells.
An increasingly essential tool in auditory research is the isolation and in vitro culture of the organ explant 1,2,9. Once isolated, the explants may be utilized in several ways to provide information regarding normative, anomalous, or therapeutic physiology. Gene expression, stereocilia motility, cell and molecular biology, as well as biological approaches for hair cell regeneration are examples of experimental applications of organ of Corti explants.
This protocol describes a method for the isolation and culture of the organ of Corti from neonatal mice. The accompanying video includes stepwise directions for the isolation of the temporal bone from mouse pups, and subsequent isolation of the cochlea, spiral ligament, and organ of Corti. Once isolated, the sensory epithelium can be plated and cultured in vitro in its entirety, or as a further dissected micro-isolate that lacks the spiral limbus and spiral ganglion neurons. Using this method, primary explants can be maintained for 7-10 days. As an example of the utility of this procedure, organ of Corti explants will be electroporated with an exogenous DsRed reporter gene. This method provides an improvement over other published methods because it provides reproducible, unambiguous, and stepwise directions for the isolation, microdissection, and primary culture of the organ of Corti.

Primary Culture and Plasmid Electroporation of the Murine Organ of Corti.

This procedure describes a method for the isolation and culture of the murine organ of Corti with or without the spiral limbus and spiral ganglion neurons. We also demonstrate a method for the expression of an exogenous reporter gene in the organ of Corti explant by electroporation.

Primäre Kultur und Plasmid Elektroporation der Murine Corti-Organ.

In all mammals, the sensory epithelium for audition is located along the spiraling organ of Corti that resides within the conch shaped cochlea of the ...

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only to study the effects of downregulating single genes, but also to interrogate signaling pathways and other complex interaction networks.  These pathway analyses require both the use of relevant cellular models and methods that cause less perturbation to the cellular physiology.  Electroporation is increasingly being used as an effective way to introduce siRNA and other nucleic acids into difficult to transfect cell lines and primary cells without altering the signaling pathway under investigation. There are multiple critical steps to a successful siRNA experiment, and there are ways to simplify the work while improving the data quality at several experimental stages.  To help you get started with your siRNA mediated gene knockdown project, we will demonstrate how to perform a pathway study complete from collecting and counting the cells prior to electroporation through post transfection real-time PCR gene expression analysis.  The following study investigates the role of the transcriptional activator STAT6 in IL-4 dependent gene expression of CCL17 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Namalwa).  The techniques demonstrated are useful for a wide range of siRNA-based experiments on both adherent and suspension cells.  We will also show how to streamline cell counting with the TC10 automated cell counter, how to electroporate multiple samples simultaneously using the MXcell electroporation system, and how to simultaneously assess RNA quality and quantity with the Experion automated electrophoresis system.

This procedure describes a quick and easy workflow to introduce siRNA into difficult to transfect cell lines and follow gene expression by real-time PCR. Use of an automated cell counter, multi-well electroporation plate, and automated electrophoresis station provide quick and reliable results without the need for expensive robotic handling.

Verwendung eines automatisierten Cell Counter zu Genexpressionsstudien Simplify: siRNA Knockdown von IL-4 abhängige Genexpression in Namalwalzellen

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only ...

Quantification of dsDNA using the Hitachi F-7000 Fluorescence Spectrophotometer and PicoGreen Dye

Quantification of DNA, especially in small concentrations, is an important task with a wide range of biological applications including standard molecular biology assays such as synthesis and purification of DNA, diagnostic applications such as quantification of DNA amplification products, and detection of DNA molecules in drug preparations. During this video we will demonstrate the capability of the Hitachi F-7000 Fluorescence Spectrophotometer equipped with a Micro Plate Reader accessory to perform dsDNA quantification using Molecular Probes Quant-it PicoGreen dye reagent kit.
The F-7000 Fluorescence Spectrophotometer offers high sensitivity and high speed measurements. It is a highly flexible system capable of measuring fluorescence, luminescence, and phosphorescence. Several measuring modes are available, including wavelength scan, time scan, photometry and 3-D scan measurement. The spectrophotometer has sensitivity in the range of 50 picomoles of fluorescein when using a 300 &#956;L sample volume in the microplate, and is capable of measuring scan speeds of 60,000 nm/minute. It also has a wide dynamic range of up to 5 orders of magnitude which allows for the use of calibration curves over a wide range of concentrations. The optical system uses all reflective optics for maximum energy and sensitivity. The standard wavelength range is 200 to 750 nm, and can be extended to 900 nm when using one of the optional near infrared photomultipliers. The system allows optional temperature control for the plate reader from 5 to 60 degrees Celsius using an optional external temperature controlled liquid circulator. The microplate reader allows for the use of 96 well microplates, and the measuring speed for 96 wells is less than 60 seconds when using the kinetics mode.
Software controls for the F-7000 and Microplate Reader are also highly flexible. Samples may be set in either column or row formats, and any combination of wells may be chosen for sample measurements. This allows for optimal utilization of the microplate. Additionally, the software allows importing micro plate sample configurations created in Excel and saved in comma separated values, or "csv" format. Microplate measuring configurations can be saved and recalled by the software for convenience and increased productivity. Data results can be output to a standard report, to Excel, or to an optional Report Generator Program.

Demonstration of quantification of dsDNA using Molecular Probes PicoGreen dye and Hitachi F-7000 Fluorescence Spectrophotometer equipped with a microplate reader accessory.

Quantifizierung von dsDNA mit dem Hitachi F-7000 Fluoreszenz-Spektralphotometer und PicoGreen Dye

Quantification of DNA, especially in small concentrations, is an important task with a wide range of biological applications including standard molecular ...

siRNA Screening to Identify Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like System Regulators of Biological Pathways in Cultured Mammalian Cells

Post-translational modification of proteins with ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like molecules (UBLs) is emerging as a dynamic cellular signaling network that regulates diverse biological pathways including the hypoxia response, proteostasis, the DNA damage response and transcription.&#160; To better understand how UBLs regulate pathways relevant to human disease, we have compiled a human siRNA &#8220;ubiquitome&#8221; library consisting of 1,186 siRNA duplex pools targeting all known and predicted components of UBL system pathways. This library can be screened against a range of cell lines expressing reporters of diverse biological pathways to determine which UBL components act as positive or negative regulators of the pathway in question.&#160; Here, we describe a protocol utilizing this library to identify ubiquitome-regulators of the HIF1A-mediated cellular response to hypoxia using a transcription-based luciferase reporter.&#160; An initial assay development stage is performed to establish suitable screening parameters of the cell line before performing the screen in three stages: primary, secondary and tertiary/deconvolution screening. &#160;The use of targeted over whole genome siRNA libraries is becoming increasingly popular as it offers the advantage of reporting only on members of the pathway with which the investigators are most interested.&#160; Despite inherent limitations of siRNA screening, in particular false-positives caused by siRNA off-target effects, the identification of genuine novel regulators of the pathways in question outweigh these shortcomings, which can be overcome by performing a series of carefully undertaken control experiments.

Here, we describe a methodology to perform a targeted siRNA &#8220;ubiquitome&#8221; screen to identify novel ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like regulators of the HIF1A-mediated cellular response to hypoxia.&#160; This can be adapted to any biological pathway where a robust read out of reporter activity is available.

siRNA Screening zu Ubiquitin und Ubiquitin-ähnlichen System Regler der biologischen Stoffwechselwege in kultivierten Säugerzellen identifizieren

Post-translational modification of proteins with ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like molecules (UBLs) is emerging as a dynamic cellular signaling network that ...

Reverse Genetic Morpholino Approach Using Cardiac Ventricular Injection to Transfect Multiple Difficult-to-target Tissues in the Zebrafish Larva

The zebrafish is an important model to understand the cell and molecular biology of organ and appendage regeneration. However, molecular strategies to employ reverse genetics have not yet been adequately developed to assess gene function in regeneration or tissue homeostasis during larval stages after zebrafish embryogenesis, and several tissues within the zebrafish larva are difficult to target. Intraventricular injections of gene-specific morpholinos offer an alternative method for the current inability to genomically target zebrafish genes in a temporally controlled manner at these stages. This method allows for complete dispersion and subsequent incorporation of the morpholino into various tissues throughout the body, including structures that were formerly impossible to reach such as those in the larval caudal fin, a structure often used to noninvasively research tissue regeneration. Several genes activated during larval finfold regeneration are also present in regenerating adult vertebrate tissues, so the larva is a useful model to understand regeneration in adults. This morpholino dispersion method allows for the quick and easy identification of genes required for the regeneration of larval tissues as well as other physiological phenomena regulating tissue homeostasis after embryogenesis. Therefore, this delivery method provides a currently needed strategy for temporal control to the evaluation of gene function after embryogenesis.&#160;

An adaptable reverse genetic method for zebrafish to assess gene function during later stages of development and physiological homeostasis such as tissue regeneration using intraventricular injections of gene-specific morpholinos.

Rückwärts Genetische Morpholino Ansatz mit Herz ventrikuläre Injektion auf mehrere Schwer zu Zielgeweben in der Zebrafisch-Larve Transfektion

The zebrafish is an important model to understand the cell and molecular biology of organ and appendage regeneration. However, molecular strategies to ...

High Efficiency Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes and Characterization by Flow Cytometry

There is an urgent need to develop approaches for repairing the damaged heart, discovering new therapeutic drugs that do not have toxic effects on the heart, and improving strategies to accurately model heart disease. The potential of exploiting human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology to generate cardiac muscle &#8220;in a dish&#8221; for these applications continues to generate high enthusiasm. In recent years, the ability to efficiently generate cardiomyogenic cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has greatly improved, offering us new opportunities to model very early stages of human cardiac development not otherwise accessible. In contrast to many previous methods, the cardiomyocyte differentiation protocol described here does not require cell aggregation or the addition of Activin A or BMP4 and robustly generates cultures of cells that are highly positive for cardiac troponin I and T (TNNI3, TNNT2), iroquois-class homeodomain protein IRX-4 (IRX4), myosin regulatory light chain 2, ventricular/cardiac muscle isoform (MLC2v) and myosin regulatory light chain 2, atrial isoform (MLC2a) by day 10 across all human embryonic stem cell (hESC) and hiPSC lines tested to date. Cells can be passaged and maintained for more than 90 days in culture. The strategy is technically simple to implement and cost-effective. Characterization of cardiomyocytes derived from pluripotent cells often includes the analysis of reference markers, both at the mRNA and protein level. For protein analysis, flow cytometry is a powerful analytical tool for assessing quality of cells in culture and determining subpopulation homogeneity. However, technical variation in sample preparation can significantly affect quality of flow cytometry data. Thus, standardization of staining protocols should facilitate comparisons among various differentiation strategies. Accordingly, optimized staining protocols for the analysis of IRX4, MLC2v, MLC2a, TNNI3, and TNNT2 by flow cytometry are described.

The article describes the detailed methodology to efficiently differentiate human pluripotent stem cells into cardiomyocytes by selectively modulating the Wnt pathway, followed by flow cytometry analysis of reference markers to assess homogeneity and identity of the population.

High Efficiency Differenzierung von humanen pluripotenten Stammzellen zu Kardiomyozyten und Charakterisierung mittels Durchflusszytometrie

There is an urgent need to develop approaches for repairing the damaged heart, discovering new therapeutic drugs that do not have toxic effects on the ...

Transfecting RAW264.7 Cells with a Luciferase Reporter Gene

Transfection of desired genetic materials into cells is an inevitable procedure in biomedical research studies. While numerous methods have been described, certain types of cells are resistant to many of these methods and yield low transfection efficiency1, potentially hindering research in those cell types. In this protocol, we present an optimized transfection procedure to introduce luciferase reporter genes as a plasmid DNA into the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. Two different types of transfection reagents (lipid-based and polyamine-based) are described, and important notes are given throughout the protocol to ensure that the RAW264.7 cells are minimally altered by the transfection procedure and any experimental data obtained are the direct results of the experimental treatment. While transfection efficiency may not be higher compared to other transfection methods, the described procedure is robust enough for detecting luciferase signal in RAW264.7 without changing the physiological response of the cells to stimuli.

Transfection into the macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, is difficult due to the cell&#8217;s natural response against foreign materials. We described here a gentle yet robust procedure for transfecting luciferase reporter genes into RAW264.7 cells.

Transfizieren RAW264.7-Zellen mit einem Luciferase-Reportergen

Transfection of desired genetic materials into cells is an inevitable procedure in biomedical research studies. While numerous methods have been ...

High Content Screening Analysis to Evaluate the Toxicological Effects of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHC)

Cigarette smoke (CS) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and lung diseases. Because CS is a complex aerosol containing more than 7,000 chemicals1 it is challenging to assess the contributions of individual constituents to its overall toxicity. Toxicological profiles of individual constituents as well as mixtures can be however established in vitro, by applying high through-put screening tools, which enable the profiling of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHCs) of tobacco smoke, as defined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).2
For an initial assessment, an impedance-based instrument was used for a real-time, label-free assessment of the compound&#39;s toxicity. The instrument readout relies on cell adhesion, viability and morphology that all together provide an overview of the cell status. A dimensionless parameter, named cell index, is used for quantification. A set of different staining protocols was developed for a fluorescence imaging-based investigation and a HCS platform was used to gain more in-depth information on the kind of cytotoxicity elicited by each HPHC.
Of the 15 constituents tested, only five were selected for HCS-based analysis as they registered a computable LD50 (&#60; 20 mM). These included 1-aminonaphtalene, Arsenic (V), Chromium (VI), Crotonaldehyde and Phenol. Based on their effect in the HCS, 1-aminonaphtalene and Phenol could be identified to induce mitochondrial dysfunction, and, together with Chromium (VI) as genotoxic based on the increased histone H2AX phosphorylation. Crotonaldehyde was identified as an oxidative stress inducer and Arsenic as a stress kinase pathway activator.
This study demonstrates that a combination of impedance-based and HCS technologies provides a robust tool for in vitro assessment of CS constituents.

High Content Screening Analysis to Evaluate the Toxicological Effects of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents HPHC

The objective of the study was to assess the biological impact of 15 cigarette smoke constituents using a combination of an impedance-based real time cell analyzer and a high-content screening (HCS)-based platform for toxicological assessment in vitro. This study provides information on effective doses, toxicity and modes of action of the tested compounds.

High Content Screening-Analyse die toxikologischen Wirkungen von gefährlichen und potenziell gefährlichen Inhaltsstoffe (HPHC) zur Bewertung

Cigarette smoke (CS) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and lung diseases. Because CS is a complex aerosol containing more than 7,000 chemicals1 it ...