Name: physical, chemical and biological characterization of six biochars produced for the remediation of contaminated sites
Uploaded: 2014-11-28T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 39 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites at JoVE.com

This work was funded by the Government of Canada&#8217;s Federal Economic Development Agency (FedDev) Applied Research and Commercialization Extension to Queen&#8217;s University (Dr. Allison Rutter and Dr. Darko Matovic). Sincerest thank you to Burt&#8217;s Greenhouses (Odessa, ON) for providing the biochars. Special thanks to Yuxing Cui of the CBRN Protection Group at RMC and staff of the ASU and Zeeb Lab for their ongoing support.

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Alle der in dem Protokoll angegebenen Verfahren wurden sorgfältig geprüft und extensiv für Böden verwendet. Da Biochar Charakterisierung steckt noch in den Kinderschuhen, die Wirksamkeit dieser Methoden für die kohlenstoffreiche Substrat war weitgehend unbekannt. Daher, obwohl diese Methoden selbst sind nicht neu, ist ihre Anwendung auf routinemäßig charakterisieren Biokohle. In Bezug auf die Qualitätssicherung / Qualitätskontrolle, gab es keine Probleme unter eines der Verfahren in Bezug auf die freien Räume ...

Pflanzenkohle ist ein kohlenstoffreiches Nebenprodukt bei der Pyrolyse von organischem Material 1 hergestellt. Das Interesse, sowohl öffentlich als auch akademisch, in Hinzufügen Biokohle auf Böden, beruht auf seiner Fähigkeit, Bodenqualität und das Pflanzenwachstum 2, 3 zu verbessern, nachhaltig zu maskieren Kohlenstoff 4 und sorb schädlichen Verunreinigungen 2, 3, 5-7 und gleichzeitig bietet Alternativen für die Abfall Management und Energieproduktion durch Pyrolyse. Biokohlen werden von zahlreichen Unternehmen und Organisationen weltweit über verschiedene Pyrolyse-Systeme produziert. Für Biokohle Produktion verwendeten Materialien umfassen (sind aber nicht beschränkt auf) Hackschnitzel, Viehdung und Bauabfälle 1. Diese Unterschiede dürften physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften der Biokohlen &quot;ändern und damit ihre Fähigkeit, Substrate zu verbessern, fördern die Langzeitstabilität und erhöhen Sorption Fähigkeiten. Darüber hinaus während der Pyrolyse der Biokohle may ungewollt mit Metallen, PAK und PCB infolge verunreinigter Rohstoffe oder unangemessene Pyrolysebedingungen kontaminiert. Deshalb wird vor der Biokohle kann in großem Umfang in die Umwelt als Bodenverbesserer eingesetzt werden, eine sorgfältige Charakterisierung der Biokohle für Verunreinigungen, die spezifische Oberfläche, Kationenaustauschkapazität, Regenwurm Vermeidung und Keimen und anderen von der Internationalen Biokohle-Initiative vorgeschlagen (IBI) durchgeführt werden müssen. Im Jahr 2013, das erste standardisierte Produktdefinition und Produktprüfung Richtlinien für die Biokohle, die Standards für Biokohle physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften setzt, wurde veröffentlicht und öffentlich zugänglich gemacht. Forschung hat gezeigt, dass bei einem kommerziellen Gewächshaus in Odessa hergestellt Biokohle gezeigt, ON, Kanada hat die Fähigkeit, das Pflanzenwachstum deutlich zu verbessern in stark degradierten Böden und sorb persistente organische Schadstoffe (POPs) wie PCB 2, 3. Ist diese Biokohle aus drei produziertverschiedene Ausgangsmaterialien (dh organische Materie Quellen) über eine Kesselanlage in dem die erzeugte Wärme wird verwendet, um ihren Ausstoß Betrieb im Winter zu erwärmen. Diese Studie liefert Charakterisierungsdaten für die Produktion von Biokohle in einem Biomassekessel relevant, und die Verwendung von Biokohle als Bodenverbesserung. Das Ziel dieser Studie ist es, gründlich zu charakterisieren die physikalischen, chemischen und biologischen Eigenschaften von sechs Biokohlen nach den Normen von der IBI in ihrer Standardisierte Produktdefinition und Produktprüfung Richtlinien (Version 1.1) (2013) festgelegt. Diese Eigenschaften verknüpft werden, soweit möglich, auf die Leistung jedes Biokohle als landwirtschaftliche Änderungen und ihre Fähigkeit, Verunreinigungen zu sorbieren.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Biochar</td><td>Burt&#039;s Greenhouses</td><td></td><td>All six biochars were produced at Burt&#039;s Greenhouses via BlueFlame Boiler system</td></tr><tr><td>NaOAc</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>E124-4</td><td>Dissolving 136.08 g of NaOAC&lt;sup&gt;.&lt;/sup&gt;3H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O in 750 ml distilled, deionized water (DDI water)</td></tr><tr><td>Acetic Acid</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A38-212</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Hydroxide</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>SS284-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isopropanol</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A416P4</td><td>80% IPA: 800 ml IPA with 200 ml DDI water.</td></tr><tr><td>NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;Cl</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A649500</td><td>Dissolving 5.35 g NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;Cl into 1 L DDI water.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Alumminum Drying Pan</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>08-732-110</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Drying Oven</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>508N0024</td><td>200 &amp;deg;C for 2 hr.</td></tr><tr><td>Desiccator</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>08-595A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Balance</td><td>Mettler</td><td>1113032410</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Saturating Solution</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>06-664-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vortex</td><td>Barnstead/Thermolyne</td><td>871000536389&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>International Equipment Company</td><td>24372808</td><td>3,000 x g for 5 min.</td></tr><tr><td>Rinsing Solution</td><td>Fisher Scientific (Ricca Chemistry Company)</td><td>06-664-24</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Conductivity Meter</td><td>WESCAN</td><td>88298</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Replacing Solution</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>06-664-24</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ICP-AES</td><td>Varian</td><td>EL00053841</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ASAP 2000 Surface Area Analyser&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Cavlon</td><td>885</td><td>Degassing at 120 &amp;deg;C for a minimum of 2 hr.</td></tr><tr><td>Muffle Furnace</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>806N0024</td><td>Heat for 16 hr covering at 420 &amp;deg;C.</td></tr><tr><td>pH Meter</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>1230185263</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sieve</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>2288926</td><td>4.7 mm sieve being at the top.</td></tr><tr><td>Sieve Skaker</td><td>Meinzer II</td><td>0414-02</td><td>Shake for 10 min.</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Sulphate</td><td>VWR</td><td>EM-SX0761-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ottawa Sand</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S23-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Soxhlet Apparatus</td><td>Fisher Scientific (Pyrex)</td><td>09-557A</td><td>4&amp;nbsp;hr at 4&amp;ndash;6&amp;nbsp;cycles/hr.</td></tr><tr><td>DCBP</td><td>Suprlco Analytical</td><td>48318&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dichloromethane</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>40042-40855-U</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6890 Plus Gas Chromatograph Micro 63 Ni ECD</td><td>Agilent</td><td>US00034778</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Helium</td><td>AlphaGaz</td><td>SPG-NIT1AL50SMART</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitrogen</td><td>AlphaGaz</td><td>SPG-HEL1AL50SMART</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mortor and Pestle</td><td>Fisher Scientific (CoorsTeh)</td><td>12-948G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitric Acid</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>351288212</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>No. 40 Filter Paper</td><td>Fisher Scientific (Whatman)</td><td>09-845A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Quartz/Nickel weigh boats</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>11-474-210</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMA-80</td><td>ATS Scientific</td><td>5090264</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>98&amp;#8211;99% Formic Acid</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>33015-1L</td><td>1 L volumetric filled to 750 ml with DDI water add 20 ml formic acid and fill to volume with DDI water.</td></tr><tr><td>Sonicator</td><td>Fisher Sientific</td><td>15338284</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rotating Shaker</td><td>New Brunswick Scientific (Innova 2100)</td><td>14-278-108</td><td>1 hr at 200 rpm.</td></tr><tr><td>No. 42 Filter Paper</td><td>Fisher Scientific (Whatman)</td><td>09-855A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>WhirlPacks</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>R55048</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium Dihydrogen Orthophospahte</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>181525</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 M KCl</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>P282100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic Vials</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>03-337-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammonium Chloride</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>PX05115</td><td>Allow to warm up to room temperature</td></tr><tr><td>Colour Reagent</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>361028260</td><td>Allow to warm up to room temperature</td></tr><tr><td>Colorimeter</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>13-642-400</td><td>Turn on to let the lamp warm up and run for 5 min.</td></tr><tr><td>ASEAL Auto Analyzer 2</td><td>SEAL</td><td>4723A12068</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Liquified Phenol</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>MPX05115</td><td>Alkaline Phenol: Measure 87 ml of liquefied phenol into 1-L volumetric filled 2/3 with DDI water. Add 34 g NaOH, make up to volume with DDI water.</td></tr><tr><td>NaOH</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S318-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Commercial Bleach</td><td>Retail Store</td><td></td><td>Hypochlorite Solution: Using 100-ml graduated cylinder measure 31.5 ml of commercial bleach and fill to 100 ml with DDI water.</td></tr><tr><td>NaOH Pellets</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S320-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Disodium EDTA</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>E5124</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Hyprchlorite</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>SS290-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton (10%)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP151-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Nitroprusside</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S350-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammonium Salts</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A637-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phenoxide</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>AC388611000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eisenia Fetida</td><td>The Worm Factory</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spade</td><td>Retail Store</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bucket</td><td>Retail Store</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potting Soil</td><td>Retail Store</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Avoidance Wheel</td><td>Environment Canada</td><td></td><td>Constructed by a modified design from Environment Canada&amp;rsquo;s Acute Avoidance Test.</td></tr><tr><td>Alumminum Foil</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>01-213-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Petri Dishes</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>08-757-11</td><td>8.5 cm in diameter.</td></tr><tr><td>Pumpkin Seeds</td><td>Ontario Seed Company (OSC)</td><td>2055</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alfalpha Seeds</td><td>Ontario Seed Company (OSC)</td><td>6675</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge Tubes (30 ml)</td><td>Fisher Scientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>22-038-906</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beakers (50&amp;nbsp;ml)</td><td>Fisher Scientific (Pyrex)</td><td>02-540G</td><td>Oven dry at 105 &amp;#176;C.</td></tr><tr><td>Beakers (30&amp;nbsp;ml)</td><td>Fisher Scientific (Pyrex)</td><td>20-540C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Erlenmeyer Flasks (125&amp;nbsp;ml)</td><td>Fisher Scientific (Pyrex)</td><td>S76106C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Volumetric Flask (100&amp;nbsp;ml)</td><td>Fisher Scientific (Pyrex)</td><td>10-211C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Estuarine Sediment</td><td>National Insititute of Standards</td><td>1546A</td><td>Standard Reference Material</td></tr><tr><td>Bleach</td><td>Clorox Ultra (5&amp;#8211;10% sodium hypochlorite)</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

physical, chemical and biological characterization of six biochars produced for the remediation of contaminated sites

Die physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften von Biokohle variieren je nach Rohstoffquellen und Produktionsbedingungen, die es ermöglichen, Biokohlen mit spezifischen Funktionen (zB Kohlenstoffbindung, die Bodenqualität verbessern, oder Verunreinigung Sorption) konstruieren. Im Jahr 2013 die Internationale Biokohle-Initiative (IBI) öffentlich zugänglich gemacht ihre Standardisierte Produktdefinition und Produktprüfung Richtlinien (Version 1.1), die Standards für die physikalische und chemische Eigenschaften für Biokohle gesetzt. Sechs Biokohlen aus drei verschiedenen Einsatzstoffe und bei zwei Temperaturen vorgenommen wurden über die Merkmale für die Verwendung als Bodenverbesserung untersucht wurden. Das Protokoll beschreibt Analysen der Ausgangsmaterialien und Biokohlen und umfasst: Kationenaustauschkapazität (CEC), spezifische Oberfläche (SSA), organische Kohlenstoff (OC) und Feuchtigkeitsgehalt, pH, Korngrößenverteilung und in der Nähe und die Elementaranalyse. Ebenfalls beschrieben in dem Protokoll sind die Analysen der Einsatzstoffe und biochars für Verunreinigungen, einschließlich polyzyklischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAK), polychlorierte Biphenyle (PCBs), Metalle und Quecksilber sowie Nährstoffe (Phosphor, Nitrit und Nitrat und Ammonium als Stickstoff). Das Protokoll enthält auch die biologischen Testverfahren, Regenwurm Vermeidung und Keimung Assays. Auf der Grundlage der Qualitätssicherung / Qualitätskontrolle (QA / QC) Ergebnisse der Leer-, Doppel- Standards und Referenzmaterialien wurden alle Methoden ausreichend für die Verwendung mit Biokohle und Ausgangsmaterialien bestimmt. Alle Biokohlen und Rohstoffe waren auch innerhalb des Kriteriums durch die IBI eingestellt und es gab kleine Unterschiede zwischen Biokohlen, außer im Falle der von Bauschutt Materialien hergestellt Biokohle. Diese Biokohle (als Old Biokohle genannt) war entschlossen, erhöhte Werte von Arsen, Chrom, Kupfer und Blei haben, und scheiterte die Regenwurm Vermeidung und Keimung Assays. Basierend auf diesen Ergebnissen, würde Old Biokohle nicht für den Einsatz als Bodenverbesserung für Kohlenstoff s geeignetequestration, Substrat Qualitätsverbesserungen oder Sanierung.

Eine Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse auch im Vergleich zu den von der IBI 13 festgelegten Kriterien können in den Tabellen 1 (Zusammenfassung), 2 (Neue, High, Low, Third Feedstock und Hoch 2 Biokohlen) und 3 (Alt Biokohle) gefunden werden. Alle Biokohlen und Rohstoffe in 2012 und 2013 (Tabelle 2) verwendet wurden, waren auch im Kriterium der IBI eingestellt und es gab kleine Unterschiede zwischen Biokohlen. Alt Biokohle (Tabelle 3),</...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites at JoVE.com

Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites

Biokohle ist ein als Bodenverbesserung mit der Fähigkeit, nachhaltig zu maskieren Kohlenstoff, verbessern Substratqualität und sorb Verunreinigungen verwendet kohlenstoffreichen Materials. Dieses Protokoll beschreibt die 17 Analyseverfahren zur Charakterisierung von Biokohle, die erforderlich ist, bevor Groß Umsetzung dieser Änderungen in der Umwelt verwendet.

Physikalische, chemische und biologische Charakterisierung von Six Biokohlen Produziert für die Sanierung von Altlasten

The physical and chemical properties of biochar vary based on feedstock sources and production conditions, making it possible to engineer biochars with ...

physical-chemical-biological-characterization-six-biochars-produced

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

35.0K Aufrufe.  Royal Military College of Canada.  Biokohle ist ein als Bodenverbesserung mit der Fähigkeit, nachhaltig zu maskieren Kohlenstoff, verbessern Substratqualität und sorb Verunreinigungen verwendet kohlenstoffreichen Materials. Dieses Protokoll beschreibt die 17 Analyseverfahren zur Charakterisierung von Biokohle, die erforderlich ist, bevor Groß Umsetzung dieser Änderungen in der Umwelt verwendet. 

Serie: Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites

Single-plant, Sterile Microcosms for Nodulation and Growth of the Legume Plant Medicago truncatula with the Rhizobial Symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti

Rhizobial bacteria form symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of compatible host legume plants. One of the most well-developed model systems for studying these interactions is the plant Medicago truncatula cv. Jemalong A17 and the rhizobial bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021. Repeated imaging of plant roots and scoring of symbiotic phenotypes requires methods that are non-destructive to either plants or bacteria. The symbiotic phenotypes of some plant and bacterial mutants become apparent after relatively short periods of growth, and do not require long-term observation of the host/symbiont interaction. However, subtle differences in symbiotic efficiency and nodule senescence phenotypes that are not apparent in the early stages of the nodulation process require relatively long growth periods before they can be scored. Several methods have been developed for long-term growth and observation of this host/symbiont pair. However, many of these methods require repeated watering, which increases the possibility of contamination by other microbes. Other methods require a relatively large space for growth of large numbers of plants. The method described here, symbiotic growth of M. truncatula/S. meliloti in sterile, single-plant microcosms, has several advantages. Plants in these microcosms have sufficient moisture and nutrients to ensure that watering is not required for up to 9 weeks, preventing cross-contamination during watering. This allows phenotypes to be quantified that might be missed in short-term growth systems, such as subtle delays in nodule development and early nodule senescence. Also, the roots and nodules in the microcosm are easily viewed through the plate lid, so up-rooting of the plants for observation is not required.

Single-plant, Sterile Microcosms for Nodulation and Growth of the Legume Plant Medicago truncatula with the Rhizobial Symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti

Growth of Medicago truncatula plants in symbiosis with the nitrogen-fixing bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti in individual, sterile microcosms made from standard laboratory plates permits frequent examination of root systems and nodules without compromising sterility. Plants can be maintained in these growth chambers for up to 9 weeks.

Einzel-Anlage, steril Mikrokosmen für Knöllchenbildung und des Wachstums der Pflanze Hülsenfrucht<em&gt; Medicago truncatula</em&gt; Mit dem Rhizobia Symbiont<em&gt; Sinorhizobium meliloti</em

Rhizobial  bacteria form symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of compatible host  legume plants.  One  of the most well-developed model systems ...

Forschung

Umwelt

Evaluation of Integrated Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization for Bioenergy Production

Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most abundant yet underutilized renewable energy resources. Both anaerobic digestion (AD) and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) are promising technologies for bioenergy production from biomass in terms of biogas and HTC biochar, respectively. In this study, the combination of AD and HTC is proposed to increase overall bioenergy production. Wheat straw was anaerobically digested in a novel upflow anaerobic solid state reactor (UASS) in both mesophilic (37 &#176;C) and thermophilic (55 &#176;C) conditions. Wet digested from thermophilic AD was hydrothermally carbonized at 230 &#176;C for 6 hr for HTC biochar production. At thermophilic temperature, the UASS system yields an average of 165 LCH4/kgVS&#160;(VS: volatile solids) and 121 L CH4/kgVS&#160;at mesophilic AD over the continuous operation of 200 days. Meanwhile, 43.4 g of HTC biochar with 29.6 MJ/kgdry_biochar was obtained from HTC of 1 kg digestate (dry basis) from mesophilic AD. The combination of AD and HTC, in this particular set of experiment yield 13.2 MJ of energy per 1 kg of dry wheat straw, which is at least 20% higher than HTC alone and 60.2% higher than AD only.

A novel Upflow Anaerobic Solid State (UASS) reactor was used for biogas production from fibrous feedstock. Digestate from UASS reactor was hydrothermally carbonized into HTC biochar in a pressurized batch reactor. The integration of the two bioenergy concepts was applied in this study to increase overall bioenergy production.

Bewertung des integrierten Biogas-und Hydrothermale Karbonisierung für die Bioenergieproduktion

Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most abundant yet underutilized renewable energy resources. Both anaerobic digestion (AD) and hydrothermal ...

Physical Isolation of Endospores from Environmental Samples by Targeted Lysis of Vegetative Cells

Endospore formation is a survival strategy found among some bacteria from the phylum Firmicutes. During endospore formation, these bacteria enter a morpho-physiological resting state that enhances survival under adverse environmental conditions. Even though endospore-forming Firmicutes are one of the most frequently enriched and isolated bacterial groups in culturing studies, they are often absent from diversity studies based on molecular methods. The resistance of the spore core is considered one of the factors limiting the recovery of DNA from endospores. We developed a method that takes advantage of the higher resistance of endospores to separate them from other cells in a complex microbial community using physical, enzymatic and chemical lysis methods. The endospore-only preparation thus obtained can be used for re-culturing or to perform downstream analysis such as tailored DNA extraction optimized for endospores and subsequent DNA sequencing. This method, applied to sediment samples, has allowed the enrichment of endospores and after sequencing, has revealed a large diversity of endospore-formers in freshwater lake sediments. We expect that the application of this method to other samples will yield a similar outcome.

A method to single out bacterial endospores from complex microbial communities was developed to perform tailored culture or molecular studies of this group of bacteria.

Physische Isolierung von Endospores aus Umweltproben durch gezielte Lyse von vegetativen Zellen

Endospore formation is a survival strategy found among some bacteria from the phylum Firmicutes. During endospore formation, these bacteria enter a ...

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study provides a protocol for the passive sampler preparation, calibration, extraction method and instrumental analysis. Sampling rates (RS) and passive sampler-water partition coefficients (KPW) were calculated for silicone rubber, polar organic chemical integrative sampler POCIS-A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS and C18 disk. The uptake of the selected compounds depended on their physicochemical properties, i.e., silicone rubber showed a better uptake for more hydrophobic compounds (log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) &#62; 5.3), whereas POCIS-A, POCIS-B and SDB-RPS disk were more suitable for hydrophilic compounds (log KOW &#60; 0.70).

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

Charakterisierung und Anwendung von Passivsammler für die Überwachung von Pestiziden in Wasser

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

Characterization, Quantification and Compound-specific Isotopic Analysis of Pyrogenic Carbon Using Benzene Polycarboxylic Acids (BPCA)

Fire-derived, pyrogenic carbon (PyC), sometimes called black carbon (BC), is the carbonaceous solid residue of biomass and fossil fuel combustion, such as char and soot. PyC is ubiquitous in the environment due to its long persistence, and its abundance might even increase with the projected increase in global wildfire activity and the continued burning of fossil fuel. PyC is also increasingly produced from the industrial pyrolysis of organic wastes, which yields charred soil amendments (biochar). Moreover, the emergence of nanotechnology may also result in the release of PyC-like compounds to the environment. It is thus a high priority to reliably detect, characterize and quantify these charred materials in order to investigate their environmental properties and to understand their role in the carbon cycle.
Here, we present the benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) method, which allows the simultaneous assessment of PyC&#39;s characteristics, quantity and isotopic composition (13C and 14C) on a molecular level. The method is applicable to a very wide range of environmental sample materials and detects PyC over a broad range of the combustion continuum, i.e., it is sensitive to slightly charred biomass as well as high temperature chars and soot. The BPCA protocol presented here is simple to employ, highly reproducible, as well as easily extendable and modifiable to specific requirements. It thus provides a versatile tool for the investigation of PyC in various disciplines, ranging from archeology and environmental forensics to biochar and carbon cycling research.

Characterization, Quantification and Compound-specific Isotopic Analysis of Pyrogenic Carbon Using Benzene Polycarboxylic Acids BPCA

We present the benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) method for assessing pyrogenic carbon (PyC) in the environment. The compound-specific approach uniquely provides simultaneous information about the characteristics, quantity and isotopic composition (13C and 14C) of PyC.

Charakterisierung, Quantifizierung und substanzspezifische Isotopenanalyse von Pyrogene Kohle Benzolpolycarbonsäuren (BPCA)

Fire-derived, pyrogenic carbon (PyC), sometimes called black carbon (BC), is the carbonaceous solid residue of biomass and fossil fuel combustion, such as ...

Chemie

Betrieb eines großen Biokohleofens und Umsetzung von Best Practices

Big Box Biochar Kiln Operation and Best Practices

Big Box biochar kilns are an alternative to open pile burning that allows for in-woods biochar production in a simple metal box with no moving parts. This approach is based on technology used by charcoal makers for centuries but with a modern, mechanized approach. A mini-excavator or other piece of machinery is used to load, tend, and empty the kilns. This article will outline Big Box biochar kiln best practices, including the design, transportation, placement, loading, lighting, quenching, and dumping procedures for beginners developing their own Big Box biochar kiln programs. 
Biochar production requires a low oxygen burning environment, and the Big Box kilns use a flame-cap (sometimes referred to as a flame-curtain) method to burn material with limited smoke production. These kilns have been designed to be easily transferred to the site using an adequately rated trailer. A mini-excavator or other piece of machinery is used to load, tend, and empty the kilns. The author is not aware of a more accessible means for people to sequester durable carbon on the farm, ranch, or in the backyard. This article outlines Big Box biochar kiln best practices, including the design, transportation, placement, loading, lighting, quenching, and dumping procedures for beginners developing their own Big Box biochar kiln programs.

Installation des Big Box Biokohle-Ofens für die Pflanzenkohleproduktion

The Utah Biomass Resources Group (UBRG) has scaled-up simple biochar kilns in an innovative approach to hazardous fuel reduction and biochar production using metal boxes, called Big Box kilns, that allow for in-woods biochar production. This article outlines Big Box biochar kiln operation and best practices.

Big-Box-Biokohle-Ofenbetrieb und Best Practices

Big Box biochar kilns are an alternative to open pile burning that allows for in-woods biochar production in a simple metal box with no moving parts. This ...

Kohlenstoffbindung und Bodenverbesserung durch Vor-Ort-Produktion von Pflanzenkohle

Producing, Characterizing and Quantifying Biochar in the Woods Using Portable Flame Cap Kilns

One of the biggest challenges in utilizing non-commercial forest biomass is its widely distributed nature. The best solution to the biomass problem, to avoid expensive and carbon-intensive processing (chipping) and transportation costs, is to process it onsite. However, conventional burn piles have destructive impacts on forest soil and provide no benefits other than fuel reduction. Converting forest slash to biochar onsite has many ecological advantages over the current practice of slash disposal by incineration in burn piles, including reduced soil heating and particulate emissions, along with multiple benefits of the biochar to forest soil health and water holding capacity when left in place. Making biochar onsite in the woods is a way to return a pyrogenic carbon component to forest soils that has been missing due to the recent history of fire suppression. Biochar is also a leading method of carbon removal and sequestration for climate change mitigation. In this study, we document a method for making biochar using a portable biochar kiln. This low-cost method utilizes hand crews equipped with water for quenching kilns before the biochar burns to ash. Simple techniques for quantifying and characterizing the biochar produced are incorporated into the method for the purpose of measuring impact and qualifying for carbon removal certificates to help pay for the cost of the work. We describe the CM002 Component Methodology that provides standardized procedures for the quantification of GHG benefits during three stages of the process: waste biomass sourcing, biochar production, and biochar soil application. The CM002 Methodology is based on international best practices, including the most recent VCS methodology VM0044 Standards and EBC C-Sink Artisan Standards. Reliable quantification methods utilizing appropriate safety factors are the first essential step toward eligibility for carbon removal finance.

Autor im Rampenlicht: Vor-Ort-Produktion von Pflanzenkohle für die Verbrennung von Holzabfällen in der Forstwirtschaft 

New methods for disposing of forestry slash piles in place produce pyrogenic carbon for restoring forest soil health and for carbon removal and sequestration. Here, we present a biochar production method integrating a new carbon removal accounting methodology and a digital application.

Herstellung, Charakterisierung und Quantifizierung von Pflanzenkohle im Wald mit tragbaren Flammkappenöfen

One of the biggest challenges in utilizing non-commercial forest biomass is its widely distributed nature. The best solution to the biomass problem, to ...

Physikalische, chemische und biologische Charakterisierung von Six Biokohlen Produziert für die Sanierung von Altlasten

Zusammenfassung

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Herstellung, Charakterisierung und Quantifizierung von Pflanzenkohle im Wald mit tragbaren Flammkappenöfen

Herstellung, Charakterisierung und Quantifizierung von Pflanzenkohle im Wald mit tragbaren Flammkappenöfen