The authors thank Dr. Lynda Partridge for the provision of advice and laboratory facilities.

1) Herstellung der Zelllinie: <ol><li> Die Entwicklung der RBL-2H3.1 Zelllinie, Pferde FcsRI α: <ol><li> Mit grundlegenden Gewebekulturtechniken für Monolayer-Zelllinien, Transfektion Eltern RBL-2H3.1 Zellen unter Verwendung des pEE6 Plasmid, die Durchführung der Pferde FcεRIα Gens (GenBank: Y18204.1) 28. Hinzufügen 2 ug ul -1 der Plasmid-DNA auf 0,8 ml Zellen bei einer Dichte von 1.2 x10 &amp; sup7; Zellen ml -1. Elektroporieren der Zellen bei 250 V 960 uF mit einem 0,4 cm electrocuvette dann sofort auf Eis inkubieren für 10 min. </li><li> Auswahl der transformierten Zellen unter Verwendung von Medien, die 0,4 g Geneticin G418 Sulfat, sortiert dann die verbleibenden lebenden Zellen durch FACS durch Markieren sie mit einem Fluoreszenz IgE-Antikörper. Verwenden Sie die resultierende RBL-2H3.1 ausdrücken Pferde FcεRIα Zelllinie für die Untersuchung 2, 3. </li></ol></li><li> Pre-Test Antikörper Sensibilisierung: <ol><li&gt; Ernte der RBL-2H3.1 ausdrücken Pferde FcεRIα Zellen aus einer konfluenten Petrischale. Waschen dann erneut die Zellen in Kulturmedium bis zu einer Zelldichte von 5x10 5 Zellen ml -1. </li><li> Hinzufügen des IgE von Interesse für die suspendierten Zellen zu einer Endkonzentration von 1 ng ml -1, dann die Platte 100 &amp; mgr; l der Zellen auf eine Platte mit 96 Vertiefungen in den Spalten 1-6 und bei 37 ° C + 5% CO 2 + 90% relative Luftfeuchte für 16 Stunden. Nach der Inkubationszeit und vor der Durchführung der Freisetzungstest, überprüfen Sie die Brunnen unter einem Mikroskop auf gut Konfluenz und Zellhaftung. </li></ol></li></ol> 2) Veröffentlichung Assay: <ol><li> Waschen der Zellen: <ol><li> Warm Freisetzungspuffer (25 mM PIPES, 120 mM Natriumchlorid, 5 mM Kaliumchlorid, 0,04 mM Magnesiumchlorid und 1 mM Calciumchlorid) bei 37 ° C bis zur sanften Waschen der Zellen zu ermöglichen. </li><li> Wash-Zellen durch Schwenken der Platte an Zellmedien zu entfernen und das Hinzufügen von 100 ul warm, 37 ° C, Freisetzungspuffer. Zweimal wiederholen. </li></ol></li><li> Antigen Herausforderung: <ol><li> Bereiten Sie eine serielle Verdünnung des Antigens (NIP-HSA oder DNP-HSA) von 0 ng ml -1, 0,1 ng ml -1, 1 ng ml -1, 10 ng ml -1, 100 ng ml -1, 1.000 ng ml -1, 10.000 ng ml -1 in Freisetzungspuffer und warm bei 37 ° C. </li><li> Nach dem zweiten Zellwäsche, entsorgen Sie die Medien und mit 100 ul der Antigenlösungen ersetzt. Sicherzustellen, daß Vertiefungen in der gleichen Reihe (A1-6 zum Beispiel) die gleiche Antigenkonzentration zu ihnen hinzugefügt. </li><li> Eine Negativkontrolle in der Zeile A durch Zugabe von 0 ng ml -1 Antigen eingestellt. Hinzufügen zunehmender Antigenkonzentration die Reihen (BG), gefolgt von Triton-x-Puffer (5% Triton X-100) in der Reihe H-Zellen, um die Zellen zu lysieren, um als positive Kontrolle verwendet werden. Inkubieren bei 37 ° C für 20 min, um damit die Zellen ihre Mediatoren freisetzen. </li></ol></li><li> Einrichten individuelle Wohlkontrollen: <ol><li> Nach der Inkubation mit einer Pipette 50 ul Zellüberstand auf die andere Hälfte der Platte (wells A1-6 bis A7-12 Vertiefungen, etc.). Verwerfen der restlichen 50 &amp; mgr; l des Überstands und Ersetzen mit 50 ul Triton-X-Puffer, um die Messung der Menge des freigesetzten Mediatoren in jede Vertiefung in den Spalten 7-12 als Prozentsatz der Gesamtmediatoren in den Zellen in Spalte 1-6 ermöglichen . </li></ol></li><li> Enzym-Substrat: </li><li> Dann werden 50 ul der β-Hexosaminidase-Substrat (50 mM 4-Nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminid in DMSO durch Zugabe zu Citratpuffer 0,2 M Zitronensäure und 0,2 M Natriumacetat auf 2 mM verdünnt, pH 4,5) zu allen Vertiefungen, um die Umwandlung des Substrats zu 4-Nitrophenol durch das β-Hexosaminidase Enzyms erleichtert. Die Inkubation erfolgt bei 37 ° C für 2 Stunden. </li></ol><img alt="Abbildung 2.4.1" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52222/52222fig241.jpg" width = &quot;400&quot; /&gt; <ol start="5"><li> Beenden der Reaktion: <ol><li> Stoppen der Reaktion durch Zugabe von 150 &amp; mgr; l Tris-Puffer (1 M Tris-HCl, pH 9) in jede Vertiefung wie die hohe pH-Wert des Puffers wird die Reaktion gestoppt und dann die 4-Nitrophenol in einer gelben Farbe. </li></ol></li><li> Das Lesen und die Analyse der Ergebnisse: <ol><li> Lesen der Platte unter Verwendung eines Platten Spektrophotometer bei 405 nm, die Absorption der gelben Farbe gemessen. Berechnet den Prozentsatz des freigesetzten β-Hexosaminidase Verwendung der folgenden Formel: </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="Abbildung 2.6.1" fo:content-width="1in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52222/52222fig261.jpg" width="100" /><ol start="2"><li> Wenden Sie diese Formel in jede Vertiefung, wonach ein Mittelwert für jede Zeile übernommen. A1 und A7 repräsentieren die Lage der Vertiefungen der Platte mit 96 Vertiefungen. Eine Grafik mit Prozentsatz der β-Hexosaminidase Mitteilung (die Gesamtmediatorfreisetzung entspricht) against Antigenkonzentration 2, 3. </li></ol>

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</ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests in this paper.

In Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung zeigten, dass bei RBL-Zellen, 2H3.1 equine FcεRIα mit equinen IgE durch ein Antigen sensibilisiert und herausgefordert, geben sie einen Spitzen Mediator-Freisetzung von 36,68% ± 4,88% der Gesamtmenge des innerhalb des Vermittlers Zellen, verglichen mit dem RBL-2H3.1 Elternzellen nicht exprimiert equine FcεRIα. Somit Dieser Test liefert ein nützliches Werkzeug für die Untersuchung und das Studium Pferde allergischen Reaktionen i...

Allergie ist seit Jahrtausenden bekannt. Ein Asthma-Behandlung wurde in der antiken ägyptischen medizinischen Text als Papyrus Ebers (~ 1550 BCE) bekannt beschrieben und diskutiert pflanzliche Heilmittel, um es 7 zu behandeln. Heute Allergie ist als Typ I-Überempfindlichkeitsreaktion, wobei die T-Helferzell-Typ 2 (TH 2) Arm des Immunsystems steuert die Produktion von Immunglobulin E (IgE) Antikörper als Antwort auf Umweltantigene, Allergene genannt klassifiziert. Dies sind diverse Stoffe, die üblicherweise mit Zellen interagieren im Immunsystem und stimulieren die Synthese und Sekretion von proinflammatorischen Cytokinen, einschließlich IL-4 und Interleukin-13 8, 9 als weiß Partikel im Zigarettenrauch oder Dieselabgaspartikeln, die IgE-Synthese zu erhöhen 10. Der Anstieg der allergischen Manifestationen in Industrieländern in den letzten 50 Jahren hat sich eine Kombination der Wirkung zugeschriebenUmweltschadstoffe und ein Trend zu einer keim Umgebung, die die Immunantwort gegenüber einem Profil von TH 2 Zytokine überwog verschieben kombinieren, wie durch die &quot;Hygiene-Hypothese&quot; 11 vorgeschlagen. Wie oben erwähnt, sind Menschen nicht nur Säugern durch Allergie leidet. Insbesondere Pferden und Hunden entwickeln auch klassische allergische Reaktionen und eine Untersuchung von 12 zeigt, dass, wie beim Menschen, wird equine Allergie auf genetischen und Umweltfaktoren zurückzuführen. Als Folge präsentieren diese Tiere gute Modelle zur Untersuchung der Wechselwirkung zwischen genetischen und umweltbedingten Ursachen von Allergien, ihr Fortschreiten von Sensibilisierung gegen Krankheit und mögliche Interventionsstrategien einmal klinischen Manifestationen in gesetzt 1887 Stömmer war die erste Person, die Ähnlichkeit zwischen Mensch und Pferde-Asthma 13 zu beschreiben, ist die Wirkung von Histamin auf der Pferdeherzkreislaufsystemsehr ähnlich dem des Menschen 14. Pferde sind auch der Grundstein der Pferderennindustrie, die es wert USD 72 Milliarden mit einem Wettumsatz von US $ 115.000.000.000 jährlich 15. Die meisten zeitgenössischen Rennpferde sind Nachkommen von der geringen Zahl der arabischen Pferde von Lady Anne Blunt seit 1878 gezüchtet. Moderne Rennpferde werden häufig Inzucht für Performance Fähigkeiten auszuwählen. Sie sind anfällig für genetische Erkrankungen, von denen eine ihre Anfälligkeit für allergische Reaktionen zu montieren. Sie haben auch 1000 mal höhere Serum-IgE-Spiegel als selbst die am schwersten allergischen Menschen 16. Pferde allergischen Reaktionen sind in der Regel als Insektenstich Überempfindlichkeit (IBH) 17, 18 manifestiert. IBH Ergebnisse in Dermatitis durch Bisse bilden Insekten aus der Gattung Culicoides. Eine andere Form der Pferde-allergische Erkrankung ist rezidivierenden Atemwegsobstruktionen (RAO), dies in den Lungen und Atemwegen manifestiert. Es wird von Keuchen und Labor gekennzeichnetODER-verknüpft Atmung. RAO tritt häufig als Reaktion auf Sporen zu formen, und hohe allergenspezifische IgE-Spiegel haben bei Pferden, die an RAO in einer Studie 19 registriert worden, obwohl ein anderer Untersuchung nicht bestätigt diesen 20. Studien über equine Allergie drehte sich um die Versuch Überwachung und Neutralisieren equine IgE durch die Entwicklung anti equine IgE monoklonalen Antikörpern (mAb) 21, 22. Weiterhin die Studie von 23 diskutiert die Produktion der extrazellulären Domänen der α equinen Hochaffinitäts-Fc-Rezeptors Kette (FcεRIα) Rezeptors in einem Versuch zu detektieren und zu quantifizieren Pferdeserum IgE. Eine verwandte Studie von Ledin 24 bespricht einen neuen Ansatz bei der Neutralisierung Serum-IgE durch Priming des Immunsystems mit einem selbst / Nicht-Selbst Immunogen gerichtet. Alle diese Studien fehlte aber eine wirksame Assay, um die Sicherheit und Wirksamkeit der Testprotokolle. In diesem Artikel haben wir jetzt eine solche Assay sys präsentierentem für die Untersuchung der relevanten equinen System, in dem β-Hexosaminidase Release, als Indikator für die Zellmediator Degranulation wurde für RBL-Zellen, 2H3.1 equine FcεRIα beurteilt diagnostische und therapeutische Strategien. Dieses Protokoll basiert auf früheren Veröffentlichungen 25, 4, 5, 2, 3 das Engineering von RBL-Zellen mit den IgE-Bindungsdomäne des hochaffinen IgE-Rezeptors verschiedener Spezies kodiert, transfiziert Beschreibung basiert. Das Protokoll beschreibt, wie ein β-Hexosaminidase-Freisetzungstest durchzuführen, deren Ergebnisse sind als Mittelwert ± Standardabweichung von dreifachen Experimenten dargestellt. Der Freisetzungstest wurde zuerst von Siraganian entwickelt und Haken 25 Menschenallergie zu untersuchen. Das Labor Gruppe von Dr. Reuben Siraganian führte entwickelte auch die RBL-Zelllinie. Diese RBL Zellen wurden entwickelt, um die menschliche FcεRIα auszudrücken und das Protokoll wurde von 4 veröffentlicht. Das letzte Stückder Test wurde mit der Entwicklung des Plasmids pSV in der Veröffentlichung von Neuberger 26, die die Produktion von IgE-Antikörpern durch Klonierung ihrer Schwerketten-Gen stromabwärts von einem Maus-Gen für eine variable Region, die IgE das Hapten 4-Hydroxy-3 zielt beschrieben nitro-Phenacetyl (NP), war die resultierende chimäre Antikörper, vollständig funktionsfähig. Die Fähigkeit, jede IgE entwickeln die die gleichen Hapten, wobei auch die Klonierung seinen Rezeptor auf der Oberfläche der RBL-Zellen führte zu der Standardisierung des Assays so dass es ein nützliches Protokoll, um die Degranulation von Basophilen Zellen zu messen. Der Test funktioniert haben Vor- und Nachteile. Die Profis des Assays ist seine Anpassungsfähigkeit an irgendeinem Säugersystem verwendet werden, unser Labor ist somit benutzt, um die Degranulation der Mensch, Hund und Pferde Systeme zu testen, und dies ist erreichbar, einfach durch Synthetisieren des Organismus IgE und Klonieren seinen Rezeptor auf die Oberfläche der RBL-Zellen. Andererseits,die Nachteile des Assays ist, dass die RBL-Zellen sind sehr empfindlich gegen thermische, mechanische und PH ändert, so dass sie eine Veränderung der Degranulation Ebenen innerhalb des gleichen Assay zu ergeben. Es wird daher dringend empfohlen, dass die Tests werden immer dreifach wiederholt und dann ein Mittelwert von ihnen genommen. Darüber hinaus sind die RBL-Zellen sind in der Regel zu einer nicht-freisetzenden Phänotyp verschieben, wenn sie in der Gewebekultur für längere Zeiten (&gt; 10 Wochen) 27 übrig sind, was ihre Wartung umständlich. Sie sind auch anfällig für Infektionen durch Mycoplasma-Bakterien, die nicht von einem Lichtmikroskop sichtbar sind und nicht die Morphologie der Zelle ändern, würde aber ihre Degranulation Ebenen drastisch ändern. So regelmäßigen Mykoplasmen-Tests erforderlich.

<table><tbody><tr><td>RBL-2H3.1 Expressing Equine Fc&amp;epsilon;RI&amp;alpha;</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>Produced in the lab</td></tr><tr><td>Equine IgE anti NIP-HSA</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>Produced in the lab</td></tr><tr><td>96 Well Plate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>CLS3595</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Multi Channel Pipette</td><td>Anachem</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Incubator</td><td>Galaxy R</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>4Hydroxy-5-iodo-3-nitrophenylacetic acid</td><td>Cambridge Research Biochemicals</td><td>N-1070-1</td><td>NIP-OH was conjugated with Human Serum Albumin to make NIP-HSA in the lab</td></tr><tr><td>Dinitrophenyl Conjugated to Human Serum Albumin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A6661</td><td>Abbreviated DNP-HSA</td></tr><tr><td>Plate Spectrophotometer</td><td>Anthos Labtec HT2</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Pipes</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P1851</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Chloride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S7653</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium Chloride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P9333</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium Chloride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M2670</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Calcium Chloride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C1016</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Triton x100</td><td>Sigma</td><td>X100</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>4-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-&amp;beta;-D-glucosaminide</td><td>Sigma</td><td>N9376</td><td>Stock solution called &amp;beta;-hexosaminidase substrate was 50mM prepared in DMSO</td></tr><tr><td>Dimethyl Sulfoxide</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D2650</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Citric Acid</td><td>Sigma</td><td>251275</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Acetate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S7670</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Tris</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T5941</td><td>-</td></tr></tbody></table>

development of an in vitro model system for studying the interaction of equus caballus ige with its high-affinity receptor fc&#949;ri

The interaction of IgE with its high-affinity Fc receptor (Fc&#949;RI) followed by an antigenic challenge is the principal pathway in IgE mediated allergic reactions. As a consequence of the high affinity binding between IgE and Fc&#949;RI, along with the continuous production of IgE by B cells, allergies usually persist throughout life, with currently no permanent cure available. Horses, especially race horses, which are commonly inbred, are a species of mammals that are very prone to the development of hypersensitivity responses, which can seriously affect their performance. Physiological responses to allergic sensitization in horses mirror that observed in humans and dogs. In this paper we describe the development of an in situ assay system for the quantitative assessment of the release of mediators of the allergic response pertaining to the equine system. To this end, the gene encoding equine Fc&#949;RI&#945; was transfected into and expressed onto the surface of parental Rat Basophil Leukemia (RBL-2H3.1) cells. The gene product of the transfected equine &#945;-chain formed a functional receptor complex with the endogenous rat &#946;- and &#947;-chains 1. The resultant assay system facilitated an assessment of the quantity of mediator secreted from equine Fc&#949;RI&#945; transfected RBL-2H3.1 cells following sensitization with equine IgE and antigenic challenge using &#946;-hexosaminidase release as a readout 2, 3. Mediator release peaked at 36.68% &#177; 4.88% at 100 ng ml-1 of antigen. This assay was modified from previous assays used to study human and canine allergic responses 4, 5. We have also shown that this type of assay system has multiple applications for the development of diagnostic tools and the safety assessment of potential therapeutic intervention strategies in allergic disease 6, 2, 3.

Die Eltern RBL-2H3.1 Zellen und solche mit equinen FcεRIα Rezeptorgen transfiziert wurden zuerst mit Maus-IgE-anti-DNP-HSA sensibilisiert und mit dem DNP-HSA-Antigen herausgefordert. Maus-IgE bindet an den endogenen Rezeptor aus Ratte in beiden Zelllinien und dient als Kontrolle, um die Freisetzung Lebensfähigkeit der beiden Zelllinien zu testen, um Mediatoren (Figur 1 A) lösen damit. Dies ist eine wichtige Kontrolle und sollten routine da beim verlängert (&gt; 10 Wochen) Passage in Zellkultur durc...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of an in vitro model system for studying the interaction of Equus caballus IgE with its high-affinity receptor FcÃŽÂµRI at JoVE.com

Development of an in vitro model system for studying the interaction of Equus caballus IgE with its high-affinity receptor Fc&#949;RI

The current study describes the development and applications of a genetically engineered assay system based on the transfection of rat basophilic leukemia cells with the equine Fc&#949;RI&#945; gene. Transfected cells express a functional receptor where the release of mediators of the allergic response can be activated by IgE and antigen.

Entwicklung eines<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Modellsystem für die Untersuchung der Wechselwirkung von<em&gt; Equus</em&gt;<em&gt; Caballus</em&gt; IgE mit seinen hochaffinen Rezeptors FcsRI

The interaction of IgE with its high-affinity Fc receptor (Fc&#949;RI) followed by an antigenic challenge is the principal pathway in IgE mediated ...

development-an-vitro-model-system-for-studying-interaction-equus

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

12.4K Aufrufe.  King Abdulaziz University. The current study describes the development and applications of a genetically engineered assay system based on the transfection of rat basophilic leukemia cells with the equine FcεRIα gene. Transfected cells express a functional receptor where the release of mediators of the allergic response can be activated by IgE and antigen.

Serie: Development of an in vitro model system for studying the interaction of Equus caballus IgE with its high-affinity receptor FcεRI

Experimental Models for Study of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Physiology and Pathophysiology

We have developed a cell culture procedure that can produce large quantities of confluent monolayers of primary human fetal retinal pigment epithelium (hfRPE) cultures with morphological, physiological and genetic characteristics of native human RPE. These hfRPE cell cultures exhibit heavy pigmentation, and electron microscopy show extensive apical membrane microvilli. The junctional complexes were identified with immunofluorescence labeling of various tight junction proteins. Epithelial polarity and function of these easily reproducible primary cultures closely resemble previously studied mammalian models of native RPE, including human. These results were extended by the development of therapeutic interventions in several animal models of human eye disease. We have focused on strategies for the removal of abnormal fluid accumulation in the retina or subretinal space. The extracellular subretinal space separates the photoreceptor outer segments and the apical membrane of the RPE and is critical for maintenance of retinal attachments and a whole host of RPE/retina interactions.

We provide a reproducible method for culturing confluent monolayers of human fetal retinal pigment epithelial cells (hfRPE) cells that exhibit morphology, physiology, polarity, and protein and gene expression patterns of adult native tissue. This work has been extended to an animal model of several eye diseases.

Experimentelle Modelle für das Studium der retinalen Pigmentepithelzellen Physiologie und Pathophysiologie

We have developed a cell culture procedure that can produce large quantities of confluent monolayers of primary human fetal retinal pigment epithelium ...

Forschung

Neurowissenschaften

Detection of True IgE-expressing Mouse B Lineage Cells

B lymphocyte immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) class switch recombination (CSR) is a process wherein initially expressed IgM switches to other IgH isotypes, such as IgA, IgE and IgG. Measurement of IgH CSR in vitro is a key method for the study of a number of biologic processes ranging from DNA recombination and repair to aspects of molecular and cellular immunology. In vitro CSR assay involves the flow cytometric measurement surface Ig expression on activated B cells. While measurement of IgA and IgG subclasses is straightforward, measurement of IgE by this method is problematic due to soluble IgE binding to Fc&#949;RII/CD23 expressed on the surface of activated B cells. Here we describe a unique procedure for accurate measurement of IgE-producing mouse B cells that have undergone CSR in culture. The method is based on trypsin-mediated cleavage of IgE-CD23 complexes on cell surfaces, allowing for detection of IgE-producing B lineage cells by cytoplasmic staining. This procedure offers a convenient solution for flow cytometric analysis of CSR to IgE.

In vitro analysis of class switch recombination in mice is challenging due to cytophilic IgE molecules bound to Fc receptors on the surface of B cells. We describe a method for IgE detection using trypsin-mediated cleavage of surface-bound IgE prior to fixation and permeabilization for cytoplasmic fluorescence staining.

Der Nachweis von IgE-Wahre exprimierenden Maus B Lineage Cells

B lymphocyte immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) class switch recombination (CSR) is a process wherein initially expressed IgM switches to other IgH ...

Immunologie und Infektion

Application of Long-term cultured Interferon-&#947; Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay for Assessing Effector and Memory T Cell Responses in Cattle

Effector and memory T cells are generated through developmental programing of na&#239;ve cells following antigen recognition. If the infection is controlled up to 95 % of the T cells generated during the expansion phase are eliminated (i.e., contraction phase) and memory T cells remain, sometimes for a lifetime. In humans, two functionally distinct subsets of memory T cells have been described based on the expression of lymph node homing receptors. Central memory T cells express C-C chemokine receptor 7 and CD45RO and are mainly located in T-cell areas of secondary lymphoid organs. Effector memory T cells express CD45RO, lack CCR7 and display receptors associated with lymphocyte homing to peripheral or inflamed tissues. Effector T cells do not express either CCR7 or CD45RO but upon encounter with antigen produce effector cytokines, such as interferon-&#947;. Interferon-&#947; release assays are used for the diagnosis of bovine and human tuberculosis and detect primarily effector and effector memory T cell responses. Central memory T cell responses by CD4+ T cells to vaccination, on the other hand, may be used to predict vaccine efficacy, as demonstrated with simian immunodeficiency virus infection of non-human primates, tuberculosis in mice, and malaria in humans. Several studies with mice and humans as well as unpublished data on cattle, have demonstrated that interferon-&#947; ELISPOT assays measure central memory T cell responses. With this assay, peripheral blood mononuclear cells are cultured in decreasing concentration of antigen for 10 to 14 days (long-term culture), allowing effector responses to peak and wane; facilitating central memory T cells to differentiate and expand within the culture.

Long-term cultured interferon-&#947; enzyme-linked immunospot assay is used as a measure of central memory responses and correlates with protective anti-mycobacterial vaccine responses. With this assay, peripheral blood mononuclear cells are stimulated with mycobacterial antigens and interleukin-2 for 14 days, enabling differentiation and expansion of central memory T cells.

Anwendung von Langzeit kultiviert Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay zur Beurteilung Effektor und Gedächtnis-T-Zell-Antworten in Cattle

Effector and memory T cells are generated through developmental programing of na&#239;ve cells following antigen recognition. If the infection is ...

Development of an Antigen-driven Colitis Model to Study Presentation of Antigens by Antigen Presenting Cells to T Cells

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammation which affects the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). One of the best ways to study the immunological mechanisms involved during the disease is the T cell transfer model of colitis. In this model, immunodeficient mice (RAG-/- recipients) are reconstituted with naive CD4+ T cells from healthy wild type hosts.
This model allows examination of the earliest immunological events leading to disease and chronic inflammation, when the gut inflammation perpetuates but does not depend on a defined antigen. To study the potential role of antigen presenting cells (APCs) in the disease process, it is helpful to have an antigen-driven disease model, in which a defined commensal-derived antigen leads to colitis. An antigen driven-colitis model has hence been developed. In this model OT-II CD4+ T cells, that can recognize only specific epitopes in the OVA protein, are transferred into RAG-/- hosts challenged with CFP-OVA-expressing E. coli. This model allows the examination of interactions between APCs and T cells in the lamina propria.

In this antigen-driven colitis model, OT-II CD4+ T cells expressing a red fluorescent protein were adoptively transferred into RAG-/- mice that express a green fluorescent protein in mononuclear phagocytes (MPs). The hosts were challenged with Escherichia coli (E.coli) expressing the ovalbumin protein (OVA) fused to a cyan fluorescent protein (CFP).

Entwicklung einer Präsentation von Antigenen zu studieren Antigen-driven ulcerosa Modell durch Antigen-präsentierende Zellen zu T-Zellen präsentieren

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammation which affects the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). One of the best ways to study the immunological ...

A Method to Assess Fc-mediated Effector Functions Induced by Influenza Hemagglutinin Specific Antibodies

Antibodies play a crucial role in coupling the innate and adaptive immune responses against viral pathogens through their antigen binding domains and Fc-regions. Here, we describe how to measure the activation of Fc effector functions by monoclonal antibodies targeting the influenza virus hemagglutinin with the use of a genetically engineered Jurkat cell line expressing an activating type 1 Fc-Fc&#947;R. Using this method, the contribution of specific Fc-Fc&#947;R interactions conferred by immunoglobulins can be determined using an in vitro assay.

We describe a method to measure the activation of Fc-mediated effector functions by antibodies that target the influenza virus hemagglutinin. This assay can also be adapted to assess the ability of monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal sera targeting other viral surface glycoproteins to induce Fc-mediated immunity.

Eine Methode zur Bewertung von Fc-vermittelten Effektor-Funktionen durch Influenza Hämagglutinin spezifische Antikörper induziert

Antibodies play a crucial role in coupling the innate and adaptive immune responses against viral pathogens through their antigen binding domains and ...

Optimized Interferon-gamma ELISpot Assay to Measure T Cell Responses in the Guinea Pig Model after Vaccination

The guinea pig has played a pivotal role as a relevant small animal model in the development of vaccines for infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, influenza, diphtheria, and viral hemorrhagic fevers. We have demonstrated that plasmid-DNA (pDNA) vaccine delivery into the skin elicits robust humoral responses in the guinea pig. However, the use of this animal to model immune responses was somewhat limited in the past due to the lack of available reagents and protocols to study T cell responses. T cells play a pivotal role in both immunoprophylactic and immunotherapeutic mechanisms. Understanding T cell responses is crucial for the development of infectious disease and oncology vaccines and accommodating delivery devices. Here we describe an interferon-gamma (IFN-&#947;) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay for guinea pig peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The assay enables researchers to characterize vaccine-specific T-cell responses in this important rodent model. The ability to assay cells isolated from the peripheral blood provides the opportunity to track immunogenicity in individual animals.

The development of the interferon-gamma ELISpot assay for guinea pig PBMCs allows the characterization of T-cell responses in this highly relevant model for studying infectious diseases. We have applied the assay to measure T cell responses associated with intradermal delivery of DNA vaccines.

Optimierte Interferon-Gamma ELISpot Assay zur Maßnahme T-Zell-Antworten im Meerschweinchen-Modell nach der Impfung

The guinea pig has played a pivotal role as a relevant small animal model in the development of vaccines for infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, ...

Assessment of Human Natural Killer Cell Events Driven by Fc&#947;RIIIa Engagement in the Presence of Therapeutic Antibodies

One mechanism of action for clinical efficacy by therapeutic antibodies is the promotion of immune-related functions, such as cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity, driven by Fc&#947;RIIIa (CD16) expressed on natural killer (NK) cells. These observations have led to research focusing on methods to increase Fc receptor-mediated events, which include removal of a fucose moiety found on the Fc portion of the antibody. Further studies have elucidated the mechanistic changes in signaling, cellular processes, and cytotoxic characteristics that increase ADCC activity with afucosylated antibodies. Additionally, other studies have shown the potential benefits of these antibodies in combination with small molecule inhibitors. These experiments demonstrated the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the benefits of using afucosylated antibodies in combination settings. Many of these observations were based on an artificial in vitro activation assay in which the Fc&#947;RIIIa on human NK cells was activated by therapeutic antibodies. This assay provided the flexibility to study downstream effector NK cell functions, such as cytokine production and degranulation. In addition, this assay has been used to interrogate signaling pathways and identify molecules that can be modulated or used as biomarkers. Finally, other therapeutic molecules (i.e., small molecule inhibitors) have been added to the system to provide insights into the combination of these therapeutics with therapeutic antibodies, which is essential in the current clinical space. This manuscript aims to provide a technical foundation for performing this artificial human NK cell activation assay. The protocol demonstrates key steps for cell activation as well as potential downstream applications that range from functional readouts to more mechanistic observations.

A protocol for studying Fc&#947;RIIIa-driven events by therapeutic antibodies in human natural killer cells is described here. This artificial stimulation platform permits the interrogation of downstream effector functions such as degranulation, chemokine/cytokine production, and signaling pathways mediated by the Fc&#947;RIIIa and Fc portions of antibodies involved in binding.

Bewertung menschlicher natürlicher Killerzellereignisse, die durch fcγRIIIa Engagement in Gegenwart therapeutischer Antikörper angetrieben werden

One mechanism of action for clinical efficacy by therapeutic antibodies is the promotion of immune-related functions, such as cytokine secretion and ...

Etablierung einer 2D-Monoschicht aus 3D-Rinder-Ilealenteroidkulturen

Generation of a Bovine Primary Enteroid-Derived Two-Dimensional Monolayer Culture System for Applications in Translational Biomedical Research

Organoid cell culture systems can recapitulate the complexity observed in tissues, making them useful in studying host-pathogen interactions, evaluating drug efficacy and toxicity, and tissue bioengineering. However, applying these models for the described reasons may be limited because of the three-dimensional (3D) nature of these models. For example, using 3D enteroid culture systems to study digestive diseases is challenging due to the inaccessibility of the intestinal lumen and its secreted substances. Indeed, stimulation of 3D organoids with pathogens requires either luminal microinjection, mechanical disruption of the 3D structure, or generation of apical-out enteroids. Moreover, these organoids cannot be co-cultured with immune and stromal cells, limiting in-depth mechanistic analysis into pathophysiological dynamics. To circumvent this, we optimized a bovine primary cell two-dimensional (2D) enteroid-derived monolayer culture system, allowing co-culture with other relevant cell types. Ileal crypts isolated from healthy adult cattle were cultured to generate 3D organoids that were cryopreserved for future use. A 2D monolayer was created using revived 3D enteroids that were passaged and disrupted to yield single cells, which were seeded on basement membrane extract-coated transwell cell culture inserts, thereby exposing their apical surface. The intestinal monolayer polarity, cellular differentiation, and barrier function were characterized using immunofluorescence microscopy and measuring transepithelial electrical resistance. Stimulation of the apical surface of the monolayer revealed the expected functionality of the monolayer, as demonstrated by cytokine secretion from both apical and basal compartments. The described 2D enteroid-derived monolayer model holds great promise in investigating host-pathogen interactions and intestinal physiology, drug development, and regenerative medicine.

Autor im Rampenlicht: Fortschrittliches enteroides Modell zur Untersuchung von Wirt-Pathogen-Interaktionen 

Enteroids are emerging as a novel model for studying tissue physiology and pathophysiology, drug development, and regenerative medicine. Here, we describe a bovine primary cell 2D enteroid-derived culture system that permits co-culture with relevant tissue cell types. This model offers a translational advantage for gastrointestinal research modeling.

Generierung eines bovinen primären enteroiden zweidimensionalen Monolayer-Kultursystems für Anwendungen in der translationalen biomedizinischen Forschung

Organoid cell culture systems can recapitulate the complexity observed in tissues, making them useful in studying host-pathogen interactions, evaluating ...

Entwicklung eines

Zusammenfassung

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Anwendung von Langzeit kultiviert Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay zur Beurteilung Effektor und Gedächtnis-T-Zell-Antworten in Cattle

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Bewertung menschlicher natürlicher Killerzellereignisse, die durch fcγRIIIa Engagement in Gegenwart therapeutischer Antikörper angetrieben werden

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Generierung eines bovinen primären enteroiden zweidimensionalen Monolayer-Kultursystems für Anwendungen in der translationalen biomedizinischen Forschung