Name: the evolution of silica nanoparticle-polyester coatings on surfaces exposed to sunlight
Uploaded: 2016-10-11T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 27 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Evolution of Silica Nanoparticle-polyester Coatings on Surfaces Exposed to Sunlight at JoVE.com

Funding from the Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Research Hubs Scheme (Project Number IH130100017) is gratefully acknowledged. Authors gratefully acknowledge the RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility (RMMF) for providing access to the characterisation instruments. This research was also undertaken on the Infrared Microscopectroscopy beamline at the Australian Synchrotron, Victoria, Australia.

<html> 1. Stahlproben <ol><li> Erhalten Stahlproben von 1 mm Dicke von einem kommerziellen Anbieter. HINWEIS: Die Proben wurden entweder mit Polyester oder Polyester mit Silica - Nanopartikel beschichtet. </li><li> Expose Proben Sonnenlicht in Rockhampton, Queensland, Australien: sammeln Proben nach einem Jahr und alle fünf Jahre auf insgesamt 5-Jahres-Zeitraum. Schneiden Sie Musterplatten in runde Scheiben von 1 cm Durchmesser unter Verwendung von Lochstanze. </li><li> Vor Charakterisierung von Oberflächen gründlich Proben mit Wasser doppelt destilliert und dann trocknen Stickstoffgas (99,99%). Halten Sie alle Proben in luftdichten Behältern ohne Luftverunreinigungen zu verhindern , dass die Oberfläche zu adsorbieren (Abbildung 1). </li></ol><img alt="Abbildung 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54309/54309fig1.jpg" /> Abbildung 1. Herstellung von Metallscheiben mit Polyesterbasis Beschichtung. Die Proben wurden in Behältern aufbewahrt , bis sie benötigt.om / files / ftp_upload / 54309 / 54309fig1large.jpg &quot;target =&quot; _ blank &quot;&gt; Bitte hier klicken, um eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen. 2. Chemische und physikalisch-chemische Charakterisierung von Oberflächen <ol><li> Analysieren der Oberflächenchemie Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroskopie. <ol><li> Führen Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroskopie (XPS) unter Verwendung eines monochromatischen Röntgenquelle (Al K &amp; agr;, h &amp; ngr; = 1486,6 eV) bei 150 W. Betriebs HINWEIS: Spot - Größe der verwendeten Röntgenstrahls ist 400 &amp; mgr; m im Durchmesser. </li><li> Laden Sie die Proben auf der Probenplatte. Platzieren Sie die Probenplatte in die Vakuumkammer des XPS dann die Kammer zu pumpen. Warten für das Vakuum in der Kammer ~ 1 × 10 -9 mbar zu erreichen. </li><li> In der Photoelektronenspektroskopie Software, drücken Sie die Option &quot;Flood Gun&quot;, die Proben mit niederenergetischen Elektronen zu fluten Oberflächenladung entgegen zu wirken. </li><li> Drücken Sie auf &quot;Einfügen&quot;&gt; &quot;Point&quot;&gt; &quot;Punkt&quot; eine Analyse poin einfügent. Hinweis: Dies wird eine Stelle , an der Analyse durchgeführt wird. Aktivieren Sie die Funktion Auto-Höhe die beste Höhe für den Erwerb zu erhalten. </li><li> Drücken Sie auf &quot;Einfügen&quot;&gt; &quot;Spectrum&quot;&gt; &quot;Multi Spectrum&quot; Scans zu diesem Punkt hinzuzufügen. HINWEIS: Dies ist ein Fenster mit einem Periodensystem geöffnet; ein Element auswählen, indem Sie auf, um es zu markieren. </li><li> Nach den Versuchen Einrichten, drücken Sie die &quot;Play&quot; Befehl, um die Scans zu gelangen. </li><li> Drücken Sie &quot;Peak Fit&quot; Befehl und drücken Sie &quot;Peak In&quot; und &quot;Alle Stufe anpassen&quot; Befehle, um die chemisch verschiedenen Arten in der hochauflösenden Spektren zu lösen. HINWEIS: Dieser Schritt wird den Shirley Algorithmus erwerben den Hintergrund zu entfernen und Gaussian-Lorentz - Fitting die Spektren 19 bis dekonvolutieren. </li><li> Wählen Sie alle hochauflösenden und Umfrage-Spektren. Drücken Sie &quot;Charge Shift&quot; Option Spektren zur Korrektur der hydroca mitrbon Komponente des C 1s-Peak (285,0 eV Bindungsenergie) als Referenz. </li><li> Nach Ladungskorrektur, drücken Sie &quot;Export&quot; Option, die Datentabelle der relativen Atomkonzentration von Elementen auf der Basis der Peakfläche zu erzeugen. </li></ol></li><li> Oberflächenchemie HINWEIS: Analysieren Chemie Oberfläche abgeschwächte Totalreflexion Infrarot - Mikrospektroskopie (ATR-IR) auf dem Infrarot (IR) -Spektroskopie - Strahlrohr an der Australian Synchrotron mit , wie folgend: <ol><li> Laden Sie die Proben auf der Bühne des Mikroskops. Öffnen Sie ein &quot;Start Video Assisted Measurement&quot; oder &quot;Start Messung ohne 3D&quot; Option. Turn &quot;VIS&quot; -Modus auf. Verwenden Sie das Ziel auf Probenoberfläche zu fokussieren. Drücken Sie auf &quot;Snapshot / Übersicht&quot; gewünschten Bilder zu nehmen. HINWEIS: 0,5 mm dicken CaF 2 - Platte kann als Hintergrund verwendet werden. </li><li> Ändern Sie die ATR Ziel auf die Probe. Vorsichtig die Bühne bewegen, um eine 45 ° Multi-Reflexion ger zu platzierenmanium Kristall (Brechungsindex von 4) 1-2 mm über Oberflächen. Rechtsklicken Sie auf das Live-Video-Fenster. Drücken Sie &quot;Start Messung&quot;&gt; &quot;Ändern Messparameter&quot;. Wählen Sie die Option &quot;Verwenden Sie niemals BG bestehenden für alle Positionen&quot;. Hinweis: das wird nicht wählen Hintergrundspektren für jeden Messpunkt zu nehmen. </li><li> Zeichnen Sie eine Karte auf Video-Bildschirm den Bereich von Interesse zu wählen. Drücken Sie eine rote Öffnung Quadrat und wählen Sie &quot;Aperture&quot;&gt; &quot;Ändern der Blende&quot;. Ändern Sie die eigentliche &quot;Knife Edge Aperture&quot; Einstellungen X = 20 &amp; mgr; m und Y = 20 &amp; mgr; m. </li><li> Rechtsklick auf die neu bemessen Öffnung Platz und gehen Sie zu &quot;Aperture&quot;&gt; &quot;Alle Apertures Set an ausgewählte Apertures&quot;. Drücken Sie &quot;Messung&quot; Symbol, um die Scans zu starten. Speichern Sie die Daten. HINWEIS: Der Brechungsindex von Ge - Kristall ist 4, so dass eine Öffnung von 20 &amp; mgr; m × 20 &amp; mgr; m wird die Punktgröße von 5 &amp; mgr; m × 5 &amp; mgr; m definieren. This Schritt wird die Einrichtung FTIR - Mapping mit einer Öffnung von 20 erlauben durch 20 um, die von 5 &amp; mgr; m Fleck durch den Kristall in einem maximalen Wellenzahlbereich von 4,000-850 cm zu einem 5 &amp; mgr; m entspricht - 1. </li><li> Offene Master-Datei-Spektroskopie-Software. Wählen Sie die Spitze des Interesses an IR-Spektren. Rechtsklicken Sie auf den Gipfel des Interesses. Wählen Sie &quot;Integration&quot;&gt; &quot;Integration&quot;. Es erlaubt 2D-Falschfarben Erstellen von Karten </li></ol></li><li> Oberflächenbenetzbarkeit Messungen HINWEIS: Führen Sie eine Messung der Benetzbarkeit mit einem Kontaktwinkel - Goniometer mit einem Nanodispenser 19 ausgestattet ist . <ol><li> Legen Sie die Probe auf der Bühne. Stellen Sie die Position der Mikroanordnung, so dass der Boden der Nadel etwa ein Viertel des Weges erscheint unten im Live-Video-Fenster-Bildschirm. </li><li> Erhöhen Sie die Probe z-Achse bis Abstand zwischen der Probe und Oberfläche mit etwa 5 mm beträgt. Bewegen Sie die Spritze, bis ein Tröpfchen von doub nach untenle destilliertes Wasser die Oberfläche berührt. Bewegen Sie die Spritze in seine ursprüngliche Position. </li><li> Drücken Sie den Befehl &quot;Ausführen&quot; die Wassertropfen auf der Oberfläche zu erfassen für eine 20 Sekunden Zeitraum auswirken mit einem Monochrom-CCD-Kamera, die mit Hardware integriert ist. </li><li> Drücken Sie die &quot;Stop&quot; Befehl, um die Serie von Bildern zu erwerben. </li><li> Drücken Sie auf &quot;Kontaktwinkel&quot; Dieser Befehl Kontaktwinkel von akquirierten Bildern messen. Wiederholen Sie die Kontaktwinkelmessungen an drei zufälligen Stellen für jede Probe. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Visualisierung der Oberflächentopographie <ol><li> Optische Profilmessung. HINWEIS: Das Gerät wird unter dem weißen Licht vertikalen Scan - Interferometrie - Modus betrieben. <ol><li> Platz Proben auf der Bühne des Mikroskops. HINWEIS: Achten Sie auf eine ausreichende Lücke (zB&gt; 15 mm) zwischen Objektivlinse und der Bühne. </li><li> Konzentrieren Sie sich auf Oberfläche mit der5 × Ziele von z-Achse, bis die Streifen auf dem Bildschirm erscheinen zu steuern. Drücken Sie auf &quot;Auto&quot; Befehl, um die Intensität zu optimieren. Drücken Sie &quot;Messung&quot; Befehl den Scan zu starten. Speichern Sie die Master-Dateien. </li><li> Wiederholen Sie den Schritt 3.1.2 für 20 × und 50 × Ziele. </li><li> Vor der statistischen Analysen Rauheit, drücken Sie &quot;entfernen Tilt&quot; Option, um die Oberflächenwelligkeit zu entfernen. Drücken Sie &quot;Kontur&quot; Option, um die Rauheitsparametern zu analysieren. Klicken Sie auf &quot;3Di&quot; Option dreidimensionale Bilder von optischen Profildateien zu erzeugen mit kompatiblen Software 20. </li></ol></li><li> Rasterkraftmikroskopie <ol><li> Prüfmuster auf Stahlscheiben. Legen Sie die Stahlscheiben in Magnethalterung. </li><li> Führen Sie AFM - Scans im Tapping - Modus 21. Mechanisch Last Phosphor Silizium-Sonden mit einer Federkonstante von 0,9 N / m, Spitzenkrümmung mit einem Radius von 8 nm und einer Resonanzfrequenz von ~ 20 kHz für Oberflächen-Belichtungs dotiert. </li> &lt;li&gt; Manuelle Einstellung der Laserreflektion auf dem Ausleger. Wählen Sie &quot;Auto Tune&quot; Befehl und drücken Sie &quot;Tune&quot; Befehl, um die AFM Cantilever abzustimmen, die optimale Resonanzfrequenz vom Hersteller angegeben, zu erreichen. </li><li> Konzentrieren Sie sich auf der Oberfläche. Bewegen Sie die Spitzen der Nähe der Probenoberfläche. Klicken Sie auf Befehl Engage an AFM-Spitzen auf Oberflächen angreifen. </li><li> Geben Sie &quot;1 Hz&quot; in Abtastgeschwindigkeit Box. Wählen Sie die Scanbereiche. Drücken Sie Befehl &quot;Ausführen&quot; Scan durchführen. Wiederholen Sie das Scannen mindestens für zehn Bereiche jeweils fünf Proben jeder Bedingung. </li><li> Wählen Sie die Option Nivellierung des erhaltenen topographischen Daten zu verarbeiten. Speichern Sie die Master-Dateien. </li><li> Öffnen Sie die kompatiblen AFM-Software. Laden Sie die AFM-Master-Datei. Drücken Sie &quot;Leveling&quot; Befehl, um die Neigung der Oberflächen zu entfernen. Drücken Sie &quot;Smoothen&quot; Befehl, um den Hintergrund zu entfernen. </li><li> Drücken Sie die &quot;Statistische Parameter - Analyse&quot; zu erzeugen , die statistische Rauheit 21. </li></ol></li&gt; </ol> 4. Statistische Analyse <ol><li> Die Ergebnisse sind in Bezug auf Mittelwert und der Standardabweichung. Führen Sie statistische Datenverarbeitung unter Verwendung von gepaarte Student-two-tailed t- Tests , um die Konsistenz der Ergebnisse zu bewerten. Set p - Wert bei &lt;0,05 Anzeige statistische Signifikanzniveau. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Polyester-Beschichtungen wurden weit verbreitet Stahl substrata von der Korrosion zu schützen, die aufgrund der Ansammlung von Feuchtigkeit und Schadstoffe auf einer unbeschichteten Oberfläche auftreten würde. Die Anwendung von Polyester-Beschichtungen können den Stahl vor Korrosion zu schützen; aber die längerfristige Wirksamkeit dieser Beschichtungen beeinträchtigt wird, wenn sie auf ein hohes Maß an UV-Licht unter feuchten Bedingungen ausgesetzt sind, wie in tropischen Klimazonen auftritt. Silica-Nanopartikel...

Environmental corrosion of metals in the environment is both prevalent and costly1-3. A recent study conducted by the Australasian Corrosion Association (ACA) reported that corrosion of metals resulted in a yearly cost of $982 million, which was directly associated with the degradation of assets and infrastructure through metallic corrosion within the water industry4. From an international perspective, the World Corrosion Organization estimated that metallic corrosion was responsible for a direct cost of $3.3 trillion, over 3% of the world's GDP5. The process of galvanizing as a corrosion preventative method has been widely used to increase the lifespan of steel material6. In humid and subtropical climates, however, water tends to condense into small pockets or grooves within the surface of the galvanized steel, leading to the acceleration of corrosion rates through pit corrosion7,8. Thermosetting polymer coatings based on polyesters have been developed to coat the galvanized steel substrata increasing their ability to withstand humid weathering conditions for items such as satellite dishes, garden furniture, air-conditioning units or agricultural construction equipment9-11. Unfortunately polymer coatings on steel surfaces have been found to be considerably adversely affected by the presence of high levels of ultraviolet (uv) radiation12-14. Coatings comprised of silica nanoparticles (SiO2) spread over a polymer layer have been widely used with a view to increasing their corrosion-, wear-, tear- and degradation-resistance15,16. The tendency of the protective polymeric coatings to form pores and cracks can be reduced by incorporating nanoparticles (NPs), which contribute to the passive obstruction of corrosion initiation17,18. Also, the mechanical stability of the protective polymeric layer can be improved by NPs inclusion. However, these coatings act as passive physical barriers and, in comparison to the galvanization approach, cannot inhibit corrosion propagation actively.
An in-depth understanding of the effect that high-levels of ultraviolet light exposure under humid conditions upon these metal coatings is yet to be obtained. In this paper, a wide range of surface analytical techniques, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflection infrared micro-spectroscopy (ATR IR), contact angle goniometry, optical profiling and atomic force microscopy (AFM) will be employed to examine the changes in the surface of steel coatings prepared from polyester- and silica nanoparticle-coated polyester (silica nanoparticles/polyester) after exposure to sunlight. Furthermore, the aim of this work is to give a concise, practical overview of the overall characterization techniques to examine weathered samples.

<table><tbody><tr><td>polyester-coated steel&lt;br/&gt; silica nanoparticle-polyester coated steel substrata</td><td>BlueScope Steel</td><td></td><td>Samples provided by company</td></tr><tr><td>Millipore PetriSlide&lt;sup&gt;TM&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>PDMA04700</td><td>Storing samples</td></tr><tr><td>Thermo Scientific&lt;sup&gt;TM&lt;/sup&gt; K-alpha&lt;br/&gt; X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.</td><td>IQLAADGAAFFACVMAHV</td><td>Acquire XPS spectra</td></tr><tr><td>Avantage Data System</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.</td><td>IQLAADGACKFAKRMAVI</td><td>Analyse XPS spectra</td></tr><tr><td>A Bruker Hyperion 2000 microscope&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bruker Corporation</td><td></td><td>Synchrotron integrated instrument</td></tr><tr><td>Bruker Opus v. 7.2</td><td>Bruker Corporation</td><td></td><td>ATR-IR analysis software</td></tr><tr><td>Contact angle goniometer, FTA1000c</td><td>First Ten &amp;Aring;ngstroms Inc., VA, USA</td><td></td><td>Measuring the wettability of surfaces</td></tr><tr><td>FTA v. 2.0</td><td>First Ten &amp;Aring;ngstroms Inc., VA, USA</td><td></td><td>Anaylyzing water contact angle</td></tr><tr><td>Optical profiler, Wyko NT1100&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bruker Corporation</td><td></td><td>Measure surface topography</td></tr><tr><td>Innova atomic force microscope&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bruker Corporation</td><td></td><td>Measure surface topography</td></tr><tr><td>Phosphorus doped silicon probes, MPP-31120-10</td><td>Bruker Corporation</td><td></td><td>AFM probes</td></tr><tr><td>Gwyddion software</td><td>http://gwyddion.net/</td><td></td><td>Software used to measure optical profiling and AFM data</td></tr></tbody></table>

the evolution of silica nanoparticle-polyester coatings on surfaces exposed to sunlight

Die Korrosion von metallischen Oberflächen ist weit verbreitet in der Umwelt und ist von großer Bedeutung in vielen Bereichen, einschließlich der militärischen, Transport, Luftfahrt, Bau- und Lebensmittelindustrie, unter anderem. Polyester und Beschichtungen sowohl Polyester und Silica - Nanopartikel (SiO 2 NPs) , die verwendet worden sind , weit verbreitet Stahl substrata vor Korrosion zu schützen. In dieser Studie verwendeten wir Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroskopie, abgeschwächte Totalreflexion Infrarot-Mikrospektroskopie, Wasserkontaktwinkelmessungen, optische Profilierung und Rasterkraftmikroskopie einen Einblick, wie Sonneneinstrahlung zur Verfügung zu stellen Veränderungen in der Mikro- verursachen können und nanoskaligen Integrität der Beschichtungen. Keine signifikante Veränderung der Oberflächenmikrotopographie wurde unter Verwendung von optischen Profilometer erkannt, jedoch statistisch signifikante nanoskaligen Änderungen an der Oberfläche wurden mit Hilfe der Rasterkraftmikroskopie nachgewiesen. Analyse der Röntgen-Photoelektronen-Spektroskopie und abgeschwächte Totalreflexion Infrarot mikro-Spektroskopie Daten zeigten , dass der Abbau der Estergruppen durch Einwirkung von ultraviolettem Licht erfolgt war COO · zu bilden, -H 2 C ·, -O ·, -CO · Radikale. Während des Abbauprozesses, CO und CO 2 wurden ebenfalls hergestellt.

<html> Die beschichteten Stahlproben, die entweder für einen, fünf Jahren gesammelt wurden dem Sonnenlicht Belichtung unterworfen worden war, und Wasserkontaktwinkel - Messungen wurden durchgeführt , um zu bestimmen , ob die Belichtung in einer Änderung der Oberflächenhydrophobie der Oberfläche (2 geführt hatten ). <img alt="Figur 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54309/54309fig2.jpg" /> Abbildung 2. Die Benetzbark...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Evolution of Silica Nanoparticle-polyester Coatings on Surfaces Exposed to Sunlight at JoVE.com

The Evolution of Silica Nanoparticle-polyester Coatings on Surfaces Exposed to Sunlight

Zwei Arten von Oberflächen, polyesterbeschichteter Stahl und Polyester beschichtet mit einer Schicht aus Siliciumdioxid-Nanoteilchen, wurden untersucht. Beide Oberflächen wurden dem Sonnenlicht ausgesetzt, die wesentliche Änderungen in der Chemie und nanoskalige Topographie der Oberfläche zu bewirken, gefunden wurde.

Die Evolution der Silica-Nanopartikel-Polyester-Beschichtungen auf Oberflächen Sonnenlicht ausgesetzt

Corrosion of metallic surfaces is prevalent in the environment and is of great concern in many areas, including the military, transport, aviation, ...

the-evolution-silica-nanoparticle-polyester-coatings-on-surfaces

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

9.5K Aufrufe.  Swinburne University of Technology.  Zwei Arten von Oberflächen, polyesterbeschichteter Stahl und Polyester beschichtet mit einer Schicht aus Siliciumdioxid-Nanoteilchen, wurden untersucht. Beide Oberflächen wurden dem Sonnenlicht ausgesetzt, die wesentliche Änderungen in der Chemie und nanoskalige Topographie der Oberfläche zu bewirken, gefunden wurde. 

Serie: The Evolution of Silica Nanoparticle-polyester Coatings on Surfaces Exposed to Sunlight

Preparation of Silica Nanoparticles Through Microwave-assisted Acid-catalysis

Microwave-assisted synthetic techniques were used to quickly and reproducibly produce silica nanoparticle sols using an acid catalyst with nanoparticle diameters ranging from 30-250 nm by varying the reaction conditions. Through the selection of a microwave compatible solvent, silicic acid precursor, catalyst, and microwave irradiation time, these microwave-assisted methods were capable of overcoming the previously reported shortcomings associated with synthesis of silica nanoparticles using microwave reactors. The siloxane precursor was hydrolyzed using the acid catalyst, HCl. Acetone, a low-tan &#948; solvent, mediates the condensation reactions and has minimal interaction with the electromagnetic field. Condensation reactions begin when the silicic acid precursor couples with the microwave radiation, leading to silica nanoparticle sol formation. The silica nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering data and scanning electron microscopy, which show the materials&#39; morphology and size to be dependent on the reaction conditions. Microwave-assisted reactions produce silica nanoparticles with roughened textured surfaces that are atypical for silica sols produced by St&#246;ber&#39;s methods, which have smooth surfaces.

Silica nanoparticles were prepared using acid-catalysis of a siloxane precursor and microwave-assisted synthetic techniques resulting in the controlled growth of nanomaterials ranging from 30-250 nm in diameter. The growth dynamics can be controlled by varying the initial silicic acid concentration, time of the reaction, and temperature of reaction.

Herstellung von Silica-Nanopartikeln durch Mikrowellen-unterstützte Säure-Katalyse

Microwave-assisted synthetic techniques were used to quickly and reproducibly produce silica nanoparticle sols using an acid catalyst with nanoparticle ...

Forschung

Chemie

Stabilizing Hepatocellular Phenotype Using Optimized Synthetic Surfaces

Currently, one of the major limitations in cell biology is maintaining differentiated cell phenotype. Biological matrices are commonly used for culturing and maintaining primary and pluripotent stem cell derived hepatocytes. While biological matrices are useful, they permit short term culture of hepatocytes, limiting their widespread application. We have attempted to overcome the limitations using a synthetic polymer coating. Polymers represent one of the broadest classes of biomaterials and possess a wide range of mechanical, physical and chemical properties, which can be fine-tuned for purpose. Importantly, such materials can be scaled to quality assured standards and display batch-to-batch consistency. This is essential if cells are to be expanded for high through-put screening in the pharmaceutical testing industry or for cellular based therapy. Polyurethanes (PUs) are one group of materials that have shown promise in cell culture. Our recent progress in optimizing a polyurethane coated surface, for long-term culture of human hepatocytes displaying stable phenotype, is presented and discussed.

This article will focus on developing polymer coated surfaces for long-term, stable culture of stem cell derived human hepatocytes.

Stabilisierung Leberzell Phänotyp mit optimierten Surfaces

Currently, one of the major limitations in cell biology is maintaining differentiated cell phenotype. Biological matrices are commonly used for culturing ...

Experimental Protocol to Investigate Particle Aerosolization of a Product Under Abrasion and Under Environmental Weathering

The present article presents an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental weathering, which is a fundamental element to the approach of nanosafety-by-design of nanostructured products for their durable development. This approach is basically a preemptive one in which the focus is put on minimizing the emission of engineered nanomaterials' aerosols during the usage phase of the product's life cycle. This can be attained by altering its material properties during its design phase without compromising with any of its added benefits. In this article, an experimental protocol is presented to investigate the nanosafety-by-design of three commercial nanostructured products with respect to their mechanical solicitation and environmental weathering. The means chosen for applying the mechanical solicitation is an abrasion process and for the environmental weathering, it is an accelerated UV exposure in the presence of humidity and heat. The eventual emission of engineered nanomaterials is studied in terms of their number concentration, size distribution, morphology and chemical composition. The purpose of the protocol is to study the emission for test samples and experimental conditions which are corresponding to real life situations. It was found that the application of the mechanical stresses alone emits the engineered nanomaterials' aerosols in which the engineered nanomaterial is always embedded inside the product matrix, thus, a representative product element. In such a case, the emitted aerosols comprise of both nanoparticles as well as microparticles. But if the mechanical stresses are coupled with the environmental weathering, the experimental protocol reveals then the eventual deterioration of the product, after a certain weathering duration, may lead to the emission of the free engineered nanomaterial aerosols too.

In this article, an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental weathering is presented. Results on the emission of engineered nanomaterials, in the form of aerosols are presented. The specific experimental set-up is described in detail.

Versuchsprotokoll Particle Aerosolisierung eines Produktes unter Abrieb und unter Umwelt Verwitterung zur Untersuchung

The present article presents an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental ...

Ingenieurwesen

A Protocol for the Production of Gliadin-cyanoacrylate Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Coating

This article presents a protocol for the production of protein-based nanoparticles that changes the hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic by a simple spray coating. These nanoparticles are produced by the polymerization reaction of alkyl cyanoacrylate on the surface of cereal protein (gliadin) molecules. Alkyl cyanoacrylate is a monomer that instantly polymerizes at RT when it is applied to the surface of materials. Its polymerization reaction is initiated by the trace amounts of weakly basic or nucleophilic species on the surface, including moisture. Once polymerized, the polymerized alkyl cyanoacrylates show a strong affinity with the object materials because nitrile groups are in the backbone of poly (alkyl cyanoacrylate). Proteins also work as initiator for this polymerization because they contain amine groups that can initiate the polymerization of cyanoacrylate. If aggregated protein is used as an initiator, protein aggregate is surrounded by the hydrophobic poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) chains after the polymerization reaction of alkyl cyanoacrylate. By controlling the experimental condition, particles in the nanometer range are produced. The produced nanoparticles readily adsorb to the surface of most materials including glass, metals, plastics, wood, leather, and fabrics. When the surface of a material is sprayed with the produced nanoparticle suspension and rinsed with water, the micellar structure of nanoparticle changes its conformation, and the hydrophilic proteins are exposed to the air. As a result, the nanoparticle-coated surface changes to hydrophilic.

This article presents a protocol for the production of protein-based nanoparticles that changes the hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic. The produced nanoparticle is an assembly of gliadin-cyanoacrylate diblock copolymers. Spray coating with the produced nanoparticle changes the surface of target material to a hydrophilic surface.

Ein Protokoll zur Herstellung von Gliadin-cyanacrylat Nanopartikel für die hydrophile Beschichtung

This article presents a protocol for the production of protein-based nanoparticles that changes the hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic by a simple spray ...

Advanced Compositional Analysis of Nanoparticle-polymer Composites Using Direct Fluorescence Imaging

The fabrication of polymer-nanoparticle composites is extremely important in the development of many functional materials. Identifying the precise composition of these materials is essential, especially in the design of surface catalysts, where the surface concentration of the active component determines the activity of the material. Antimicrobial materials which utilize nanoparticles are a particular focus of this technology. Recently swell encapsulation has emerged as a technique for inserting antimicrobial nanoparticles into a host polymer matrix. Swell encapsulation provides the advantage of localizing the incorporation to the external surfaces of materials, which act as the active sites of these materials. However, quantification of this nanoparticle uptake is challenging. Previous studies explore the link between antimicrobial activity and surface concentration of the active component, but this is not directly visualized. Here we show a reliable method to monitor the incorporation of nanoparticles into a polymer host matrix via swell encapsulation. We show that the surface concentration of CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles can be accurately visualized through cross-sectional fluorescence imaging. Using this method, we can quantify the uptake of nanoparticles via swell encapsulation and measure the surface concentration of encapsulated particles, which is key in optimizing the activity of functional materials.

Here we present a reliable method to monitor the incorporation of nanoparticles into a polymer host matrix via swell encapsulation. We show that the surface concentration of cadmium selenide quantum dots can be accurately visualized through cross-sectional fluorescence imaging.

Erweiterte Analyse der Zusammensetzung von Nanopartikel-Polymer Composites mittels direkter Fluoreszenz-Imaging

The fabrication of polymer-nanoparticle composites is extremely important in the development of many functional materials. Identifying the precise ...

TiO2-coated Hollow Glass Microspheres with Superhydrophobic and High IR-reflective Properties Synthesized by a Soft-chemistry Method

This manuscript proposes a soft-chemistry method to develop superhydrophobic and highly IR-reflective hollow glass microspheres (HGM). The anatase TiO2 and a superhydrophobic agent were coated on the HGM surface in one step. TBT and PFOTES were selected as the Ti source and the superhydrophobic agent, respectively. They were both coated on the HGM, and after the hydrothermal process, the TBT turned to anatase TiO2. In this way, a PFOTES/TiO2-coated HGM (MCHGM) was prepared. For comparison, PFOTES single-coated HGM (F-SCHGM) and TiO2 single-coated HGM (Ti-SCHGM) were synthesized as well. The PFOTES and TiO2 coatings on the HGM surface were demonstrated through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive detector (EDS) characterizations. The MCHGM showed a higher contact angle (153&#176;) but a lower sliding angle (16&#176;) than F-SCHGM, with a contact angle of 141.2&#176; and a sliding angle of 67&#176;. In addition, both Ti-SCHGM and MCHGM displayed similar IR reflectivity values, which were about 5.8% higher than the original HGM and F-SCHGM. Also, the PFOTES coating barely changed the thermal conductivity. Therefore, F-SCHGM, with a thermal conductivity of 0.0479 W/(m&#183;K), was quite like the original HGM, which was 0.0475 W/(m&#183;K). MCHGM and Ti-SCHGM were also similar. Their thermal conductivity values were 0.0543 W/(m&#183;K) and 0.0543 W/(m&#183;K), respectively. The TiO2 coating slightly increased the thermal conductivity, but with the increase in reflectivity, the overall heat-insulation property was enhanced. Finally, since the IR-reflecting property is provided by the HGM coating, if the coating is fouled, the reflectivity decreases. Therefore, with the superhydrophobic coating, the surface is protected from fouling, and its lifetime is also prolonged.

TiO2-coated Hollow Glass Microspheres with Superhydrophobic and High IR-reflective Properties Synthesized by a Soft-chemistry Method

This manuscript proposes a soft-chemistry method to synthesize superhydrophobic, TiO2-coated hollow glass microspheres (HGM) with high IR-reflective properties.

TiO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; -beschichteten Glashohlkugeln mit Superhydrophobe und hohe IR-reflektierende durch eine Soft-Chemie synthetisiert Eigenschaften

This manuscript proposes a soft-chemistry method to develop superhydrophobic and highly IR-reflective hollow glass microspheres (HGM). The anatase TiO2 ...

Deposition of Porous Sorbents on Fabric Supports

A microwave deposition technique for silanes, previously described for production of oleophobic fabrics, is adapted to provide a fabric support material that can be subsequently treated by dip coating. Dip coating with a sol preparation provides a supported porous layer on the fabric. In this case, the porous layer is a porphyrin functionalized sorbent system based on a powdered material that has been demonstrated previously for the capture and conversion of phosgene. A representative coating is applied to cotton fabric at a loading level of 10 mg/g. This coating has minimal impact on water vapor transport through the fabric (93% of the support fabric rate) while significantly reducing transport of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) through the material (7% of support fabric rate). The described approaches are suitable for use with other fabrics providing amine and hydroxyl groups for modification and can be used in combination with other sol preparations to produce varying functionality.

This report details a microwave-initiated approach for deposition of porphyrin functionalized porous organosilicate sorbents on a cotton fabric and demonstrates reduction in 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) transport through the fabric resulting from this treatment.

Ablagerung von porösen Sorbentien auf Stoff

A microwave deposition technique for silanes, previously described for production of oleophobic fabrics, is adapted to provide a fabric support material ...

Preparation of Functional Silica Using a Bioinspired Method

The goal of the protocols described herein is to synthesize bioinspired silica materials, perform enzyme encapsulation therein, and partially or totally purify the same by acid elution. By combining sodium silicate with a polyfunctional bioinspired additive, silica is rapidly formed at ambient conditions upon neutralization. 
The effect of neutralization rate and biomolecule addition point on silica yield are investigated, and biomolecule immobilization efficiency is reported for varying addition point. In contrast to other porous silica synthesis methods, it is shown that the mild conditions required for bioinspired silica synthesis are fully compatible with the encapsulation of delicate biomolecules. Additionally, mild conditions are used across all synthesis and modification steps, making bioinspired silica a promising target for the scale-up and commercialization as both a bare material and active support medium.
The synthesis is shown to be highly sensitive to conditions, i.e., the neutralization rate and final synthesis pH, however tight control over these parameters is demonstrated through the use of auto titration methods, leading to high reproducibility in reaction progression pathway and yield. 
Therefore, bioinspired silica is an excellent active material support choice, showing versatility towards many current applications, not limited to those demonstrated here, and potency in future applications.

Here, we present a protocol to synthesize bioinspired silica materials and immobilize enzymes therein. Silica is synthesized by combining sodium silicate and an amine &#39;additive&#39;, which neutralize at a controlled rate. Material properties and function can be altered either by in situ enzyme immobilization or post-synthetic acid elution of encapsulated additives.

Vorbereitung der funktionalen Kieselsäure mit einer Muskelmodelle Methode

The goal of the protocols described herein is to synthesize bioinspired silica materials, perform enzyme encapsulation therein, and partially or totally ...

Multiscale Structures Aggregated by Imprinted Nanofibers for Functional Surfaces

Multiscale surface structures have attracted increasing interest owing to several potential applications in surface devices. However, an existing challenge in the field is the fabrication of hybrid micro-nano structures using a facile, cost-effective, and high-throughput method. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes a protocol to fabricate multiscale structures using only an imprint process with an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) filter and an evaporative self-aggregation process of nanofibers. Unlike previous attempts that have aimed to straighten nanofibers, we demonstrate a unique fabrication method for multiscale aggregated nanofibers with high aspect ratios. Furthermore, the surface morphology and wettability of these structures on various liquids were investigated to facilitate their use in multifunctional surfaces.

Presented is an easy method to fabricate nano-micro multiscale structures, for functional surfaces, by aggregating nanofibers fabricated using an anodic aluminum oxide filter.

Multiskalen Strukturen aggregiert nach aufgedruckten Nanofasern für funktionale Oberflächen

Multiscale surface structures have attracted increasing interest owing to several potential applications in surface devices. However, an existing ...

Photopatterning Proteins and Cells in Aqueous Environment Using TiO2 Photocatalysis

Organic contaminants adsorbed on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2) can be decomposed by photocatalysis under ultraviolet (UV) light. Here we describe a novel protocol employing the TiO2 photocatalysis to locally alter cell affinity of the substrate surface. For this experiment, a thin TiO2 film was sputter-coated on a glass coverslip, and the TiO2 surface was subsequently modified with an organosilane monolayer derived from octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), which inhibits cell adhesion. The sample was immersed in a cell culture medium, and focused UV light was irradiated to an octagonal region. When a neuronal cell line PC12 cells were plated on the sample, cells adhered only on the UV-irradiated area. We further show that this surface modification can also be performed in situ, i.e., even when cells are growing on the substrate. Proper modification of the surface required an extracellular matrix protein collagen to be present in the medium at the time of UV irradiation. The technique presented here can potentially be employed in patterning multiple cell types for constructing coculture systems or to arbitrarily manipulate cells under culture.

Photopatterning Proteins and Cells in Aqueous Environment Using TiO2 Photocatalysis

We describe a protocol for modifying cell affinity of a scaffold surface in aqueous environment. The method takes advantage of titanium dioxide photocatalysis to decompose organic film in the photo-irradiated region. We show that it can be used to create microdomains of scaffolding proteins, both ex situ and in situ.

Photostrukturierungs Proteinen und Zellen in wässriger Umgebung Mit TiO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; Photokatalyse

Organic contaminants adsorbed on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2) can be decomposed by photocatalysis under ultraviolet (UV) light. Here we describe ...

Die Evolution der Silica-Nanopartikel-Polyester-Beschichtungen auf Oberflächen Sonnenlicht ausgesetzt

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