Diese Studie wird von einer NSF-Programm (Forschung Erfahrungen für Absolventen) an der Washington University in St. Louis unterstützt.

1. Algenzucht und Scale-up <ol><li> Vorbereitung des Kulturmediums unter Verwendung von entionisiertem Wasser, enthaltend 0,55 g / L -1 Harnstoff, 0,1185 g / L -1 KH 2 PO 4, 0,102 g / L -1 MgSO 4 · 7H 2 O, 0,015 g / L -1 FeSO 4 · 7H 2 O und 22,5 ul Mikro (18,5 g / L -1 H 3 BO 3, 21,0 g / L -1 CuSO 4 · 5H 2 O, 73,2 g / L -1 MnCl 2 · 4H 2 O, 13,7 g / L -1 CoSO 4 · 7H 2 O, 59,5 g / L -1 ZnSO 4 · 5H 2 O, 3,8 g / L -1 (NH 4) 6 Mo 7 O 24 · 4H 2 O, 0,31 g / L -1 NH 4 VO 3 ). Stellen Medium pH-Wert auf 7-8. Sterilisieren Kulturmedium über 0,22 um Spritzenfilter. </li><li> Impfen Chlorella sp. aus einer Kolonie auf einem frischen Agar-Platte in ein Shake flask, der 50 ml Medium mit einer sterilen Impföse. Kultur Algen unter 150 rpm und 30 ° C für sechs Tage (Dauerlichtanlage, Photonenfluss = 40-50 mmol m -2 s -1). Überwachung der Zelldichte mit einem Spektrophotometer (OD 730). </li><li> Über 50 ml Algenkultur (Mitte-log-Wachstumsphase, OD 730&gt; 1) in einem 2-l-Glasflasche (mit ~ 1 L sterilisiert Kulturmedium). Pumpe gefilterte Luft (oder CO 2) in die Kultur während der Inkubation (5 Tage). </li><li> Über 1 L Algenkultur in einen 20-l-Glasballonflasche mit 15 L nicht sterilisierten Kulturmedium (in diesem Stadium Risiko einer mikrobiellen Kontamination gering ist), dann ist Kultur Algen unter gleichen Bedingungen, wie in Schritt 1.3 angegeben. </li><li> Platz 15 L frische Algenkultur (OD 730 = 2) und 85 L nicht-sterilisierten Mediums zu einer flachen Platte Photobioreaktor (mit Leuchtdioden, Computersteuerung, Gasgemisch, Analysegeräte für die Zell optische Dichte ausgestattet, pH, gelöster Sauerstoffgen, Temperatur und gelöste CO 2). Pumpen Sie den Abgas / Luft-Gemisch in den Bioreaktor. </li><li> Gründlich trocken-sauber die Photobioreaktor mit 70% Ethanol Biomasse nach der Ernte (OD 730&gt; 20). </li></ol> 2. Labor-Demonstration der Rauchgasreinigung mit kleinen Photobioreaktoren <ol><li> Impfen Algenkulturen in Glasflaschen (200 ml / min Medium / Flasche, Anfangs-OD 730 ~ 0,3). </li><li> Brennen Erdgas und pumpen das Rauchgas (~ 250 cm 3 min -1) durch einen Trichter, einem Kühler Rohr und einem 0,5 L Waschflasche (mit Wasser / Kalksteinsuspension). </li><li> Die Massendurchflussregler steuern den Rauchgasstrom in die Algenkultur (Abbildung 1). Rauchgasimpulse sind zwei Modi: Rauchgas-on-und Rauchgas-off (Pumpe Luft statt). </li></ol> 3. Kinetische Modellentwicklung Die kinetische Modell geht davon: (1) die Kulturen homogenes Systems. (2) CO 2-Konzentration und der Lichtintensität in den Kulturen sind die begrenzenden Faktoren für das Algenwachstum. (3) CO 2-Partialdruck und seiner flüssigen Phase Gleichgewicht mit H 2 CO 3, HCO 3 - und CO 3 2 - ist mit dem Gesetz von Henry vereinfacht). Die Modellgleichungen sind: <img alt="Gleichungen 1 und 2" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50718/50718eq1and2.jpg" width="500px" /> X ist die Biomasse (kg · m -3). S ist der gelöste CO 2 (mol · m -3). P ist der CO 2-Partialdruck in der Gasphase (Pa). p i ist der Partialdruck des i-ten toxischen Verbindung in dem Gas (wie NO x und SO x). P max.i ist der Partialdruck des Giftgases, Voll Hemmung von Biomasse Wachstum haben. η i die Erfahrungszahl. K s ist die Michaelis-Menten-KonstanteCO 2 (mol · m -3). K I ist die Hemmung Konstante von CO 2 (mol · m -3). K ist die Michaelis-Menten-Konstante der Lichtintensität (mmol · m -2 · s -1). H ist die Henry-Konstante für CO 2 (Pa · m 3 · mol -1). K La ist der Massentransferrate von CO 2 (h -1). I ist die durchschnittliche Lichtstärke, &amp;mgr; mol · m -2 · s -1, 9, die wie folgt berechnet werden kann ((3) Gleichung). <img alt="Gleichung 3" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50718/50718eq3.jpg" width="500px" /> Die Definition der Modellparameter ist in Tabelle 1. Die Anfangsbedingungen annehmen, daß Biomasse-und gelöstem CO 2-Konzentration 100 mg / l und 13 mmol / L sind. Der volumetrische Stoffübergangskoeffizienten können durch empirische Korrelationen geschätzt werdention, um Bioreaktor-Parameter 10: <img alt="Gleichung 4" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50718/50718eq4.jpg" width="500px" /> P G / V ist der Stromverbrauch des belüfteten System im Bioreaktor (W / m 3). UGS ist die Oberflächengeschwindigkeit des Gasstromes durch den Bioreaktor (m / sec). α, β und γ Konstanten sind Mischbedingungen. <ol><li> Konstruieren Sie ein Simulink-Datei für die Modellsimulation (Screen Aufnahmen werden in das Trägermaterial I angegeben). <ol><li> Wählen Sie Datei / Neu / Modell auf der MATLAB-Schnittstelle, ein Simulink-Modell zu erstellen, und öffnen Sie &quot;Library Browser&quot; (Screenshot 1). </li><li> Wählen Sie &#39;Subsystem&#39; Baustein in der Bibliothek Browser, um die Subsysteme zur Gleichung 1 und 2 zu erstellen. Ziehen Sie ein Subsystem Block an den Simulink-Modell-Datei, ändern ihren Namen in &#39;Gleichung 1&#39;, und dann die gleichen Schritte wiederholen Sie für Gleichung 2. </li><li&gt; Erstellen Sie entsprechende Bausteine ​​und Parameter in jedem Teilsystem (Screenshot 3). Doppelklicken Sie auf die &quot;Gleichung 1 &#39;block, wählen geeignete Bausteine ​​aus der Bibliothek Browser und verbinden sie mit Pfeilen, die die Berechnungsfolge bezeichnen, doppelklicken Sie auf die Blöcke, um die Parameter auf, und wiederholen Sie diese Schritte für die andere Subsystem. Hinweis: 1) Die Reihenfolge sollte mit Eingangsblöcke starten und schließen mit Ausgangsblöcke, 2) Die Bedienbausteine ​​für Addition, Subtraktion, Multiplikation, Division und Integration können alle in der Bibliothek Browser gefunden werden, und wir schlagen Benutzer erkunden Sie die Hilfe-Dateien von die Simulink zu verstehen, wie sie zu benutzen, 3) Die Optimierung Löser kann durch die Bahn Simulation / Konfigurationsparameter auf der Symbolleiste eingestellt werden. </li><li> Verknüpfen Sie die beiden Teilsysteme zu Modellgleichungen (1 und 2) zu vertreten. Verbinden des Ausgangs von einem Untersystem zu dem Eingang des anderen Subsystem durch den Pfeil falls erforderlich. Beispielsweise ist die gelöste CO 2-Konzentration der output in der Gleichung 2 Subsystem und auch der Eingang der Gleichung 1 Subsystem. </li><li> Mit &#39;Impulsgeber&#39; block als Eingänge für &#39;Gleichung 2&#39;, um die Ein-Aus-CO 2 Impulse zu simulieren, verwenden Sie &#39;Konstant&#39; Block als Flächenlichteingangswert. Doppelklicken Sie auf die Blöcke, um die Parameter wie die Periodendauer und Amplitude ändern. </li><li> Wählen Sie &quot;Mux&quot;-Block in der Bibliothek Browser. Schließen Sie die Ausgänge zu &quot;Mux&quot; und verbinden Sie es mit &quot;To Workspace&quot; Block, der die simulierten Ergebnisse speichert dann. </li><li> Definieren Sie die &#39;Simulation Stoppzeit &quot;in der oberen Symbolleiste, klicken Sie auf die Schaltfläche&quot; <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50718/playarrow.jpg" alt="Pfeil" width="10px" fo:content-width="0.1in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50718/playarrow.jpg" /> &quot;, Um die Simulation zu starten, und die Ergebnisse werden in der MATLAB-Workspace (Screenshot 4) gezeigt werden. </li></ol></li><li> Bewerben dynamischen Optimierungsansatz zum Profil optimalen CO 2-Bedingungen. </li&gt; </ol> Um die Änderungen der Einlaufzuströmflächen CO 2-Profil (P opt), die Biomasseproduktion 11, &#39;fmincon &quot;-Funktion MATLAB und CVP (Steuervektor Parametrierung) 12 verwendet werden, zu maximieren. Abbildung 2 zeigt die Optimierungsalgorithmus (siehe MATLAB-Programmiercodes in den Hintergrund Material II).

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Diese Autoren haben nichts zu offenbaren.

In dieser Studie zeigen wir die Versuchsprotokoll für die Aufstockung Algenkulturen in Photobioreaktoren. Wir mehrere Methoden zur Rauchgaseingänge prüfen, auch das Algenwachstum fördern. Mit einem Massen-und Bio-Reaktionsmodell zeigen wir, dass die CO 2-Stoffübergangskoeffizienten K La (von Bioreaktor Mischzustand und CO 2-Oberflächengeschwindigkeit bestimmt) beeinflusst stark das Algenwachstum. Die Modellsimulation zeigt kontinuierlichen Ein-Aus-Rauchgaspulse mit kurzen Impulsbrei...

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="636">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21"> 
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:212px;">Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Thermal Scientific, Texas USA</td>
			<td style="width:212px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:212px;">CO2 gas analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">LI-COR, Biosciences, Nebraska USA</td>
			<td style="width:212px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:212px;">Mass flow controllers</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">OMEGA Engineering INC, Connecticut USA</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">FMA5416</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="58">
			<td height="58" style="height:58px;width:212px;">Data acquisition card</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Measurement Computing Corporation, Massachusetts USA</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">USB-1208FS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:212px;">Filters</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Aerocolloid LLC, Minnesota USA</td>
			<td style="width:212px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:212px;">MATLAB/Simulink</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Mathworks, Massachusetts USA</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">R2010a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:212px;">Glass bottles</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Fisher USA</td>
			<td style="width:212px;"> </td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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optimize flue gas settings to promote microalgae growth in photobioreactors via computer simulations

Rauchgas von Kraftwerken können Algen-Anbau zu fördern und Verringerung der Treibhausgasemissionen ein. Mikroalgen nicht nur Sonnenenergie einzufangen effizienter als Anlagen 3, aber auch zu synthetisieren fortschrittliche Biokraftstoffe 2-4. Im Allgemeinen ist atmosphärische CO 2 keine ausreichende Quelle für die Unterstützung maximal 5 Algenwachstum. Auf der anderen Seite, die hohe Konzentrationen von CO 2 in industriellen Abgasen nachteilige Auswirkungen auf das Algenphysiologie. Folglich sind beide Anbaubedingungen (wie Nährstoffe und Licht) und die Kontrolle der Rauchgasstrom in die Photobioreaktoren wichtig, ein effizientes &quot;Rauchgas-Algen&quot; System entwickeln. Forscher haben verschiedene Photobioreaktor Konfigurationen 4,6 und 7,8 Bearbeitungsstrategien mit Rauchgas vorgeschlagen. Hier präsentieren wir ein Protokoll, wie man Modelle verwenden, um die Mikroalgenwachstum in Reaktion vorherzusagen, um Gas Einstellungen Rauch demonstriert. Wir perform sowohl experimentelle Darstellung und Modellsimulationen, die günstigen Bedingungen für das Algenwachstum mit Rauchgas bestimmen. Wir entwickeln eine Monod-basiertes Modell verbunden mit Stoff-und Lichtintensität Gleichungen, um die Mikroalgenwachstum in einem homogenen Photobioreaktor zu simulieren. Die Modellsimulation vergleicht das Algenwachstum und Rauchgasverbrauch unter verschiedenen Rauchgas-Einstellungen. Das Modell veranschaulicht: 1), wie das Algenwachstum wird durch verschiedene volumetrische Stoffübergangskoeffizienten von CO 2 beeinflusst, 2) wie können wir optimale CO 2-Konzentration für das Algenwachstum durch die dynamische Optimierungsansatz (DOA) zu finden, 3), wie können wir ein Design rechteckige Ein-Aus-Abgasimpuls an Algenbiomasse Wachstum zu fördern und um die Verwendung von Rauchgas zu reduzieren. Auf der experimentellen Seite präsentieren wir ein Protokoll für den Anbau von Chlorella unter dem Rauchgas (durch Verbrennung von Erdgas erzeugt wird). Die experimentellen Ergebnisse bestätigen qualitativ die Modellvorhersagen, dass die Hochfrequenz-Rauchgas puGU deutlich verbessern kann Algenanbau.

Unsere bisherigen experimentellen Analyse zeigt, dass die kontinuierliche Rauchgasexposition nachteilig auf die Chlorella-Wachstum, während abnehmende CO 2 Belichtungszeit wird der Lage, diese Hemmung 13 zu lindern. Um die Rauchgaszufluss und Algenwachstum Beziehung besser zu verstehen, entwickeln wir ein empirisches Modell, um die Biomasse Wachstum in Gegenwart von Rauchgas zu simulieren. Wir gehen davon aus, dass das Rauchgas enthält 15% CO 2 (Hinweis: Die typische CO 2...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optimize Flue Gas Settings to Promote Microalgae Growth in Photobioreactors via Computer Simulations at JoVE.com

Optimize Flue Gas Settings to Promote Microalgae Growth in Photobioreactors via Computer Simulations

Rauchgas von Kraftwerken ist eine billige CO 2-Quelle für das Algenwachstum. Wir haben Prototyp &quot;Rauchgas auf Algenanbau&quot; gebaut Systeme und beschrieben, wie Scale-up der Algenkultivierungsprozess. Wir haben die Verwendung einer Massentransfer Bio-Reaktionsmodell, um das Wachstum von Chlorella sp simulieren und Design der optimalen Betrieb des Rauchgases gezeigt. in Algenphotobioreaktoren.

Optimieren Rauchgas Einstellungen, um Mikroalgen in Photobioreaktoren Wachstum über Computer-Simulationen fördern

Flue gas from power plants can promote algal cultivation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions1. Microalgae not only capture solar energy more efficiently ...

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14.2K Aufrufe.  Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis.  Rauchgas von Kraftwerken ist eine billige CO 2-Quelle für das Algenwachstum. Wir haben Prototyp "Rauchgas auf Algenanbau" gebaut Systeme und beschrieben, wie Scale-up der Algenkultivierungsprozess. Wir haben die Verwendung einer Massentransfer Bio-Reaktionsmodell, um das Wachstum von Chlorella sp simulieren und Design der optimalen Betrieb des Rauchgases gezeigt. in Algenphotobioreaktoren. 

Serie: Optimize Flue Gas Settings to Promote Microalgae Growth in Photobioreactors via Computer Simulations

Analysis of Fatty Acid Content and Composition in Microalgae

A method to determine the content and composition of total fatty acids present in microalgae is described. Fatty acids are a major constituent of microalgal biomass. These fatty acids can be present in different acyl-lipid classes. Especially the fatty acids present in triacylglycerol (TAG) are of commercial interest, because they can be used for production of transportation fuels, bulk chemicals, nutraceuticals (&omega;-3 fatty acids), and food commodities. To develop commercial applications, reliable analytical methods for quantification of fatty acid content and composition are needed. Microalgae are single cells surrounded by a rigid cell wall. A fatty acid analysis method should provide sufficient cell disruption to liberate all acyl lipids and the extraction procedure used should be able to extract all acyl lipid classes.
With the method presented here all fatty acids present in microalgae can be accurately and reproducibly identified and quantified using small amounts of sample (5 mg) independent of their chain length, degree of unsaturation, or the lipid class they are part of.
This method does not provide information about the relative abundance of different lipid classes, but can be extended to separate lipid classes from each other.
The method is based on a sequence of mechanical cell disruption, solvent based lipid extraction, transesterification of fatty acids to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), and quantification and identification of FAMEs using gas chromatography (GC-FID). A TAG internal standard (tripentadecanoin) is added prior to the analytical procedure to correct for losses during extraction and incomplete transesterification.

A method for the determination of fatty acid content and composition in microalgae based on mechanical cell disruption, solvent based lipid extraction, transesterification, and quantification and identification of fatty acids using gas chromatography is described. A tripentadecanoin internal standard is used to compensate for the possible losses during extraction and incomplete transesterification.

Die Analyse der Fettsäuregehalt und Zusammensetzung in Mikroalgen

A method to determine the content and composition of total fatty acids present in microalgae is described. Fatty acids are a major constituent of ...

Forschung

Umwelt

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the biogeochemical drivers of climate change and to the development and evaluation of GHG mitigation strategies based on modulation of landscape management practices. The static chamber-based method described here is based on trapping gases emitted from the soil surface within a chamber and collecting samples from the chamber headspace at regular intervals for analysis by gas chromatography. Change in gas concentration over time is used to calculate flux. This method can be utilized to measure landscape-based flux of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, and to estimate differences between treatments or explore system dynamics over seasons or years. Infrastructure requirements are modest, but a comprehensive experimental design is essential. This method is easily deployed in the field, conforms to established guidelines, and produces data suitable to large-scale GHG emissions studies.

This article showcases the static chamber-based method for measurement of greenhouse gas flux from soil systems. With relatively modest infrastructure investments, measurements may be obtained from multiple treatments/locations and over timeframes ranging from hours to years.

Messung der Treibhausgas-Flux aus landwirtschaftlichen Böden mit statischer Chambers

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the ...

Quantification of Heavy Metals and Other Inorganic Contaminants on the Productivity of Microalgae

Increasing demand for renewable fuels has researchers investigating the feasibility of alternative feedstocks, such as microalgae. Inherent advantages include high potential yield, use of non-arable land and integration with waste streams. The nutrient requirements of a large-scale microalgae production system will require the coupling of cultivation systems with industrial waste resources, such as carbon dioxide from flue gas and nutrients from wastewater. Inorganic contaminants present in these wastes can potentially lead to bioaccumulation in microalgal biomass negatively impact productivity and limiting end use. This study focuses on the experimental evaluation of the impact and the fate of 14 inorganic contaminants (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, V and Zn) on Nannochloropsis salina growth. Microalgae were cultivated in photobioreactors illuminated at 984 &#181;mol m-2 sec-1 and maintained at pH 7 in a growth media polluted with inorganic contaminants at levels expected based on the composition found in commercial coal flue gas systems. Contaminants present in the biomass and the medium at the end of a 7 day growth period were analytically quantified through cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry for Hg and through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, V and Zn. Results show N. salina is a sensitive strain to the multi-metal environment with a statistical decrease in biomass yieldwith the introduction of these contaminants. The techniques presented here are adequate for quantifying algal growth and determining the fate of inorganic contaminants.

Integration of microalgal cultivation with industrial flue gas will ultimately introduce heavy metals and other inorganic compounds into the growth media. This study presents a procedure used to determine the end fate and impact of heavy metals and inorganic contaminants on the growth of Nannochloropsis salina grown in photobioreactors.

Quantifizierung von Schwermetallen und anderen anorganischen Kontaminanten auf die Produktivität von Mikroalgen

Increasing demand for renewable fuels has researchers investigating the feasibility of alternative feedstocks, such as microalgae. Inherent advantages ...

Laboratory Simulation of an Iron(II)-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling from hydrothermal sources in the Precambrian ocean was oxidized by molecular oxygen [O2] produced by cyanobacteria. The oldest BIFs, deposited prior to the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) at about 2.4 billion years (Gy) ago, could have formed by direct oxidation of Fe(II) by anoxygenic photoferrotrophs under anoxic conditions. As a method for testing the geochemical and mineralogical patterns that develop under different biological scenarios, we designed a 40 cm long vertical flow-through column to simulate an anoxic Fe(II)-rich marine upwelling system representative of an ancient ocean on a lab scale. The cylinder was packed with a porous glass bead matrix to stabilize the geochemical gradients, and liquid samples for iron quantification could be taken throughout the water column. Dissolved oxygen was detected non-invasively via optodes from the outside. Results from biotic experiments that involved upwelling fluxes of Fe(II) from the bottom, a distinct light gradient from top, and cyanobacteria present in the water column, show clear evidence for the formation of Fe(III) mineral precipitates and development of a chemocline between Fe(II) and O2. This column allows us to test hypotheses for the formation of the BIFs by culturing cyanobacteria (and in the future photoferrotrophs) under simulated marine Precambrian conditions. Furthermore we hypothesize that our column concept allows for the simulation of various chemical and physical environments &#8212; including shallow marine or lacustrine sediments.

Laboratory Simulation of an IronII-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

We simulated a Precambrian ferruginous marine upwelling system in a lab-scale vertical flow-through column. The goal was to understand how geochemical profiles of O2 and Fe(II) evolve as cyanobacteria produce O2. The results show the establishment of a chemocline due to Fe(II) oxidation by photosynthetically produced O2.

Labor Simulation eines Eisen (II) -reichen Präkambrium Meeres Upwelling-System das Wachstum von Bakterien zu erkunden Photosynthetic

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling ...

A Gusseted Thermogradient Table to Control Soil Temperatures for Evaluating Plant Growth and Monitoring Soil Processes

Thermogradient tables were first developed in the 1950s primarily to test seed germination over a range of temperatures simultaneously without using a series of incubators. A temperature gradient is passively established across the surface of the table between the heated and cooled ends and is lost quickly at distances above the surface. Since temperature is only controlled on the table surface, experiments are restricted to shallow containers, such as Petri dishes, placed on the table. Welding continuous aluminum vertical strips or gussets perpendicular to the surface of a table enables temperature control in depth via convective heat flow. Soil in the channels between gussets was maintained across a gradient of temperatures allowing a greater diversity of experimentation. The gusseted design was evaluated by germinating oat, lettuce, tomato, and melon seeds. Soil temperatures were monitored using individual, battery-powered dataloggers positioned across the table. LED lights installed in the lids or along the sides of the gradient table create a controlled temperature chamber where seedlings can be grown over a range of temperatures. The gusseted design enabled accurate determination of optimum temperatures for fastest germination rate and the highest percentage germination for each species. Germination information from gradient table experiments can help predict seed germination and seedling growth under the adverse soil conditions often encountered during field crop production. Temperature effects on seed germination, seedling growth, and soil ecology can be tested under controlled conditions in a laboratory using a gusseted thermogradient table.

Traditional thermogradient tables create a range of temperatures across the surface. Welding gussets perpendicular to the surface of a thermogradient table will control temperature in depth increasing possible research applications.

Ein Gusseted Thermogradient Tabelle zur Bekämpfung von Bodentemperaturen für das Pflanzenwachstum Beurteilung und Überwachung von Bodenprozessen

Thermogradient tables were first developed in the 1950s primarily to test seed germination over a range of temperatures simultaneously without using a ...

Procedures of Laboratory Fumigation for Pest Control with Nitric Oxide Gas

Nitric oxide (NO) is a newly discovered fumigant for postharvest pest control. This paper provides detailed protocols for conducting NO fumigation on fresh products and procedures for residue analysis and product quality evaluation. An airtight fumigation chamber containing fresh fruit and vegetables is first flushed with nitrogen (N2) to establish an ultralow oxygen (ULO) environment followed by injection of NO. The fumigation chamber is then kept at a low temperature of 2 - 5 &#176;C for a specified time period necessary to kill a target pest to complete a fumigation treatment. At the end of a fumigation treatment, the fumigation chamber is flushed with N2 to dilute NO prior to opening the chamber to ambient air to prevent the reaction between NO and O2, which produces NO2 and may damage delicate fresh products. At different times after NO fumigation, NO2 in headspace and nitrate and nitrite in liquid samples were measured as residues. Product quality was evaluated after 2 weeks of post-treatment cold storage to determine effects of NO fumigation on product quality. Keeping&#160;O2 from reacting with NO is critical to NO fumigation and is an important part of the protocols. Measuring NO levels is challenging and a practical solution is provided. Possible protocol modifications are also suggested for measuring NO levels in the fumigation chambers as well as residues. NO fumigation has the potential to be a practical alternative to methyl bromide fumigation for postharvest pest control on fresh and stored products. This publication is intended to assist other researchers in conducting NO fumigation research for postharvest pest control and accelerating the development of NO fumigation for practical applications.

This paper describes nitric oxide (NO) fumigation protocols for postharvest pest control. Fumigation chambers are flushed with nitrogen (N2) to establish ultralow oxygen conditions before NO is injected. At the end, chambers are flushed with N2 to dilute NO before exposing products to ambient air to prevent exposure to NO2.

Verfahren der Labor-Begasung für die Schädlingsbekämpfung mit Gas Stickstoffmonoxid

Nitric oxide (NO) is a newly discovered fumigant for postharvest pest control. This paper provides detailed protocols for conducting NO fumigation on ...

Lab-Scale Model to Evaluate Odor and Gas Concentrations Emitted by Deep Bedded Pack Manure

A lab-scaled simulated bedded pack model was developed to study air quality and nutrient composition of deep-bedded packs used in cattle mono-slope facilities. This protocol has been used to effectively evaluate many different bedding materials, environmental variables (temperature, humidity), and potential mitigation treatments that can improve air quality in commercial deep-bedded mono-slope facilities. The model is dynamic and allows researchers to easily collect many chemical and physical measurements from the bedded pack. Weekly measurements, collected over the course of six to seven weeks, allows sufficient time to see changes in air quality measurements over time as the bedded pack matures. The data collected from the simulated bedded packs is within the range of concentrations previously measured in commercial deep-bedded mono-slope facilities. Past studies have demonstrated that 8 - 10 experimental units per treatment are sufficient to detect statistical differences among the simulated bedded packs. The bedded packs are easy to maintain, requiring less than 10 minutes of labor per bedded packs per week to add urine, feces, and bedding. Sample collection using the gas sampling system requires 20 - 30 minutes per bedded pack, depending on the measurements that are being collected. The use of lab-scaled bedded packs allows the researcher to control variables such as temperature, humidity, and bedding source that are difficult or impossible to control in a research or commercial facility. While not a perfect simulation of &#34;real-world&#34; conditions, the simulated bedded packs serve as a good model for researchers to use to examine treatment differences among bedded packs. Several lab-scale studies can be conducted to eliminate possible treatments before trying them in a research or commercial-sized facility.

A protocol has been developed to measure gases, odors, and nutrient composition in lab-scaled bedded manure packs, which can be used to study ways to improve air quality in commercial cattle facilities using deep-bedded manure packs.

Lab-Modell auszuwertende Geruch und Gaskonzentration emittierten tief gebettet Pack Gülle

A lab-scaled simulated bedded pack model was developed to study air quality and nutrient composition of deep-bedded packs used in cattle mono-slope ...

Experimental Study of the Relationship Between Particle Size and Methane Sorption Capacity in Shale

The amount of adsorbed shale gas is a key parameter used in shale gas resource evaluation and target area selection, and it is also an important standard for evaluating the mining value of shale gas. Currently, studies on the correlation between particle size and methane adsorption are controversial. In this study, an isothermal adsorption apparatus, the gravimetric sorption analyzer, is used to test the adsorption capacity of different particle sizes in shale to determine the relationship between the particle size and the adsorption capacity of shale. Thegravimetric method requires fewer parameters and produces better results in terms of accuracy and consistency than methods like the volumetric method. Gravimetric measurements are performed in four steps: a blank measurement, preprocessing, a buoyancy measurement, and adsorption and desorption measurements. Gravimetric measurement is presently considered to be a more scientific and accurate method of measuring the amount of adsorption; however, it is time-consuming and requires a strict measuring technique. A Magnetic Suspension Balance (MSB) is the key to verify the accuracy and consistency of this method. Our results show that adsorption capacity and particle size are correlated, but not a linear correlation, and the adsorptions in particles sieved into 40 - 60 and 60 - 80 meshes tend to be larger. We propose that the maximum adsorption corresponding to the particle size is approximately 250 &#181;m (60 mesh) in the shale gas fracturing.

We use an isothermal adsorption apparatus, the gravimetric sorption analyzer, to test the adsorption capacity of different particle sizes of shale, in order to find out the relationship between particle size and the adsorption capacity of shale.

Experimentelle Studie über den Zusammenhang zwischen Korngröße und Methan Sorption Kapazität in Schiefer

The amount of adsorbed shale gas is a key parameter used in shale gas resource evaluation and target area selection, and it is also an important standard ...

An Optimized Rhizobox Protocol to Visualize Root Growth and Responsiveness to Localized Nutrients

Roots are notoriously difficult to study. Soil is both a visual and mechanical barrier, making it difficult to track roots in situ without destructive harvest or expensive equipment. We present a customizable and affordable rhizobox method that allows the non-destructive visualization of root growth over time and is particularly well-suited to studying root plasticity in response to localized resource patches. The method was validated by assessing maize genotypic variation in plasticity responses to patches containing 15N-labeled legume residue. Methods are described to obtain representative developmental measurements over time, measure root length density in resource-containing and control patches, calculate root growth rates, and determine 15N recovery by plant roots and shoots. Advantages, caveats, and potential future applications of the method are also discussed. Although care must be taken to ensure that experimental conditions do not bias root growth data, the rhizobox protocol presented here yields reliable results if carried out with sufficient attention to detail.

Visualizing and measuring root growth in situ is extremely challenging. We present a customizable rhizobox method to track root development and proliferation over time in response to nutrient enrichment. This method is used to analyze maize genotypic differences in root plasticity in response to an organic nitrogen source.

Eine optimierte Rhizobox-Protokoll zum Wurzelwachstum und Reaktionsfähigkeit auf lokalisierte Nährstoffe zu visualisieren

Roots are notoriously difficult to study. Soil is both a visual and mechanical barrier, making it difficult to track roots in situ without destructive ...

Cultivation of Green Microalgae in Bubble Column Photobioreactors and an Assay for Neutral Lipids

There is significant interest in the study of microalgae for engineering applications such as the production of biofuels, high value products, and for the treatment of wastes. As most new research efforts begin at laboratory scale, there is a need for cost-effective methods for culturing microalgae in a reproducible manner. Here, we communicate an effective approach to culture microalgae in laboratory-scale photobioreactors, and to measure the growth and neutral lipid content of that algae. Instructions are also included on how to set up the photobioreactor system. Although the example organisms are species of Chlorella and Auxenochlorella, this system can be adapted to cultivate a wide range of microalgae, including co-cultures of algae with non-algae species. Stock cultures are first grown in bottles to produce inoculum for the photobioreactor system. Algae inoculum is concentrated and transferred to photobioreactors for cultivation in batch mode. Samples are collected daily for the optical density readings. At the end of the batch culture, cells are harvested by centrifuge, washed, and freeze dried to obtain a final dry weight concentration. The final dry weight concentration is used to create a correlation between the optical density and the dry weight concentration. A modified Folch method is subsequently used to extract total lipids from the freeze-dried biomass and the extract is assayed for its neutral lipid content using a microplate assay. This assay has been published previously but protocol steps were included here to highlight critical steps in the procedure where errors frequently occur. The bioreactor system described here fills a niche between simple flask cultivation and fully-controlled commercial bioreactors. Even with only 3-4 biological replicates per treatment, our approach to culturing algae leads to tight standard deviations in the growth and lipid assays.

Here, we present a protocol to construct lab-scale bubble column photobioreactors and use them to culture microalgae. It also provides a method for the determination of the culture growth rate and neutral lipid content.

Anbau von grünen Mikroalgen in Bubble Spalte Photobioreaktoren und ein Test für neutrale Lipide

There is significant interest in the study of microalgae for engineering applications such as the production of biofuels, high value products, and for the ...