This study was supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant (371697-2011, AT). The authors want to acknowledge the help of bariatric surgeons Drs S. Biron, F-S. Hould, S. Lebel, O. Lescelleur, P. Marceau as well as Christine Racine and Caroline Gagnon from the IUCPQ Tissue Bank. We thank Mr Jacques Cadorette from the IUCPQ&#8217;s audiovisual services for video shooting and editing.

Ethics Statement: Das Projekt wurde von Forschungsethikkommission IUCPQ die vor der Rekrutierung von Patienten zugelassen. Für die Zwecke dieses Artikels / Video, erhalten wir Gewebe von 2 Patienten: 1) ein 62 Jahre alten männlichen Patienten mit einem BMI von 50,7 kg / m 2 und 2) eine 35-jährige Patientin mit einem BMI von 57 kg / m 2. Experimente können mit beiden Fettkompartimente geführt werden, sondern müssen eine Fettkammer für die Zwecke dieser Video beschränkt. Technische Aspekte der Video wurden mit Patienten-1 durchgeführt, und FABP4 Immunofluoreszenz wurde mit undifferenzierten Zellen von Patienten 2 durchgeführt. 1. Probenbearbeitung <ol><li> Frag Chirurgen Fettgewebe aus den omentalis und subkutane Fett Fächer bei der laparoskopischen Adipositaschirurgie zu sammeln. </li><li> Bringen schnell adipose Proben an das Labor bei RT und sofort verarbeitet. </li><li> Führen Verdauung im Labor, in einer nicht sterilen Atmosphäre. DieZellen werden schließlich zu dem Kulturraum überführt und unter sterilen Bedingungen kultiviert werden. Um Verunreinigungen zu vermeiden, bereiten KRH-Puffer mit destilliertem Wasser und filtriert, und folgen Sie durch eine Filtration (0,22 um Filter) vor dem Aufschluss. Gründlich reinigen Rohre mit Ethanol vor Transfer in die Zellkultur Haube für Kolben und Plattenherstellung. </li><li> Zeigen Fettgewebe auf einem bereits gewichtet Gericht und Rekordgewicht. Fix ein kleines Stück von jeder Gewebeprobe (weniger als 1 cm 2) in 10% Formalin-Puffer bei Raumtemperatur mindestens 24 Stunden vor der Paraffineinbettung. Verwenden Sie diese eingebetteten Probe für die Immunhistochemie Experimente (Technik nicht gezeigt). </li><li> Stellen Sie ein weiteres Stück in einem 50-ml-Tube und Flash-freeze in flüssigem Stickstoff vor der Lagerung bei -80 ° C für weitere Studien auf ganzen Fettgewebe (zB Genexpression - Technik nicht gezeigt). </li></ol> 2. Kollagenaseverdau <ol><li> Legen Sie die übrigen Fettgewebe Stück in einem 50 ml-tuist für die Verdauung. </li><li> 4 ml KRH-WB mit Collagenase (350 U / ml) ergänzt pro Gramm Probe in dem Aufschlußbehälter. </li><li> Hackfleisch Fettgewebe mit einer Schere. </li><li> Platzieren Hackfleisch Fettgewebe Suspension in einem Schüttler bei 37 ° C, 90 Upm maximale, für eine 45-minütige Inkubation (für 1 h). </li></ol> 3. Reinigung von Adipozyten und Präadipozyten <ol><li> Gießen Sie das durchscheinende Lösung mit wenigen Stücke von Fett durch ein 400 &amp; mgr; M Nylon Netz in einen Kunststoffbecher. </li><li> Mit Pinzette, reiben Sie die Zellpräparation auf der Nylon-Mesh und wäscht mit 5 ml KRH-WB. </li><li> Die filtrierte Zellsuspension in ein 50 ml Röhrchen mit dem Kunststoffschlauch in ihm und einer 60 cm³-Spritze am Rohrglied befestigbar zart zu übertragen. </li><li> Lassen Sie die Suspension mit reifen Fettzellen stehen für etwa 10 Minuten, so dass die Zellen an die Spitze des Puffers durch Flotation zu erreichen. </li><li> Langsam absaugen Puffer am Boden des Röhrchens mit 60cc syringe Absaugung. </li><li> 20 ml KRH-WB zu waschen. Wiederholen Sie ab Schritt 3.4 für 2 zusätzliche Wäschen. </li><li> Sammeln Sie den Puffer, um die Adipozyten Suspension bis zu einem Endvolumen von 5 bzw. 10 ml zu bringen, abhängig von der Zellmenge. Verfolgen Sie mit den Schritten in Abschnitt 5. </li><li> Wiederherstellen des Stroma-Kreisfraktion aus der mit dem 60 cm³-Spritze durch Zentrifugation (3000 rpm, RT, 5 min) zur weiteren primären Zellkultur gesammelt falls Puffer (Technik nicht gezeigt). </li></ol> 4. Mature Adipocyte Zellzahl <ol><li> Last 10 ul sanft geschüttelt Adipozyten-Suspension in einer Zählkammer (Hämozytometer). Führen Zellzahl in vierfacher Ausfertigung. </li><li> Berechnung der Anzahl der isolierten reifen Zellen. </li></ol> 5. Mature Adipocyte Dedifferenzierung in T-25-Kolben <ol><li> Ein 25 cm 2 Zellkulturflasche auf das Volumen mit DMEM / F12-20% Kälberserum ¾ füllen. </li><li> Nach Zellzahl, gießen 500.000 reifen Zellen in den Kolben. </li&gt; <li> Der Kolben wird komplett mit einem 50 ml Röhrchen mit Medium Füllen Sie und entfernen Sie so viele Blasen wie möglich. </li><li> Schrauben Sie den unbelüfteten Kappe auf den Kolben. </li><li> Der Kolben wird mit Ethanol vor der Inkubation zur Vermeidung von Verunreinigungen zu säubern. </li><li> Die Flasche auf den Kopf für eine Woche Inkubation ohne es zu berühren, um eine Bewegung in der Kultur, die Zelladhärenzfaktor stören könnten. </li><li> Vor der Umkehr des Kolbens bei 7 Tagen nach der umgekehrten Kultur vorsichtig die Flasche zu manipulieren und entfernen Sie alle Medium im Kolben durch Aspiration, die Vermeidung abrupter Bewegungen. </li><li> Fügen Sie 12 ml DMEM-F12-20% Kälberserum und pflegen Zellen mit Standardtechniken. Eine gefilterte, belüfteten Kappe kann in den Kolben gegeben werden. </li></ol> 6. Mature Adipocyte Dedifferenzierung in einer 6-Well-Platte <ol><li> Legen Sie ein Deckglas auf dem Boden jeder Vertiefung einer Platte mit 6 Vertiefungen </li><li> Fügen Sie einen ½ &quot;Kunststoffbuchse auf der jeweils Deckglas. </li><li> Füllen Vertiefungen mit 8 ml 20% Kälberserum-DMEM Medium. </li><li> Setzen Sie ein Deckglas auf jedem Kunststoffbuchse. </li><li> Legen Pipettenspitze zwischen dem Schieber und dem Rohr, Zellen unter dem Objektträger zu injizieren (50.000 Zellen pro Vertiefung). </li><li> Platten in einem Standardzellkulturbrutschrank bei 37 ° C mit 5% CO 2 für eine Woche. </li><li> Reverse Deckglas mit anhaftenden Zellen in jeder Vertiefung, die 2 ml Medium mit 20% Kälberserum und verfolgen Kultur. </li><li> Verwenden Deck mit Zellen, die eine Dedifferenzierung für mehrere Zwecke, einschließlich Immunfluoreszenz (Technik nicht gezeigt). </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Zhang, H. H., Kumar, S., Barnett, A. H., Eggo, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ceiling+culture+of+mature+human+adipocytes:+use+in+studies+of+adipocyte+functions.">Ceiling culture of mature human adipocytes: use in studies of adipocyte functions.</a> J Endocrinol. 164 (2), 119-128 (2000).</li><li>Matsumoto, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mature+adipocyte-derived+dedifferentiated+fat+cells+exhibit+multilineage+potential.">Mature adipocyte-derived dedifferentiated fat cells exhibit multilineage potential.</a> J Cell Physiol. 215 (1), 210-222 (2008).</li><li>Poloni, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+dedifferentiated+adipocytes+show+similar+properties+to+bone+marrow-derived+mesenchymal+stem+cells.">Human dedifferentiated adipocytes show similar properties to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.</a> Stem Cells. 30 (5), 965-974 (2012).</li><li>Perrini, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+in+gene+expression+and+cytokine+release+profiles+highlight+the+heterogeneity+of+distinct+subsets+of+adipose+tissue-derived+stem+cells+in+the+subcutaneous+and+visceral+adipose+tissue+in+humans.">Differences in gene expression and cytokine release profiles highlight the heterogeneity of distinct subsets of adipose tissue-derived stem cells in the subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in humans.</a> PLoS One. 8 (3), e57892 (2013).</li><li>Kishimoto, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+osteoblastic+differentiation+ability+of+human+dedifferentiated+fat+cells+is+higher+than+that+of+adipose+stem+cells+from+the+buccal+fat+pad.">The osteoblastic differentiation ability of human dedifferentiated fat cells is higher than that of adipose stem cells from the buccal fat pad.</a> Clin Oral Investig. , (2013).</li><li>Kou, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+phenotype+and+tissue-specific+nature+of+multipotent+cells+derived+from+human+mature+adipocytes.">The phenotype and tissue-specific nature of multipotent cells derived from human mature adipocytes.</a> Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 444 (4), 543-548 (2014).</li><li>Jumabay, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pluripotent+stem+cells+derived+from+mouse+and+human+white+mature+adipocytes.">Pluripotent stem cells derived from mouse and human white mature adipocytes.</a> Stem Cells Transl Med. 3 (2), 161-171 (2014).</li><li>Sugawara, A., Sato, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+dedifferentiated+fat+cells+for+periodontal+tissue+regeneration.">Application of dedifferentiated fat cells for periodontal tissue regeneration.</a> Hum Cell. 27 (1), 12-21 (2014).</li><li>Kikuta, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteogenic+effects+of+dedifferentiated+fat+cell+transplantation+in+rabbit+models+of+bone+defect+and+ovariectomy-induced+osteoporosis.">Osteogenic effects of dedifferentiated fat cell transplantation in rabbit models of bone defect and ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis.</a> Tissue Eng Part A. 19 (15-16), 1792-1802 (2013).</li><li>Obinata, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transplantation+of+mature+adipocyte-derived+dedifferentiated+fat+(DFAT)+cells+improves+urethral+sphincter+contractility+in+a+rat+model.">Transplantation of mature adipocyte-derived dedifferentiated fat (DFAT) cells improves urethral sphincter contractility in a rat model.</a> Int J Urol. 18 (12), 827-834 (2011).</li><li>Jumabay, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dedifferentiated+fat+cells+convert+to+cardiomyocyte+phenotype+and+repair+infarcted+cardiac+tissue+in+rats.">Dedifferentiated fat cells convert to cardiomyocyte phenotype and repair infarcted cardiac tissue in rats.</a> J Mol Cell Cardiol. 47 (5), 565-575 (2009).</li><li>Ohta, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mature+adipocyte-derived+cells,+dedifferentiated+fat+cells+(DFAT),+promoted+functional+recovery+from+spinal+cord+injury-induced+motor+dysfunction+in+rats.">Mature adipocyte-derived cells, dedifferentiated fat cells (DFAT), promoted functional recovery from spinal cord injury-induced motor dysfunction in rats.</a> Cell Transplant. 17 (8), 877-886 (2008).</li><li>Moreno-Navarrete, J. M. F. -. r., Symonds, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ch.+2.">Ch. 2.</a> Adipose Tissue Biology. , 17-38 (2012).</li><li>Poulos, S. P., Dodson, M. V., Hausman, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+line+models+for+differentiation:+preadipocytes+and+adipocytes.">Cell line models for differentiation: preadipocytes and adipocytes.</a> Exp Biol Med (Maywood. 235 (10), 1185-1193 (2010).</li><li>Casteilla, L., Penicaud, L., Cousin, B., Calise, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Choosing+an+adipose+tissue+depot+for+sampling:+factors+in+selection+and+depot+specificity).">Choosing an adipose tissue depot for sampling: factors in selection and depot specificity).</a> Methods Mol Biol. 456, 23-38 (2008).</li><li>Tchernof, A., Despres, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathophysiology+of+human+visceral+obesity:+an+update.">Pathophysiology of human visceral obesity: an update.</a> Physiol Rev. 93 (1), 359-404 (2013).</li><li>Rodbell, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolism+of+Isolated+Fat+Cells.+I.+Effects+of+Hormones+on+Glucose+Metabolism+and+Lipolysis.">Metabolism of Isolated Fat Cells. I. Effects of Hormones on Glucose Metabolism and Lipolysis.</a> J Biol Chem. 239, 375-380 (1964).</li><li>Watson, J. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+Markers+and+Functional+Attributes+of+Human+Adipose-Derived+Stem+Cells+and+Dedifferentiated+Adipocyte+Cells+from+Subcutaneous+Fat+of+an+Obese+Diabetic+Donor.">Comparison of Markers and Functional Attributes of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells and Dedifferentiated Adipocyte Cells from Subcutaneous Fat of an Obese Diabetic Donor.</a> Adv Wound Care. 3 (3), 219-228 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Entdifferenzierung von reifen Fettzellen mit der Decke Kulturtechnik ist ein neues Konzept für die Fettgewebestammzellen aus einer kleinen Probe von einheimischen Fettgewebe erhalten. Aufgrund unserer Erfahrungen und die der anderen 2 ist ein Gramm Gewebe ausreichend, um eine 25-cm 2-Kolben Platte und eine Bevölkerung von DFAT Zellen, für die Homogenität von Poloni und Mitarbeiter 3 gezeigt zu erhalten. Adipocyte Entdifferenzierung scheint mit Zellen von jedem Spender möglich, unabh...

In vitro dedifferentiation of mature adipocytes is achieved through a technique called ceiling culture1. Because of their natural tendency to float in aqueous solutions, isolated mature adipocytes adhere to the surface of an inverted flask fully filled with culture medium. Over a few days, cells modify their spherical morphology and become fibroblast-like cells. The resulting cells, called dedifferentiated fat (DFAT) cells, are multipotent2. Research articles on adipocyte dedifferentiation, especially on human cells, are limited. However, they have already provided interesting information regarding multipotency, cell phenotype and replicative capacity of DFAT cells2. Mature adipocytes originating from various fat compartments have been successfully dedifferentiated including those originating from human visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues2-4. In addition to these depots, Kishimoto and collaborators sampled adipose tissue from the buccal fat pads and dedifferentiated adipocytes into DFAT cells5. Matsumoto and collaborators successfully generated subcutaneous DFAT cells from patients covering a wide range of ages, and the majority of cells had a high proliferative rate and less than 6% of senescence even after 10 passages in culture2.
DFAT cells have been successfully re-differentiated into several lineages, including adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic and neurogenic lineages2,3,6. These cells express several embryonic stem cell markers such as Nanog and the four identified pluripotent factors Oct4, c-myc, Klf4 and Sox23. They also express markers specific to each of the three germ layers7. In addition, DFAT cells are similar to Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-derived MSC) based on their epigenetic signature3. Exploiting the stem cell capacity of DFAT cells, many groups have investigated their potential to treat or improve various diseases8,9. Improvements of pathologic conditions, such as infracted cardiac tissue, spinal cord injury and urethral sphincter dysfunction, have been observed with DFAT cell injections in rat models of disease10-12. 
In addition to the stem cell properties of DFAT cells, they may represent a new cellular model for adipocyte physiology studies. The 3T3-L1 cell line is often used for this purpose as these cells differentiate into adherent, lipid-storing adipocytes under adipogenic stimulation13. However, these cells originate from mouse embryo tissue13. Also, depot-specificity cannot be investigated with this model and it may not fully reflect human adipocyte physiology14. Other laboratories work with isolated adipose cells from murine fat depots, but fat distribution is not dimorphic in mice and anatomical configuration of the rodent's abdominal cavity prevents from extrapolating directly to humans15. In order to study adipocytes in the context of the physiopathology of human obesity, consideration of body fat distribution and fat depot-specific differences has become essential16. Some limitations of primary preadipocyte cultures, including cell quantities obtained from adipose tissue biopsy samples and their senescence after a few passages in culture, created the need for alternate models. Perrini and collaborators investigated depot-specificity in gene expression of DFAT cells originating from visceral and subcutaneous fat and compared them to adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) from the same fat depot. They demonstrated that differences in gene expression and function where mainly found between depots than between cell types, suggesting that DFAT cells are physiologically close to ASC from the same depot. DFAT cells may represent an interesting alternative to available models for studies on fat distribution in the pathophysiology of human obesity. Moreover, ceiling culture is a promising method to obtain adult stem cells for tissue engineering purposes. 
Here, we describe collagenase digestion, a widely-used technique to isolate mature adipocytes from the subcutaneous and/or visceral fat samples17, and the subsequent steps to perform ceiling culture and dedifferentiate these cells into multipotent, fibroblast-like cells.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adenosine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A4036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ascorbic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A0278</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any brand can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any brand can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any brand can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any brand can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any brand can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any brand can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any brand can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Type I collagenase</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochemical Corp</td>
			<td>LS-004196</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F-12, HEPES, no phenol red</td>
			<td>Gibco-Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11039-021</td>
			<td>Add to medium : 20% calf serum, gentamicin (50&#181;g/ml) and fungizone (2.5&#181;g/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calf Serum, iron supplemented, from formula-fed calves</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C8056-500ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/2 In plastic bushing</td>
			<td>Iberville</td>
			<td>2704-CP</td>
			<td>SKU:1000120918 (Home Depot)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Liquid nitrogen</td>
			<td>Linde</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formalin soluton, neutral buffered, 10%</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>HT501128</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile tweezers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile scissors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60cc syringes</td>
			<td>BD Syringe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic tubing</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Krebs-Ringer-Henseleit stock buffer (KRH)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Prepare stock buffer as following: 25mM HEPES pH7.6, 125mM NaCl, 3.73mM KCl, 5mM CaCl2.2H2O, 2.5mM MgCl2.6H2O, 1mM K2HPO4. Adjust pH to 7.4.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Krebs-Ringer-Henseleit-Working Buffer (KRH-WB)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Add the following components freshly to KRH buffer: 4% bovine serum albumin, 5mM glucose, 0.1&#181;M adenosine, 560 &#181;M ascorbic acid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KRH-WB supplemented with Type I collagenase</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Add 350U/ml of Type I collagenase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T25 unvented cap tissue culture flask</td>
			<td>Sarsted or other brand</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well tissue culture plate</td>
			<td>BD Falcon or other brand</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope cover glass 22x22</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-542-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile beakers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of human adipose stem cells through dedifferentiation of mature adipocytes in ceiling cultures

Mature adipocytes have been shown to reverse their phenotype into fibroblast-like cells in vitro through a technique called ceiling culture. Mature adipocytes can also be isolated from fresh adipose tissue for depot-specific characterization of their function and metabolic properties. Here, we describe a well-established protocol to isolate mature adipocytes from adipose tissues using collagenase digestion, and subsequent steps to perform ceiling cultures. Briefly, adipose tissues are incubated in a Krebs-Ringer-Henseleit buffer containing collagenase to disrupt tissue matrix. Floating mature adipocytes are collected on the top surface of the buffer. Mature cells are plated in a T25-flask completely filled with media and incubated upside down for a week. An alternative 6-well plate culture approach allows the characterization of adipocytes undergoing dedifferentiation. Adipocyte morphology drastically changes over time of culture. Immunofluorescence can be easily performed on slides cultivated in 6-well plates as demonstrated by FABP4 immunofluorescence staining. FABP4 protein is present in mature adipocytes but down-regulated through dedifferentiation of fat cells. Mature adipocyte dedifferentiation may represent a new avenue for cell therapy and tissue engineering.

Wichtige morphologische Veränderungen auftreten, um Fettzellen während der Entdifferenzierung (Abbildung 1) zu reifen. Wie in Figur 2 gezeigt ist, wurden Zellen, die eine Dedifferenzierung mit einem Anti FABP4 Antikörper zur Fluoreszenz-Analyse gefärbt. Zellen mit einem runden Morphologie äußerte die FABP4 Protein, während die Mehrheit der Fibroblasten-ähnlichen Zellen nicht. Nach Entdifferenzierung kann DFAT Zellen mit Standardverfahren für mehrere Passagen kultiviert werden. ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Human Adipose Stem Cells through Dedifferentiation of Mature Adipocytes in Ceiling Cultures at JoVE.com

Generation of Human Adipose Stem Cells through Dedifferentiation of Mature Adipocytes in Ceiling Cultures

Mature adipocytes may represent an abundant source of stem cells through dedifferentiation, which leads to a homogenous population of fibroblast-like cells. Collagenase digestion is used to isolate mature adipocytes from human fat. The goal of our protocol is to obtain multipotent, dedifferentiated fat cells from human mature adipocytes.

Generation of Human Fettgewebestammzellen durch Dedifferenzierung der Reife Adipozyten in Decken Kulturen

Mature adipocytes have been shown to reverse their phenotype into fibroblast-like cells in vitro through a technique called ceiling culture. Mature ...

generation-human-adipose-stem-cells-through-dedifferentiation-mature

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

11.6K Aufrufe.  IUCPQ Research Center. Mature adipocytes may represent an abundant source of stem cells through dedifferentiation, which leads to a homogenous population of fibroblast-like cells. Collagenase digestion is used to isolate mature adipocytes from human fat. The goal of our protocol is to obtain multipotent, dedifferentiated fat cells from human mature adipocytes.

Serie: Generation of Human Adipose Stem Cells through Dedifferentiation of Mature Adipocytes in Ceiling Cultures

Isolation and Enrichment of Human Adipose-derived Stromal Cells for Enhanced Osteogenesis

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) are considered the gold standard for stem cell-based tissue engineering applications. However, the process by which they must be harvested can be associated with significant donor site morbidity. In contrast, adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) are more readily abundant and more easily harvested, making them an appealing alternative to BM-MSCs. Like BM-MSCs, ASCs can differentiate into osteogenic lineage cells and can be used in tissue engineering applications, such as seeding onto scaffolds for use in craniofacial skeletal defects. ASCs are obtained from the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of digested adipose tissue, which is a heterogeneous mixture of ASCs, vascular endothelial and mural cells, smooth muscle cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, and circulating cells. Flow cytometric analysis has shown that the surface marker profile for ASCs is similar to that for BM-MSCs. Despite several published reports establishing markers for the ASC phenotype, there is still a lack of consensus over profiles identifying osteoprogenitor cells in this heterogeneous population. This protocol describes how to isolate and use a subpopulation of ASCs with enhanced osteogenic capacity to repair critical-sized calvarial defects.

The transcriptional heterogeneity within human adipose-derived stromal cells can be defined on the single cell level using cell surface markers and osteogenic genes. We describe a protocol utilizing flow cytometry for the isolation of cell subpopulations with increased osteogenic potential, which may be used to enhance craniofacial skeletal reconstruction.

Isolierung und Anreicherung von menschlichen Fettgewebe gewonnene Stromazellen für verbesserte Osteogenesis

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) are considered the gold standard for stem cell-based tissue engineering applications. However, the ...

Forschung

Entwicklungsbiologie

Generation of Integration-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Hair-derived Keratinocytes

Recent advances in reprogramming allow us to turn somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Disease modeling using patient-specific hiPSCs allows the study of the underlying mechanism for pathogenesis, also providing a platform for the development of in vitro drug screening and gene therapy to improve treatment options. The promising potential of hiPSCs for regenerative medicine is also evident from the increasing number of publications (>7000) on iPSCs in recent years. Various cell types from distinct lineages have been successfully used for hiPSC generation, including skin fibroblasts, hematopoietic cells and epidermal keratinocytes. While skin biopsies and blood collection are routinely performed in many labs as a source of somatic cells for the generation of hiPSCs, the collection and subsequent derivation of hair keratinocytes are less commonly used. Hair-derived keratinocytes represent a non-invasive approach to obtain cell samples from patients. Here we outline a simple non-invasive method for the derivation of keratinocytes from plucked hair. We also provide instructions for maintenance of keratinocytes and subsequent reprogramming to generate integration-free hiPSC using episomal vectors.

This manuscript provides a step-by-step procedure for the derivation and maintenance of human keratinocytes from plucked hair and subsequent generation of integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) by episomal vectors.

Generation der Integration freie Menschen induzierten pluripotenten Stammzellen Mit Haarstamm Keratinozyten

Recent advances in reprogramming allow us to turn somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Disease modeling using ...

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral T Cells Using Sendai Virus in Feeder-free Conditions

Recently, iPSCs have attracted attention as a new source of cells for regenerative therapies. Although the initial method for generating iPSCs relied on dermal fibroblasts obtained by invasive biopsy and retroviral genomic insertion of transgenes, there have been many efforts to avoid these disadvantages. Human peripheral T cells are a unique cell source for generating iPSCs. iPSCs derived from T cells contain rearrangements of the T cell receptor (TCR) genes and are a source of antigen-specific T cells. Additionally, T cell receptor rearrangement in the genome has the potential to label individual cell lines and distinguish between transplanted and donor cells. For safe clinical application of iPSCs, it is important to minimize the risk of exposing newly generated iPSCs to harmful agents. Although fetal bovine serum and feeder cells have been essential for pluripotent stem cell culture, it is preferable to remove them from the culture system to reduce the risk of unpredictable pathogenicity. To address this, we have established a protocol for generating iPSCs from human peripheral T cells using Sendai virus to reduce the risk of exposing iPSCs to undefined pathogens. Although handling Sendai virus requires equipment with the appropriate biosafety level, Sendai virus infects activated T cells without genome insertion, yet with high efficiency. In this protocol, we demonstrate the generation of iPSCs from human peripheral T cells in feeder-free conditions using a combination of activated T cell culture and Sendai virus.

This protocol describes how to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from human peripheral T cells in feeder-free conditions using a combination of matrigel and Sendai virus vectors containing reprogramming factors.

Erzeugung von induzierten pluripotenten Stammzellen aus menschlichen peripheren T-Zellen Mit Sendai Virus in Feeder-freien Bedingungen

Recently, iPSCs have attracted attention as a new source of cells for regenerative therapies. Although the initial method for generating iPSCs relied on ...

Generation of Genetically Modified Organotypic Skin Cultures Using Devitalized Human Dermis

Organotypic cultures allow the reconstitution of a 3D environment critical for cell-cell contact and cell-matrix interactions which mimics the function and physiology of their in vivo tissue counterparts. This is exemplified by organotypic skin cultures which faithfully recapitulates the epidermal differentiation and stratification program. Primary human epidermal keratinocytes are genetically manipulable through retroviruses where genes can be easily overexpressed or knocked down. These genetically modified keratinocytes can then be used to regenerate human epidermis in organotypic skin cultures providing a powerful model to study genetic pathways impacting epidermal growth, differentiation, and disease progression. The protocols presented here describe methods to prepare devitalized human dermis as well as to genetically manipulate primary human keratinocytes in order to generate organotypic skin cultures. Regenerated human skin can be used in downstream applications such as gene expression profiling, immunostaining, and chromatin immunoprecipitations followed by high throughput sequencing. Thus, generation of these genetically modified organotypic skin cultures will allow the determination of genes that are critical for maintaining skin homeostasis.

The goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive and detailed protocol on how to generate genetically modified human organotypic skin from epidermal keratinocytes and devitalized human dermis.

Herstellung von genetisch veränderten Organotypische Hautkulturen Mit devitalisierten Menschen Dermis

Organotypic cultures allow the reconstitution of a 3D environment critical for cell-cell contact and cell-matrix interactions which mimics the function ...

Isolation and Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells from Porcine Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues

Obesity is an unconstrained worldwide epidemic. Unraveling molecular controls in adipose tissue development holds promise to treat obesity or diabetes. Although numerous immortalized adipogenic cell lines have been established, adipose-derived stem cells from the stromal vascular fraction of subcutaneous white adipose tissues provide a reliable cellular system ex vivo much closer to adipose development in vivo. Pig adipose-derived stem cells (pADSC) are isolated from 7- to 9-day old piglets. The dorsal white fat depot of porcine subcutaneous adipose tissues is sliced, minced and collagenase digested. These pADSC exhibit strong potential to differentiate into adipocytes. Moreover, the pADSC also possess multipotency, assessed by selective stem cell markers, to differentiate into various mesenchymal cell types including adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. These pADSC can be used for clarification of molecular switches in regulating classical adipocyte differentiation or in direction to other mesenchymal cell types of mesodermal origin. Furthermore, extended lineages into cells of ectodermal and endodermal origin have recently been achieved. Therefore, pADSC derived in this protocol provide an abundant and assessable source of adult mesenchymal stem cells with full multipotency for studying adipose development and application to tissue engineering of regenerative medicine.

This protocol describes the isolation of pig adipose-derived stem cells (pADSC) from subcutaneous adipose tissues with examination of multipotency. The multipotent pADSC are used to delineate processes of adipocyte differentiation and study transdifferentiation into multiple cell lineages of mesodermal mesenchyme or further lineages of ectoderm and endoderm for regenerative studies.

Isolierung und Differenzierung von Fettgewebe gewonnenen Stammzellen aus Porcine Subkutan Fettgewebes

Obesity is an unconstrained worldwide epidemic. Unraveling molecular controls in adipose tissue development holds promise to treat obesity or diabetes. ...

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Melanoma Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes

Adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can mediate durable and complete responses in significant subsets of patients with metastatic melanoma. Major obstacles of this approach are the reduced viability of transferred T cells, caused by telomere shortening, and the limited number of TILs obtained from patients. Less-differentiated T cells with long telomeres would be an ideal T cell subset for adoptive T cell therapy;however, generating large numbers of these less-differentiated T cells is problematic. This limitation of adoptive T cell therapy can be theoretically overcome by using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that self-renew, maintain pluripotency, have elongated telomeres, and provide an unlimited source of autologous T cells for immunotherapy. Here, we present a protocol to generate iPSCs using Sendai virus vectors for the transduction of reprogramming factors into TILs. This protocol generates fully reprogrammed, vector-free clones. These TIL-derived iPSCs might be able to generate less-differentiated patient- and tumor-specific T cells for adoptive T cell therapy.

The goal of this protocol is to show the protocol for reprogramming melanoma tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes into induced pluripotent stem cells.

Die Erzeugung von induzierten pluripotenten Stammzellen aus menschlichen Melanom-Tumor-infiltrierenden Lymphozyten

Adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can mediate durable and complete responses in significant subsets ...

Generation of Integration-free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Episomal Vectors

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for disease modeling and regenerative therapies. We previously reported the use of Episomal Vectors (EV) to generate integration-free iPSCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PB MNCs). The episomal vectors used are DNA plasmids incorporated with oriP and EBNA1 elements from the Epstein-Barr (EB) virus, which&#160;allow for replication and long-term retainment of plasmids in mammalian cells, respectively. With further optimization, thousands of iPSC colonies can be obtained from 1 mL of peripheral blood. Two critical factors for achieving high reprogramming efficiencies&#160;are: 1) the use of a 2A &#34;self-cleavage&#34; peptide to link OCT4 and SOX2, thus achieving equimolar expression of the two factors; 2) the use of two vectors to express MYC and KLF4 individually. Here we describe a step-by-step protocol for generating integration-free iPSCs from adult peripheral blood samples. The generated iPSCs are integration-free as residual episomal plasmids are undetectable after five passages. Although the reprogramming efficiency is comparable to that of Sendai Virus (SV) vectors, EV plasmids are considerably more economical than the commercially available SV vectors. This affordable EV reprogramming system holds potential for clinical applications in regenerative medicine and provides an approach for the direct reprogramming of PB MNCs to integration-free mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, etc.

This protocol describes a detailed method for efficient generation of integration-free iPSCs from human adult peripheral blood cells. With the use of four oriP/EBNA-based episomal vectors to express the reprogramming factors, KLF4, MYC, BCL-XL, or OCT4 and SOX2, thousands of iPSC colonies can be obtained from 1 mL of peripheral blood.

Die Erzeugung von Integration freien induzierte pluripotente Stammzellen aus menschlichen peripheren einkernigen Blutzellen Mit Episomale Vektoren

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for disease modeling and regenerative therapies. We previously reported the use of Episomal ...

Defined and Scalable Generation of Hepatocyte-like Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) possess great value for biomedical research. hPSCs can be scaled and differentiated to all cell types found in the human body. The differentiation of hPSCs to human hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) has been extensively studied, and efficient differentiation protocols have been established. The combination of extracellular matrix and biological stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, and small molecules, have made it possible to generate HLCs that resemble primary human hepatocytes. However, the majority of procedures still employ undefined components, giving rise to batch-to-batch variation. This serves as a significant barrier to the application of the technology. To tackle this issue, we developed a defined system for hepatocyte differentiation using human recombinant laminins as extracellular matrices in combination with a serum-free differentiation process. Highly efficient hepatocyte specification was achieved, with demonstrated improvements in both HLC function and phenotype. Importantly, this system is easy to scale up using research and GMP-grade hPSC lines&#160;promising advances in cell-based modelling and therapies.

The method presented here describes a scalable and good manufacturing practice (GMP)-ready differentiation system to generate human hepatocyte-like cells from pluripotent stem cells. It serves as a cost-effective and standardized system to generate human hepatocyte-like cells for basic and applied human liver research.

Definierte und Scalable Generierung von Leber-ähnlichen Zellen aus humanen pluripotenten Stammzellen

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) possess great value for biomedical research. hPSCs can be scaled and differentiated to all cell types found in the ...

Hypoxic Preconditioning of Marrow-derived Progenitor Cells As a Source for the Generation of Mature Schwann Cells

This manuscript describes a means to enrich for neural progenitors from the marrow stromal cell (MSC) population and thereafter to direct them to the mature Schwann cell fate. We subjected rat and human MSCs to transient hypoxic conditions (1% oxygen for 16 h) followed by expansion as neurospheres upon low-attachment substratum with epidermal growth factor (EGF)/basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) supplementation. Neurospheres were seeded onto poly-D-lysine/laminin-coated tissue culture plastic and cultured in a gliogenic cocktail containing &#946;-Heregulin, bFGF, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) to generate Schwann cell-like cells (SCLCs). SCLCs were directed to fate commitment via coculture for 2 weeks with purified dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons obtained from E14-15 pregnant Sprague Dawley rats. Mature Schwann cells demonstrate persistence in S100&#946;/p75 expression and can form myelin segments. Cells generated in this manner have potential applications in autologous cell transplantation following spinal cord injury, as well as in disease modeling.

Marrow stromal cells (MSCs) with neural potential exist within the bone marrow. Our protocol enriches this population of cells via hypoxic preconditioning and thereafter directs them to become mature Schwann cells.

Hypoxische Vorkonditionierung von Marrow-abgeleiteten Progenitor-Zellen als Quelle für die Erzeugung von reifen Schwann-Zellen

This manuscript describes a means to enrich for neural progenitors from the marrow stromal cell (MSC) population and thereafter to direct them to the ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and chromosome dynamics. While the germline is an excellent model, the analysis is often two dimensional due to the time and labor required for three-dimensional analysis. Major readouts in such studies are the number/position of nuclei and protein distribution within the germline. Here, we present a method to perform automated analysis of the germline using confocal microscopy and computational approaches to determine the number and position of nuclei in each region of the germline. Our method also analyzes germline protein distribution that enables the three-dimensional examination of protein expression in different genetic backgrounds. Further, our study shows variations in cytoskeletal architecture in distinct regions of the germline that may accommodate specific spatial developmental requirements. Finally, our method enables automated counting of the sperm in the spermatheca of each germline. Taken together, our method enables rapid and reproducible phenotypic analysis of the C. elegans germline.

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

We present an automated method for three-dimensional reconstruction of the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Our method determines the number and position of each nucleus within the germline and analyses germline protein distribution and cytoskeletal structure.

Computergestützte Analyse der Keimbahn Caenorhabditis Elegans , die Verteilung der Kerne, Proteine und das Zytoskelett zu studieren

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...