Operationstechnik <ol><li> Der Patient wird unter Standard-operative Raumbedingungen in Rückenlage Bett und den ganzen Bauch desinfiziert. Als nächstes wird der Patient mit sterilen Tüchern abgedeckt. </li><li> Nach &quot;reverse L-förmigen&quot; Laparotomie wird die Bauchhöhle untersucht werden, um Peritonealkarzinose auszuschließen. Anschließend wird das Lig. teres und Ligamentum falciforme mit Ligaturen und Elektrokauter unterteilt. </li><li> Nach Exploration der Bauchhöhle sorgfältig bi-manual Erforschung der Leber Band wird durchgeführt, um extrahepatische Lymphknotenmetastasen auszuschließen. Die extrahepatischen Hilusgebilde bleiben unberührt, wenn zentrale Tumorinfiltration oder Hilus Lymphknotenmetastasen ausgeschlossen sind. </li><li> Liver Exploration beginnt mit manueller Palpation des gesamten Leber nachdem unterteilt das Recht Leber Lig. trianguläre. Dies wird durch eine intraoperative Doppler Ultraschallbild zu intrahepatische Tumorausbreitung und ihre Beziehung zu den wichtigsten intrahepatischen vaskulären Strukturen, insbesondere der mittleren Lebervene zu untersuchen, und damit zu bestimmen, und markieren Sie die Durchtrennung Zeile. </li><li> Wenn eine kurative Verfahren möglich erscheint, ist die richtige Hemi-Leber komplett aus dem subphrenium und aus dem retrohepatic untere Hohlvene, indem der hintere Lebervenen zwischen Clips oder Nähte mobilisiert. Dieser Schritt wird fortgesetzt, bis die richtige Lebervene ist kostenlos. Nach der Trennung von Recht Lebervene ist ein Mersilene Schleife für die spätere Aufhebung der Leber während der parenchymatösen Durchtrennung eingefügt. </li><li> Als nächstes wird eine retrograde Cholezystektomie durchgeführt. Der Cysticus ist zwischen Titan-Clips aufgeteilt. </li><li> Anschließend Parenchym Dissektion wird gestartet. Die Leber ist leicht gehalten, symmetrisch angehoben und eröffnete mit zwei Handtücher. Die Parenchymzellen Durchtrennung ist mit einem CUSA Dissector (Valleylab, Boulder-CO, USA) durchgeführt. Kleine Schiffe sind mit versiegelten Wasser bewässert bipolare Zange (Erbe, T bingen, Deutschland), und größere Gefäße oder Gallengänge werden zwischen Ligaturen, Clips oder sogar Nähte unterteilt. Resektionen sind mit niedrigen zentralvenösen Druck CVP (0 5 mm Hg) durchgeführt, um den Blutverlust zu verringern. Diese Phase dauert an, bis der intrahepatischen rechten Pedikel ist völlig kostenlos. Dann wird ein Mersilene Schleife eingefügt, um den Stiel Lift und ermöglichen atraumatische Einführung eines vaskulären Hefter (Autosuture TA von Tyco Healthcare Group, Norwalk-Connecticut, USA). </li><li> Das Recht Stiel ist mit dem Hefter durchtrennt und dann scharf mit dem Messer an der rechten Seite unterteilt. </li><li> Dann wird der Rest der parenchymatösen Durchtrennung abgeschlossen ist, wie zuvor durch die Aussetzung der Leber über die zuvor platzierten Mersilene Schleife beschrieben. </li><li> Anschließend wird die rechte Lebervene mit der vaskulären Hefter seziert und rechten Leberlappen entfernt wird. </li><li> Dies wird durch eine sorgfältige Überprüfung der Schnittfläche und präzise der Exploration bis zur Galle Leckagen auszuschließen gefolgt. Ein weißer Test kann zu diesem Zeitpunkt durchgeführt werden, wenn erforderlich (7). </li><li> Der letzte Schritt ist anatomische Fixierung der Rest Leberlappen unterbrochen durch Stiche und dann der Bauch wird durch fortlaufenden Nähten verschlossen. </li><li> Postoperativ Patienten auf der Intensivstation für eine Nacht routinemäßig beobachtet. Wenn der postoperative Verlauf ist unauffällig mit normaler Sonographie und Leberfunktion Patienten auf die Station für die weitere Verwertung zugeführt. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Belghiti, J., Noun, R., Zante, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Portal+triad+clamping+or+hepatic+vascular+exclusion+for+major+liver+resection.+A+controlled+study.">Portal triad clamping or hepatic vascular exclusion for major liver resection. A controlled study.</a> Ann Surg. 224, 155-161 (1996).</li><li>Man, K., Fan, S. T., Ng, I. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prospective+evaluation+of+Pringle+maneuver+in+hepatectomy+for+liver+tumors+by+a+randomized+study.">Prospective evaluation of Pringle maneuver in hepatectomy for liver tumors by a randomized study.</a> Ann Surg. 226, 704-711 (1997).</li><li>Wu, C. C., Hwang, C. R., Liu, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+and+limitations+of+prolonged+intermittent+ischaemia+for+hepatic+resection+of+the+cirrhotic+liver.">Effects and limitations of prolonged intermittent ischaemia for hepatic resection of the cirrhotic liver.</a> Br J Surg. 83, 121-124 (1996).</li><li>Figueras, J., Llado, L., Ruiz, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complete+versus+selective+portal+triad+clamping+for+minor+liver+resections:+a+prospective+randomized+trial.">Complete versus selective portal triad clamping for minor liver resections: a prospective randomized trial.</a> Ann Surg. 241, 582-590 (2005).</li><li>Lesurtel, M., Selzner, M., Petrowsky, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+Should+Transection+of+the+Liver+Be+Performed?+A+Prospective+Randomized+Study+in+100+Consecutive+Patients:+Comparing+Four+Different+Transection+Strategies..">How Should Transection of the Liver Be Performed? A Prospective Randomized Study in 100 Consecutive Patients: Comparing Four Different Transection Strategies..</a> Ann Surg. 242, 814-823 (2005).</li><li>K&#246;nigsrainer, I., Steurer, W., Witte, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liver+resection+without+hilus+preparation+and+with+selective+intrahepatic+hilus+stapling+for+benign+tumors+and+liver+metastasis.">Liver resection without hilus preparation and with selective intrahepatic hilus stapling for benign tumors and liver metastasis.</a> Langenbecks Arch Surg. 392, 485-488 (2007).</li><li>Nadalin, S., Li, J., Lang, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+White+test:+a+new+dye+test+for+intraoperative+detection+of+bile+leakage+during+major+liver+resection.">The White test: a new dye test for intraoperative detection of bile leakage during major liver resection.</a> Arch Surg. 143, 402-404 (2008).</li></ol>

Hemihepatectomies meist nach der Herstellung des extrahepatischen Hilusgebilde innerhalb des Ligamentum hepatoduodenale durchgeführt, auch in gutartigen Tumoren oder Lebermetastasen. 1-5 In verschiedenen Zentren ist die parenchymatösen Durchtrennung unter vollständiger oder selektive hilären Gefäßverschluss durchgeführt. Wesentliche Nachteile dieser Verfahren sind die komplexen Vorbereitung der Hilus mit der Gefahr der Verletzung kontralateralen Strukturen und die Möglichkeit von Blutungen aus Pfortad...

right hemihepatectomy by suprahilar intrahepatic transection of the right hemipedicle using a vascular stapler

Erfolgreiche Leberresektion erfordert profunde anatomische Kenntnisse und feinen OP-Technik. Hemihepatectomies sind meist nach der Herstellung des extrahepatischen Hilusgebilde innerhalb des Ligamentum hepatoduodenale durchgeführt, auch in gutartigen Tumoren oder Lebermetastasen.<sup&gt; 1-5</sup&gt;. Regional extrahepatischen Lymphadenektomie ist eine onkologische Standards in hilären Gallengangskarzinom intrahepatischen Cholangio-Karzinom und des hepatozellulären Karzinoms, während Lymphknotenmetastasen in der Leber Hilus bei Patienten mit Lebermetastasen selten okkult sind. Wesentliche Nachteile dieser Verfahren sind die komplexen Vorbereitung der Hilus mit der Gefahr der Verletzung kontralateralen Strukturen und die Möglichkeit von Blutungen aus Pfortader side-Filialen oder beeinträchtigt Durchblutung der Gallengänge. Wir entwickelten eine Technik der rechten Hemihepatektomie oder Resektion des linken seitlichen Segmente mit intrahepatischen Durchtrennung des Stiels, dass Ligamentum hepatoduodenale völlig unberührt lässt.<sup&gt; 6</sup&gt; Allerdings, wenn intraoperative Visualisierung oder Abtasten des Bandes ist verdächtig für Tumorinfiltration oder Metastasierung, sollte der Hilus erkundet werden und eine Lymphadenektomie durchgeführt.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Right Hemihepatectomy by Suprahilar Intrahepatic Transection of the Right Hemipedicle using a Vascular Stapler at JoVE.com

Right Hemihepatectomy by Suprahilar Intrahepatic Transection of the Right Hemipedicle using a Vascular Stapler

Dieses Video beschreibt einen rechten Hemihepatektomie mit intrahepatischen Durchtrennung des rechten hemipedicle Verlassen des Ligamentum hepatoduodenale völlig unberührt.

Rechts Hemihepatektomie durch Suprahilar intrahepatische Durchtrennung des rechten Hemipedicle mit einem Vascular Stapler

Successful hepatic resection requires profound anatomical knowledge and delicate surgical technique. Hemihepatectomies are mostly performed after ...

right-hemihepatectomy-suprahilar-intrahepatic-transection-right

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.0K Aufrufe.  Tübingen University Hospital. Dieses Video beschreibt einen rechten Hemihepatektomie mit intrahepatischen Durchtrennung des rechten hemipedicle Verlassen des Ligamentum hepatoduodenale völlig unberührt.

Serie: Right Hemihepatectomy by Suprahilar Intrahepatic Transection of the Right Hemipedicle using a Vascular Stapler

Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Radical Anion by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy from Cells using Spin Traps

Reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (ROS/RNS) at low concentrations play an important role in regulating cell function, signaling, and immune response but in unregulated concentrations are detrimental to cell viability1, 2. While living systems have evolved with endogenous and dietary antioxidant defense mechanisms to regulate ROS generation, ROS are produced continuously as natural by-products of normal metabolism of oxygen and can cause oxidative damage to biomolecules resulting in loss of protein function, DNA cleavage, or lipid peroxidation3, and ultimately to oxidative stress leading to cell injury or death4. 
Superoxide radical anion (O2&bull;-) is the major precursor of some of the most highly oxidizing species known to exist in biological systems such as peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radical. The generation of O2&bull;- signals the first sign of oxidative burst, and therefore, its detection and/or sequestration in biological systems is important. In this demonstration, O2&bull;- was generated from polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). Through chemotactic stimulation with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), PMN generates O2&bull;- via activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase5. 
Nitric oxide (NO) synthase which comes in three isoforms, as inducible-, neuronal- and endothelial-NOS, or iNOS, nNOS or eNOS, respectively, catalyzes the conversion of L- arginine to L-citrulline, using NADPH to produce NO6. Here, we generated NO from endothelial cells. Under oxidative stress conditions, eNOS for example can switch from producing NO to O2&bull;- in a process called uncoupling, which is believed to be caused by oxidation of heme7 or the co-factor, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)8.
There are only few reliable methods for the detection of free radicals in biological systems but are limited by specificity and sensitivity. Spin trapping is commonly used for the identification of free radicals and involves the addition reaction of a radical to a spin trap forming a persistent spin adduct which can be detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The various radical adducts exhibit distinctive spectrum which can be used to identify the radicals being generated and can provide a wealth of information about the nature and kinetics of radical production9.
The cyclic nitrones, 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline-N-oxide, DMPO10, the phosphoryl-substituted DEPMPO11, and the ester-substituted, EMPO12 and BMPO13, have been widely employed as spin traps--the latter spin traps exhibiting longer half-lives for O2&bull;- adduct. Iron (II)-N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate, Fe(MGD)2 is commonly used to trap NO due to high rate of adduct formation and the high stability of the spin adduct14.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was employed to detect nitric oxide from bovine aortic endothelial cells and superoxide radical anion from human neutrophils using iron (II)-N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate, Fe(MGD)2 and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyroroline-N-oxide, DMPO, respectively.

Nachweis von Stickstoffmonoxid und Superoxid-Radikalanion von paramagnetischer Resonanzspektroskopie von Zellen mit Spinfallen

Reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (ROS/RNS) at low concentrations play an important role in regulating cell function, signaling, and immune response but in ...

Forschung

Biologie

Visualization of Vascular Ca2+ Signaling Triggered by Paracrine Derived ROS

Oxidative stress has been implicated in a number of pathologic conditions including ischemia/reperfusion damage and sepsis. The concept of oxidative stress refers to the aberrant formation of ROS (reactive oxygen species), which include O2&bull;-, H2O2, and hydroxyl radicals. Reactive oxygen species influences a multitude of cellular processes including signal transduction, cell proliferation and cell death1-6. ROS have the potential to damage vascular and organ cells directly, and can initiate secondary chemical reactions and genetic alterations that ultimately result in an amplification of the initial ROS-mediated tissue damage. A key component of the amplification cascade that exacerbates irreversible tissue damage is the recruitment and activation of circulating inflammatory cells. During inflammation, inflammatory cells produce cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-&alpha; (TNF&alpha;) and IL-1 that activate endothelial cells (EC) and epithelial cells and further augment the inflammatory response7. Vascular endothelial dysfunction is an established feature of acute inflammation. Macrophages contribute to endothelial dysfunction during inflammation by mechanisms that remain unclear. Activation of macrophages results in the extracellular release of O2&bull;- and various pro-inflammatory cytokines, which triggers pathologic signaling in adjacent cells8. NADPH oxidases are the major and primary source of ROS in most of the cell types. Recently, it is shown by us and others9,10 that ROS produced by NADPH oxidases induce the mitochondrial ROS production during many pathophysiological conditions. Hence measuring the mitochondrial ROS production is equally important in addition to measuring cytosolic ROS. Macrophages produce ROS by the flavoprotein enzyme NADPH oxidase which plays a primary role in inflammation. Once activated, phagocytic NADPH oxidase produces copious amounts of O2&bull;- that are important in the host defense mechanism11,12. Although paracrine-derived O2&bull;- plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases, visualization of paracrine ROS-induced intracellular signaling including Ca2+ mobilization is still hypothesis. We have developed a model in which activated macrophages are used as a source of O2&bull;- to transduce a signal to adjacent endothelial cells. Using this model we demonstrate that macrophage-derived O2&bull;- lead to calcium signaling in adjacent endothelial cells.

Visualization of Vascular Ca2+ Signaling Triggered by Paracrine Derived ROS

An efficient method to gain insights into visualizing the paracrine-derived ROS induction of endothelial Ca2+ signaling is described. This method takes advantage of measuring paracrine derived ROS triggered Ca2+ mobilization in vascular endothelial cells in a co-culture model.

Visualization of Vascular Ca 2 + Signaling Ausgelöst durch Parakrine Derived ROS

Oxidative stress has been implicated in a number of pathologic conditions including ischemia/reperfusion damage and sepsis. The concept of oxidative ...

Milk Collection in the Rat Using Capillary Tubes and Estimation of Milk Fat Content by Creamatocrit

Milk, as the sole source of nutrition for the newborn mammal, provides the necessary nutrients and energy for offspring growth and development. It also contains a vast number of bioactive compounds that greatly affect the development of the neonate. The analysis of milk components will help elucidate key factors that link maternal metabolism and health with offspring growth and development. The laboratory rat represents a popular model organism for maternal studies, and rat milk can be used to examine the effect of various maternal physiological, nutritional, and pharmacological interventions on milk components, which may then impact offspring health. Here a simple method of manually collecting milk from the lactating rat that can be performed by a single investigator, does not require specialized vacuum or suction equipment, and provides sufficient milk for subsequent downstream analysis is described. A method for estimating the fat content of milk by measuring the percentage of cream within the milk sample, known as the creamatocrit, is also presented. These methods can ultimately be used to increase insight into maternal-child health and to elucidate maternal factors that are involved in proper growth and development of offspring.

Milk is a primary source of nutrition for the neonate. Analysis of milk components may provide insight into maternal factors that affect offspring health. This protocol describes a manual method of collecting milk samples from the lactating rat, which can then be used for further downstream analysis.

Milchsammlung in der Ratte Mit Kapillarröhrchen und Schätzung der Milchfettgehalt von Creamatocrit

Milk, as the sole source of nutrition for the newborn mammal, provides the necessary nutrients and energy for offspring growth and development. It also ...

Using Digital Image Correlation to Characterize Local Strains on Vascular Tissue Specimens

Characterization of the mechanical behavior of biological and engineered soft tissues is a central component of fundamental biomedical research and product development. Stress-strain relationships are typically obtained from mechanical testing data to enable comparative assessment among samples and in some cases identification of constitutive mechanical properties. However, errors may be introduced through the use of average strain measures, as significant heterogeneity in the strain field may result from geometrical non-uniformity of the sample and stress concentrations induced by mounting/gripping of soft tissues within the test system. When strain field heterogeneity is significant, accurate assessment of the sample mechanical response requires measurement of local strains. This study demonstrates a novel biomechanical testing protocol for calculating local surface strains using a mechanical testing device coupled with a high resolution camera and a digital image correlation technique. A series of sample surface images are acquired and then analyzed to quantify the local surface strain of a vascular tissue specimen subjected to ramped uniaxial loading. This approach can improve accuracy in experimental vascular biomechanics and has potential for broader use among other native soft tissues, engineered soft tissues, and soft hydrogel/polymeric materials. In the video, we demonstrate how to set up the system components and perform a complete experiment on native vascular tissue.

We describe the use of digital image correlation to characterize the local surface strain field on vascular tissue samples subjected to uniaxial tensile testing. These measurements facilitate precise quantification of the sample mechanical response and the generation of constitutive stress-strain relations.

Verwenden von Bildkorrelation Lokale Stämme auf Gefäßgewebeproben zu charakterisieren

Characterization of the mechanical behavior of biological and engineered soft tissues is a central component of fundamental biomedical research and ...

A Simple Bioassay for the Evaluation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors

The analysis of receptor tyrosine kinases and their interacting ligands involved in vascular biology is often challenging due to the constitutive expression of families of related receptors, a broad range of related ligands and the difficulty of dealing with primary cultures of specialized endothelial cells. Here we describe a bioassay for the detection of ligands to the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), a key transducer of signals that promote angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. A cDNA encoding a fusion of the extracellular (ligand-binding) region of VEGFR-2 with the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions of the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) is expressed in the factor-dependent cell line Ba/F3. This cell line grows in the presence of interleukin-3 (IL-3) and withdrawal of this factor results in death of the cells within 24 hr. Expression of the VEGFR-2/EpoR receptor fusion provides an alternative mechanism to promote survival and potentially proliferation of stably transfected Ba/F3 cells in the presence of a ligand capable of binding and cross-linking the extracellular portion of the fusion protein (i.e., one that can cross-link the VEGFR-2 extracellular region). The assay can be performed in two ways: a semi-quantitative approach in which small volumes of ligand and cells permit a rapid result in 24 hr, and a quantitative approach involving surrogate markers of a viable cell number. The assay is relatively easy to perform, is highly responsive to known VEGFR-2 ligands and can accommodate extracellular inhibitors of VEGFR-2 signaling such as monoclonal antibodies to the receptor or ligands, and soluble ligand traps.

We describe a simple cell-based bioassay for detecting, quantifying and monitoring the activity of members of the vascular endothelial growth factor family of ligands. The assay uses chimeric receptors expressed in a factor-dependent cell line to provide a semi-quantitative or quantitative assessment of receptor binding and cross-linking by the ligand.

Eine einfache Bioassay für die Beurteilung von Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors

The analysis of receptor tyrosine kinases and their interacting ligands involved in vascular biology is often challenging due to the constitutive ...

Isolation of Murine Coronary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

While the isolation and culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from large vessels is well established, we sought to isolate and culture VSMCs from the coronary circulation. Hearts with intact aortic arches were removed and perfused via retrograde Langendorff with digestion solution containing 300 Units/ml of collagenase type II, 0.1 mg/ml soybean trypsin inhibitor and 1 M CaCl2. The perfusates were collected at 15 min intervals for 90 min, pelleted by centrifugation, resuspended in plating media, and plated on tissue culture dishes. VSMCs were characterized by presence of SM22&#945;, &#945;-SMA, and vimentin. One of the main advantages of using this technique is the ability to isolate VSMCs from the coronary circulation of mice. Although the small number of cells obtained can limit some of the applications for which the cells can be utilized, isolated coronary VSMCs can be used in a variety of well-established cell culture techniques and assays. Studies investigating VSMCs from genetically modified mice can provide further information about structure-function and signaling processes associated with vascular pathologies.

The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate the isolation and culture techniques of murine primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the coronary circulation. Once VSMCs have been isolated, they can be used for many standard culture techniques.

Die Isolierung von murinen Coronary glatten Gefäßmuskelzellen

While the isolation and culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from large vessels is well established, we sought to isolate and culture VSMCs ...

Induction of Right Ventricular Failure by Pulmonary Artery Constriction and Evaluation of Right Ventricular Function in Mice

The mechanism of right ventricular failure (RVF) requires clarification due to the uniqueness, high morbidity, high mortality, and refractory nature of RVF. Previous rat models imitating RVF progression have been described. Compared with rats, mice are more accessible, economical, and widely used in animal experiments. We developed a pulmonary artery constriction (PAC) approach which is comprised of banding the pulmonary trunk in mice to induce right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy. A special surgical latch needle was designed that allows for easier separation of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk. In our experiments, the use of this fabricated latch needle reduced the risk of arteriorrhexis and improved the surgical success rate to 90%. We used different padding needle diameters to precisely create quantitative constriction, which can induce different degrees of RV hypertrophy. We quantified the degree of constriction by evaluating the blood flow velocity of the PA, which was measured by noninvasive transthoracic echocardiography. RV function was precisely evaluated by right heart catheterization at 8 weeks after surgery. The surgical instruments made inhouse were composed of common materials using a simple process that is easy to master. Therefore, the PAC approach described here is easy to imitate using instruments made in the lab and can be widely used in other labs. This study presents a modified PAC approach that has a higher success rate than other models and an 8-week postsurgery survival rate of 97.8%. This PAC approach provides a useful technique for studying the mechanism of RVF and will enable an increased understanding of RVF.

Here, we provide a useful approach for studying the mechanism of right ventricular failure. A more convenient and efficient approach to pulmonary artery constriction is established using surgical instruments made inhouse. In addition, methods to evaluate the quality of this approach by echocardiography and catheterization are provided.

Induktion des rechtsventrikulären Versagens durch Lungenarterienverengung und Bewertung der rechten ventrikulären Funktion bei Mäusen

The mechanism of right ventricular failure (RVF) requires clarification due to the uniqueness, high morbidity, high mortality, and refractory nature of ...

Assessment of Vascular Tone Responsiveness using Isolated Mesenteric Arteries with a Focus on Modulation by Perivascular Adipose Tissues

Altered vascular tone responsiveness to pathophysiological stimuli contributes to the development of a wide range of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Endothelial dysfunction represents a major culprit for the reduced vasodilatation and enhanced vasoconstriction of arteries. Adipose (fat) tissues surrounding the arteries play important roles in the regulation of endothelium-dependent relaxation and/or contraction of the vascular smooth muscle cells. The cross-talks between the endothelium and perivascular adipose tissues can be assessed ex vivo using mounted blood vessels by a wire myography system. However, optimal settings should be established for arteries derived from animals of different species, ages, genetic backgrounds and/or pathophysiological conditions.

The protocol describes the use of wire myography to evaluate the transmural isometric tension of mesenteric arteries isolated from mice, with special consideration of the modulation by factors released from endothelial cells and perivascular adipose tissues.

Bewertung der Reaktion der Gefäß-Tone mit isolierten mesenterischen Arterien mit einem Schwerpunkt auf der Modulation durch Perivascular Adipose Tissues

Altered vascular tone responsiveness to pathophysiological stimuli contributes to the development of a wide range of cardiovascular and metabolic ...

Genetic Modification of Cyanobacteria by Conjugation Using the CyanoGate Modular Cloning Toolkit

Cyanobacteria are a diverse group of prokaryotic photosynthetic organisms that can be genetically modified for the renewable production of useful industrial commodities. Recent advances in synthetic biology have led to development of several cloning toolkits such as CyanoGate, a standardized modular cloning system for building plasmid vectors for subsequent transformation or conjugal transfer into cyanobacteria. Here we outline a detailed method for assembling a self-replicating vector (e.g., carrying a fluorescent marker expression cassette) and conjugal transfer of the vector into the cyanobacterial strains Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 or Synechococcus elongatus UTEX 2973. In addition, we outline how to characterize the performance of a genetic part (e.g., a promoter) using a plate reader or flow cytometry.

Here, we present a protocol describing how to i) assemble a self-replicating vector using the CyanoGate modular cloning toolkit, ii) introduce the vector into a cyanobacterial host by conjugation, and iii) characterize transgenic cyanobacteria strains using a plate reader or flow cytometry.

Genetische Modifikation von Cyanobakterien durch Konjugation mit dem CyanoGate Modular Cloning Toolkit

Cyanobacteria are a diverse group of prokaryotic photosynthetic organisms that can be genetically modified for the renewable production of useful ...

Tail Vein Transection Bleeding Model in Fully Anesthetized Hemophilia A Mice

Tail bleeding models are important tools in hemophilia research, specifically for the assessment of procoagulant effects. The tail vein transection (TVT) survival model has been preferred in many settings due to sensitivity to clinically relevant doses of FVIII, whereas other established models, such as the tail clip model, require higher levels of procoagulant compounds. To avoid using survival as an endpoint, we developed a TVT model establishing blood loss and bleeding time as endpoints and full anesthesia during the entire experiment. Briefly, anesthetized mice are positioned with the tail submerged in temperate saline (37&#176;C) and dosed with the test compound in the right lateral tail vein. After 5 min, the left lateral tail vein is transected using a template guide, the tail is returned to the saline, and all bleeding episodes are monitored and recorded for 40 min while collecting the blood. If no bleeding occurs at 10 min, 20 min, or 30 min post-injury, the clot is challenged gently by wiping the cut twice with a wet gauze swab. After 40 min, blood loss is quantified by the amount of hemoglobin bled into the saline. This fast and relatively simple procedure results in consistent and reproducible bleeds. Compared to the TVT survival model, it uses a more humane procedure without compromising sensitivity to pharmacological intervention. Furthermore, it is possible to use both genders, reducing the total number of animals that need to be bred, in adherence with the principles of 3R&#39;s. A potential limitation in bleeding models is the stochastic nature of hemostasis, which can reduce the reproducibility of the model. To counter this, manual clot disruption ensures that the clot is challenged during monitoring, preventing primary (platelet) hemostasis from stopping bleeding. This addition to the catalog of bleeding injury models provides an option to characterize procoagulant effects in a standardized and humane manner.

The refined tail vein transection (TVT) bleeding model in anesthetized mice is a sensitive in vivo method for the assessment of hemophilic bleeding. This optimized TVT bleeding model uses blood loss and bleeding time as endpoints, refining other models and avoiding death as an endpoint.

Tail Vein Transection Bleeding Model bei vollnarkotisierter Hämophilie A Mäuse

Tail bleeding models are important tools in hemophilia research, specifically for the assessment of procoagulant effects. The tail vein transection (TVT) ...

Methods Article

Rechts Hemihepatektomie durch Suprahilar intrahepatische Durchtrennung des rechten Hemipedicle mit einem Vascular Stapler