Funding from the Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Research Hubs Scheme (Project Number IH130100017) is gratefully acknowledged. Authors gratefully acknowledge the RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility (RMMF) for providing access to the characterisation instruments. This research was also undertaken on the Infrared Microscopectroscopy beamline at the Australian Synchrotron, Victoria, Australia.

<html> 1.鋼試料<ol><li>商業的供給業者から厚さ1mmの鋼試料を得ます。 注：サンプルは、シリカナノ粒子でコーティングされたポリエステルまたはポリエステルのいずれかでコーティングしました。 </li><li>ロックハンプトン、クイーンズランド州、オーストラリアでの太陽光にサンプルを公開：合計5年間で1年と5年の間隔後のサンプルを収集します。穴パンチャーを使用して、直径1cmの丸い円盤状にサンプルパネルをカットします。 </li><li> 、特性表面ダブル蒸留水で試料を洗浄した後、窒素ガス（99.99％）を用いて乾燥する前に。表面（ 図1）に吸着する任意の空気汚染物質を防止するために気密容器内のすべてのサンプルを保管してください。 </li></ol><img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54309/54309fig1.jpg" /> ポリエステルベースのコーティングを有する金属ディスクの作製図。必要になるまで、試料を容器に貯蔵しました。オム/ファイル/ ftp_upload / 54309 / 54309fig1large.jpg &quot;ターゲット=&quot; _空白 &quot;&gt;この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。 表面の2化学と物理化学的特性評価<ol><li> X線光電子分光法を用いて表面の化学的性質を分析します。 <ol><li> X線光電子分光法（XPS）150 W.で動作する単色X線源（アルKα、hνを= 1486.6 eVの）を使用してを実行します 注：使用X線ビームのスポットサイズは、直径が400μmです。 </li><li>サンプルプレート上の負荷サンプル。その後、チャンバーをポンプXPSの真空チャンバ内にサンプルプレートを置きます。 〜1×10 -9ミリバールに到達するために、チャンバ内の真空を待ちます。 </li><li>光電子分光法ソフトウェアでは、表面の帯電を打ち消すために、低エネルギー電子でサンプルをフラッディングする「フラッドガン」のオプションを押してください。 </li><li>プレス分析POINを挿入するには&gt; &quot;ポイント&quot;&gt;「ポイント」を「挿入」トン。 注：これは、分析が実行される場所です。取得のための最高の高さを得るために、自動高機能を有効にします。 </li><li>押して &quot;挿入&quot;&gt; &quot;スペクトラム&quot;&gt; &quot;マルチスペクトル」は、この点にスキャンを追加します。 注：これは、周期表でウィンドウを開きます。それを強調表示し、それをクリックすることで、要素を選択します。 </li><li>実験を設定した後、スキャンを続行する「再生」コマンドを押してください。 </li><li>押して「ピークフィット」コマンドは、その後、「ピークを追加」と「すべてのレベルを合わせる「高分解能スペクトルの化学的に異なる種を解決するために、コマンドキーを押します。 注：この手順は、スペクトル19をデコンボリューションするフィッティング背景とガウスローレンツを削除するには、シャーリーアルゴリズムを取得します。 </li><li>すべての高解像度を選択して、スペクトルを調査。 hydrocaを使用してスペクトルを修正するために押して「電荷シフト」オプション基準として、C 1sのピーク（結合エネルギー285.0 eV）でのrbonコンポーネント。 </li><li>充電補正後、プレス機「エクスポート」オプションは、ピーク面積に基づいて、要素の相対原子濃度のデータテーブルを生成します。 </li></ol></li><li>界面化学 注：次のようにオーストラリアのシンクロトロンの赤外線（IR）分光ビームライン上に減衰全反射赤外マイクロ分光法（ATR-IR）を用いて表面の化学的性質を分析します。 <ol><li>顕微鏡のステージ上の負荷サンプル。 「スタートビデオ支援測定」または「スタート測定3Dなし」オプションを開きます。 「VIS」モードをオンにします。試料表面に集中する目的に使用します。所望の画像を取るために押して、「スナップショット/概要」を参照してください。 注：厚さ0.5mmのCaF 2プレートは、バックグラウンドとして使用することができます。 </li><li>サンプルにATRの目標を変更します。慎重に45°の多重反射のGERを配置するために、ステージを移動させますmanium結晶表面上記1〜2ミリメートル（4の屈折率）。ライブビデオウィンドウを右クリックします。押して「測定開始」&gt;「変更測定パラメータ」。オプション &quot;すべてのポジションのために既存のBGは絶対に使用しないでください」を選択します。 注：これは、すべての測定点のためのバックグラウンドスペクトルを取るしないことを選択します。 </li><li>関心領域を選択するためにビデオ画面上の地図を描きます。赤い絞りの正方形を押し、 &quot;絞り&quot;&gt; &quot;変更絞り値」を選択します。 X = 20μmであり、Y =20μmと実際の「ナイフエッジ絞り」の設定を変更します。 </li><li>新しいサイズの開口広場に右クリックし、 &quot;絞り&quot;に行く&gt;」を選択した開口部に、すべての開口部を設定します」。押して「測定」アイコンは、スキャンを開始します。データを保存します。 注：Ge結晶の屈折率は4であるため、20ミクロン×20μmの開口を5μm×5μmのスポットサイズを定義します。ティsのステップは、4,000-850センチの最大波数範囲にわたって結晶中を5μmのスポットにより5ミクロンに相当する20ミクロン20の開口部、とFTIRマッピングを設定することができます- 1。 </li><li>分光ソフトウェアを使用してオープンマスターファイル。 IRスペクトル上の目的のピークを選択してください。関心のピークを右クリックします。 「統合」&gt;「統合」を選択します。これは、2D偽色マップを作成できるようになります</li></ol></li><li>表面の濡れ性測定 注：ナノディスペンサー19を搭載した接触角ゴニオメーターを使用して濡れ性測定を行います。 <ol><li>ステージ上にサンプルを置きます。針の底がダウンライブビデオウィンドウ画面内の道の約1/4表示されるように、マイクロアセンブリの位置を調整します。 </li><li>試料と表面との間の距離は約5mmになるまで、z軸を使用してサンプルを上げます。 DOUBの液滴まで注射器を下に移動ル蒸留水は、表面に触れます。元の位置に注射器を上に移動します。 </li><li>ハードウェアと一体化されたモノクロCCDカメラを使用して、20秒の期間のための表面に衝突する水滴を記録するために、「ファイル名を指定して実行」コマンドを押してください。 </li><li>一連の画像を取得するための「停止」コマンドを押してください。 </li><li>プレス「接触角」は、取得した画像から接触角を測定するコマンド。各サンプルのための3つのランダムな位置で接触角測定を繰り返します。 </li></ol></li></ol>表面形状の3可視化<ol><li>光学プロファイリング測定。 注：この機器は、白色光垂直走査干渉モードで運転されます。 <ol><li>顕微鏡のステージ上にサンプルを置きます。 注：対物レンズとステージとの間に十分な隙間（ 例えば 、&gt; 15ミリメートル）があることを確認してください。 </li><li>使用して表面に焦点を合わせます縞が画面に表示されるまで、z軸を制御することにより、5×目標。押して「オート」コマンドは、強度を最適化することができます。押して「測定」コマンドでは、スキャンを開始します。マスターファイルを保存します。 </li><li> 20×50×目的のためのステップ3.1.2を繰り返します。 </li><li>統計粗さの前には、表面うねりを除去するために押して「チルトを削除」オプションを分析します。押して「輪郭」オプションでは、粗さのパラメータを分析します。互換性のあるソフトウェア20を用いた光プロファイリング・ファイルの3次元画像を生成するために、「3Di社」オプションをクリックします。 </li></ol></li><li>原子間力顕微鏡法<ol><li>スチールディスクにサンプルを置きます。磁気ホルダーに鋼製のディスクを挿入します。 </li><li>モード21をタッピングでAFMスキャンを実行します。機械的負荷のリンを0.9 N / mのバネ定数、8ナノメートルの半径、表面イメージングのための約20キロヘルツの共振周波数を有する先端曲率を有するシリコンプローブをドープされます。 </li> &lt;李&gt;は手動でカンチレバーにレーザー反射を調整します。メーカーによって報告された最適な共振周波数に到達するために調整するためにAFMカンチレバーを「チューニング」コマンドを押して「オートチューン」コマンドを選択します。 </li><li>表面に焦点を当てています。試料表面に近いヒントを移動します。表面のAFMチップに係合するようにエンゲージコマンドをクリックします。 </li><li>走査速度ボックスに「1ヘルツ」と入力します。走査領域を選択してください。押して「ファイル名を指定して実行」は、スキャンを実行するコマンド。各条件の5つのサンプルのそれぞれの10領域について、少なくともスキャンを繰り返します。 </li><li>結果の地形図データを処理するためのレベリングオプションを選択します。マスターファイルを保存します。 </li><li>互換性のAFMソフトウェアを開きます。 AFMのマスターファイルをロードします。押して「平準化」とは、表面の傾斜を除去するためのコマンド。背景を削除するを押して「スムーズ」コマンド。 </li><li>統計的な粗さ21を生成するために押して「統計パラメータ解析」。 </li></ol></l私&gt; </ol> 4.統計解析<ol><li>平均値とその標準偏差の点で結果を表現します。結果の一貫性を評価するために、対になった学生の両側のt-検定を用いて統計的なデータ処理を行います。統計的有意性のレベルを示す&lt;0.05のp -値を設定します。 </li></ol>

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M. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Techniques+for+determining+contact+angle+and+wettability+of+powders.">Techniques for determining contact angle and wettability of powders.</a> Powder Technol. 287, 201-215 (2016).</li><li>Trevi&#241;o, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Erosive+wear+of+plasma+electrolytic+oxidation+layers+on+aluminium+alloy+6061.">Erosive wear of plasma electrolytic oxidation layers on aluminium alloy 6061.</a> Wear. 301 (1-2), 434-441 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

ポリエステルコーティングが広く水分及び汚染物質の蓄積にコーティングされていない表面に生じる腐食から鋼基層を保護するために使用されてきました。ポリエステルコーティングの適用は、腐食から鋼を保護することができます。それらは多湿条件下で紫外線の高レベルにさらされた場合、熱帯気候で発生しかしながらこれらのコーティングの長期の有効性が、損なわれる。シリカナノ?...

Environmental corrosion of metals in the environment is both prevalent and costly1-3. A recent study conducted by the Australasian Corrosion Association (ACA) reported that corrosion of metals resulted in a yearly cost of $982 million, which was directly associated with the degradation of assets and infrastructure through metallic corrosion within the water industry4. From an international perspective, the World Corrosion Organization estimated that metallic corrosion was responsible for a direct cost of $3.3 trillion, over 3% of the world's GDP5. The process of galvanizing as a corrosion preventative method has been widely used to increase the lifespan of steel material6. In humid and subtropical climates, however, water tends to condense into small pockets or grooves within the surface of the galvanized steel, leading to the acceleration of corrosion rates through pit corrosion7,8. Thermosetting polymer coatings based on polyesters have been developed to coat the galvanized steel substrata increasing their ability to withstand humid weathering conditions for items such as satellite dishes, garden furniture, air-conditioning units or agricultural construction equipment9-11. Unfortunately polymer coatings on steel surfaces have been found to be considerably adversely affected by the presence of high levels of ultraviolet (uv) radiation12-14. Coatings comprised of silica nanoparticles (SiO2) spread over a polymer layer have been widely used with a view to increasing their corrosion-, wear-, tear- and degradation-resistance15,16. The tendency of the protective polymeric coatings to form pores and cracks can be reduced by incorporating nanoparticles (NPs), which contribute to the passive obstruction of corrosion initiation17,18. Also, the mechanical stability of the protective polymeric layer can be improved by NPs inclusion. However, these coatings act as passive physical barriers and, in comparison to the galvanization approach, cannot inhibit corrosion propagation actively.
An in-depth understanding of the effect that high-levels of ultraviolet light exposure under humid conditions upon these metal coatings is yet to be obtained. In this paper, a wide range of surface analytical techniques, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflection infrared micro-spectroscopy (ATR IR), contact angle goniometry, optical profiling and atomic force microscopy (AFM) will be employed to examine the changes in the surface of steel coatings prepared from polyester- and silica nanoparticle-coated polyester (silica nanoparticles/polyester) after exposure to sunlight. Furthermore, the aim of this work is to give a concise, practical overview of the overall characterization techniques to examine weathered samples.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1044">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:263px;">polyester-coated steel 
			silica nanoparticle-polyester coated steel substrata</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">BlueScope Steel</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td style="width:387px;">Samples provided by company</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:263px;">Millipore PetriSlideTM&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">PDMA04700</td>
			<td>Storing samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="49">
			<td height="49" style="height:49px;width:263px;">Thermo ScientificTM K-alpha 
			X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td>IQLAADGAAFFACVMAHV</td>
			<td>Acquire XPS spectra</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Avantage Data System</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td>IQLAADGACKFAKRMAVI</td>
			<td>Analyse XPS spectra</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">A Bruker Hyperion 2000 microscope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Bruker Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td>Synchrotron integrated instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bruker Opus v. 7.2</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Bruker Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td>ATR-IR analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Contact angle goniometer, FTA1000c</td>
			<td>First Ten &#197;ngstroms Inc., VA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td>Measuring the wettability of surfaces</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">FTA v. 2.0</td>
			<td>First Ten &#197;ngstroms Inc., VA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td>Anaylyzing water contact angle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Optical profiler, Wyko NT1100&#160;</td>
			<td>Bruker Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td>Measure surface topography</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Innova atomic force microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Bruker Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td>Measure surface topography</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:263px;">Phosphorus doped silicon probes, MPP-31120-10</td>
			<td>Bruker Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td>AFM probes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gwyddion software</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">http://gwyddion.net/</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td>Software used to measure optical profiling and AFM data</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the evolution of silica nanoparticle-polyester coatings on surfaces exposed to sunlight

金属表面の腐食は、環境中で流行していると、とりわけ軍事、輸送、航空、建物や食品産業など、多くの分野での大きな関心事です。ポリエステル及びシリカナノ粒子（SiO 2のNPS）の両方を含有するポリエステル及びコーティングは広く腐食から鋼基層を保護するために使用されてきました。本研究では、X線光電子分光法、減衰全反射赤外線マイクロ分光法、水接触角測定、光学プロファイリングおよび原子間力顕微鏡は、日光への曝露は、マイクロおよびナノスケールの完全性の変化を引き起こすことができる方法への洞察を提供するために利用しましたコーティングの。表面マイクロトポグラフィーの有意な変化は、光学プロフィロメトリーを用いて検出されなかったが、表面に統計学的に有意なナノスケールの変化は、原子間力顕微鏡を用いて検出しました。 X線光電子分光法の分析と減衰全反射赤外線マイクロ分光分析データは、エステル基の分解はCOO・、H 2 C・、-O・、-CO・ラジカルを形成するために紫外線に暴露により生じたことを明らかにしました。分解プロセスの間に、CO及びCO 2も作製しました。

<html>一方又は5年間、日光への曝露に供された被覆された鋼試料を採取し、水接触角測定は、露光面の表面疎水性の変化が生じたかどうかを決定するために実施した（ 図2 ）。 <img alt="図2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54309/54309fig2.jpg" /> 日光への暴露の5年間ポリエステルまたはシリカのナノ粒子/ポリエステルコーティングを有する表面?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Evolution of Silica Nanoparticle-polyester Coatings on Surfaces Exposed to Sunlight at JoVE.com

The Evolution of Silica Nanoparticle-polyester Coatings on Surfaces Exposed to Sunlight

表面の2種類のシリカナノ粒子の層でコーティングされたポリエステル被覆鋼およびポリエステルを、調べました。両表面は、表面の化学的性質およびナノトポグラフィーでの実質的な変化を引き起こすことが見出された日光に暴露しました。

日光への露出表面上にシリカナノ粒子 - ポリエステルコーティングの進化

Corrosion of metallic surfaces is prevalent in the environment and is of great concern in many areas, including the military, transport, aviation, ...

the-evolution-silica-nanoparticle-polyester-coatings-on-surfaces

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

9.5K ビュー.  Swinburne University of Technology. 表面の2種類のシリカナノ粒子の層でコーティングされたポリエステル被覆鋼およびポリエステルを、調べました。両表面は、表面の化学的性質およびナノトポグラフィーでの実質的な変化を引き起こすことが見出された日光に暴露しました。 

ビデオ: The Evolution of Silica Nanoparticle-polyester Coatings on Surfaces Exposed to Sunlight

Investigation of Early Plasma Evolution Induced by Ultrashort Laser Pulses

Early plasma is generated owing to high intensity laser irradiation of target and the subsequent target material ionization. Its dynamics plays a significant role in laser-material interaction, especially in the air environment1-11.
Early plasma evolution has been captured through pump-probe shadowgraphy1-3 and interferometry1,4-7. However, the studied time frames and applied laser parameter ranges are limited. For example, direct examinations of plasma front locations and electron number densities within a delay time of 100 picosecond (ps) with respect to the laser pulse peak are still very few, especially for the ultrashort pulse of a duration around 100 femtosecond (fs) and a low power density around 1014 W/cm2. Early plasma generated under these conditions has only been captured recently with high temporal and spatial resolutions12. The detailed setup strategy and procedures of this high precision measurement will be illustrated in this paper. The rationale of the measurement is optical pump-probe shadowgraphy: one ultrashort laser pulse is split to a pump pulse and a probe pulse, while the delay time between them can be adjusted by changing their beam path lengths. The pump pulse ablates the target and generates the early plasma, and the probe pulse propagates through the plasma region and detects the non-uniformity of electron number density. In addition, animations are generated using the calculated results from the simulation model of Ref. 12 to illustrate the plasma formation and evolution with a very high resolution (0.04 ~ 1 ps).
Both the experimental method and the simulation method can be applied to a broad range of time frames and laser parameters. These methods can be used to examine the early plasma generated not only from metals, but also from semiconductors and insulators.

An experimental method to examine the early plasma evolution induced by ultrashort laser pulses is described. Using this method, high quality images of early plasma are obtained with high temporal and spatial resolutions. A novel integrated atomistic model is used to simulate and explain the mechanisms of early plasma.

超短レーザーパルスにより誘起された初期プラズマの進化の解明

Early plasma is generated owing to high intensity laser irradiation of target and the subsequent target material ionization. Its dynamics plays a ...

工学

Fabrication of Silica Ultra High Quality Factor Microresonators

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the quality factor (Q) of the cavity, can be in excess of 500ns for cavities with Q factors above 100 million. As a result of their low material losses, silica microcavities have demonstrated some of the longest photon lifetimes to date1-2. Since a portion of the circulating light extends outside the resonator, these devices can also be used to probe the surroundings. This interaction has enabled numerous experiments in biology, such as single molecule biodetection and antibody-antigen kinetics, as well as discoveries in other fields, such as development of ultra-low-threshold microlasers, characterization of thin films, and cavity quantum electrodynamics studies.3-7
The two primary silica resonant cavity geometries are the microsphere and the microtoroid. Both devices rely on a carbon dioxide laser reflow step to achieve their ultra-high-Q factors (Q&gt;100 million).1-2,8-9 However, there are several notable differences between the two structures. Silica microspheres are free-standing, supported by a single optical fiber, whereas silica microtoroids can be fabricated on a silicon wafer in large arrays using a combination of lithography and etching steps. These differences influence which device is optimal for a given experiment.
Here, we present detailed fabrication protocols for both types of resonant cavities. While the fabrication of microsphere resonant cavities is fairly straightforward, the fabrication of microtoroid resonant cavities requires additional specialized equipment and facilities (cleanroom). Therefore, this additional requirement may also influence which device is selected for a given experiment.
Introduction
An optical resonator efficiently confines light at specific wavelengths, known as the resonant wavelengths of the device. 1-2 The common figure of merit for these optical resonators is the quality factor or Q. This term describes the photon lifetime (&tau;o) within the resonator, which is directly related to the resonator's optical losses. Therefore, an optical resonator with a high Q factor has low optical losses, long photon lifetimes, and very low photon decay rates (1/&tau;o). As a result of the long photon lifetimes, it is possible to build-up extremely large circulating optical field intensities in these devices. This very unique property has allowed these devices to be used as laser sources and integrated biosensors.10
A unique sub-class of resonators is the whispering gallery mode optical microcavity. In these devices, the light is confined in circular orbits at the periphery. Therefore, the field is not completely confined within the device, but evanesces into the environment. Whispering gallery mode optical cavities have demonstrated some of the highest quality factors of any optical resonant cavity to date.9,11 Therefore, these devices are used throughout science and engineering, including in fundamental physics studies and in telecommunications as well as in biodetection experiments. 3-7,12
Optical microcavities can be fabricated from a wide range of materials and in a wide variety of geometries. A few examples include silica and silicon microtoroids, silicon, silicon nitride, and silica microdisks, micropillars, and silica and polymer microrings.13-17 The range in quality factor (Q) varies as dramatically as the geometry. Although both geometry and high Q are important considerations in any field, in many applications, there is far greater leverage in boosting device performance through Q enhancement. Among the numerous options detailed previously, the silica microsphere and the silica microtoroid resonator have achieved some of the highest Q factors to date.1,9 Additionally, as a result of the extremely low optical loss of silica from the visible through the near-IR, both microspheres and microtoroids are able to maintain their Q factors over a wide range of testing wavelengths.18 Finally, because silica is inherently biocompatible, it is routinely used in biodetection experiments.
In addition to high material absorption, there are several other potential loss mechanisms, including surface roughness, radiation loss, and contamination loss.2 Through an optimization of the device size, it is possible to eliminate radiation losses, which arise from poor optical field confinement within the device. Similarly, by storing a device in an appropriately clean environment, contamination of the surface can be minimized. Therefore, in addition to material loss, surface scattering is the primary loss mechanism of concern.2,8
In silica devices, surface scattering is minimized by using a laser reflow technique, which melts the silica through surface tension induced reflow. While spherical optical resonators have been studied for many years, it is only with recent advances in fabrication technologies that researchers been able to fabricate high quality silica optical toroidal microresonators (Q&gt;100 million) on a silicon substrate, thus paving the way for integration with microfluidics.1
The present series of protocols details how to fabricate both silica microsphere and microtoroid resonant cavities. While silica microsphere resonant cavities are well-established, microtoroid resonant cavities were only recently invented.1 As many of the fundamental methods used to fabricate the microsphere are also used in the more complex microtoroid fabrication procedure, by including both in a single protocol it will enable researchers to more easily trouble-shoot their experiments.

We describe the use of a carbon dioxide laser reflow technique to fabricate silica resonant cavities, including free-standing microspheres and on-chip microtoroids. The reflow method removes surface imperfections, allowing long photon lifetimes within both devices. The resulting devices have ultra high quality factors, enabling applications ranging from telecommunications to biodetection.

シリカ超高品質ファクターMicroresonatorsの作製

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the ...

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen 1-7. The performance of SOFCs and the rates of many chemical and energy transformation processes in energy storage and conversion devices in general are limited primarily by charge and mass transfer along electrode surfaces and across interfaces. Unfortunately, the mechanistic understanding of these processes is still lacking, due largely to the difficulty of characterizing these processes under in situ conditions. This knowledge gap is a chief obstacle to SOFC commercialization. The development of tools for probing and mapping surface chemistries relevant to electrode reactions is vital to unraveling the mechanisms of surface processes and to achieving rational design of new electrode materials for more efficient energy storage and conversion2. Among the relatively few in situ surface analysis methods, Raman spectroscopy can be performed even with high temperatures and harsh atmospheres, making it ideal for characterizing chemical processes relevant to SOFC anode performance and degradation8-12. It can also be used alongside electrochemical measurements, potentially allowing direct correlation of electrochemistry to surface chemistry in an operating cell. Proper in situ Raman mapping measurements would be useful for pin-pointing important anode reaction mechanisms because of its sensitivity to the relevant species, including anode performance degradation through carbon deposition8, 10, 13, 14 ("coking") and sulfur poisoning11, 15 and the manner in which surface modifications stave off this degradation16. The current work demonstrates significant progress towards this capability. In addition, the family of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques provides a special approach to interrogate the electrode surface with nanoscale resolution. Besides the surface topography that is routinely collected by AFM and STM, other properties such as local electronic states, ion diffusion coefficient and surface potential can also be investigated17-22. In this work, electrochemical measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and SPM were used in conjunction with a novel test electrode platform that consists of a Ni mesh electrode embedded in an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte. Cell performance testing and impedance spectroscopy under fuel containing H2S was characterized, and Raman mapping was used to further elucidate the nature of sulfur poisoning. In situ Raman monitoring was used to investigate coking behavior. Finally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) were used to further visualize carbon deposition on the nanoscale. From this research, we desire to produce a more complete picture of the SOFC anode.

We present a unique platform for characterizing electrode surfaces in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that allows simultaneous performance of multiple characterization techniques (e.g. in situ Raman spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy alongside electrochemical measurements). Complementary information from these analyses may help to advance toward a more profound understanding of electrode reaction and degradation mechanisms, providing insights into rational design of better materials for SOFCs.

固体酸化物形燃料電池の電極表面をプロービングとマッピング

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen ...

Fabrication of Nano-engineered Transparent Conducting Oxides by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, density and stoichiometry by a proper control of the plasma plume expansion dynamics. Such versatility can be exploited to produce nanostructured films from compact and dense to nanoporous characterized by a hierarchical assembly of nano-sized clusters. In particular we describe the detailed methodology to fabricate two types of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films as transparent electrodes in photovoltaic devices: 1) at low O2 pressure, compact films with electrical conductivity and optical transparency close to the state of the art transparent conducting oxides (TCO) can be deposited at room temperature, to be compatible with thermally sensitive materials such as polymers used in organic photovoltaics (OPVs); 2) highly light scattering hierarchical structures resembling a forest of nano-trees are produced at higher pressures. Such structures show high Haze factor (&gt;80%) and may be exploited to enhance the light trapping capability. The method here described for AZO films can be applied to other metal oxides relevant for technological applications such as TiO2, Al2O3, WO3 and Ag4O4.

We describe the experimental method to deposit nanostructured oxide thin films by nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas. By using this method Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films, from compact to hierarchically structured as nano-tree forests, can be deposited.

パルスレーザー蒸着法によるナノエンジニアリング透明導電性酸化物の作製

Nanosecond Pulsed  Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition  of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, ...

High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry Near Surfaces

Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood. The complex nature of these flows may be studied using particle image velocimetry (PIV), a laser-based imaging technique for optically accessible flows. Though many forms of PIV exist that extend the technique beyond the original planar two-component velocity measurement capabilities, the basic PIV system consists of a light source (laser), a camera, tracer particles, and analysis algorithms. The imaging and recording parameters, the light source, and the algorithms are adjusted to optimize the recording for the flow of interest and obtain valid velocity data. 
Common PIV investigations measure two-component velocities in a plane at a few frames per second. However, recent developments in instrumentation have facilitated high-frame rate (&gt; 1 kHz) measurements capable of resolving transient flows with high temporal resolution. Therefore, high-frame rate measurements have enabled investigations on the evolution of the structure and dynamics of highly transient flows. These investigations play a critical role in understanding the fundamental physics of complex flows.
A detailed description for performing high-resolution, high-speed planar PIV to study a transient flow near the surface of a flat plate is presented here. Details for adjusting the parameter constraints such as image and recording properties, the laser sheet properties, and processing algorithms to adapt PIV for any flow of interest are included.

A procedure for studying transient flows near boundaries using high-resolution, high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) is described here. PIV is a non-intrusive measurement technique applicable to any optically accessible flow by optimizing several parameter constraints such as the image and recording properties, the laser sheet properties, and analysis algorithms.

表面近くの高速粒子画像流速

Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood. The ...

Monolayer Contact Doping of Silicon Surfaces and Nanowires Using Organophosphorus Compounds

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra shallow and sharp doping profiles at the nanometer scale. In MLCD process the dopant source is a monolayer containing dopant atoms.
In this article a detailed procedure for surface doping of silicon substrate as well as silicon nanowires is demonstrated. Phosphorus dopant source was formed using tetraethyl methylenediphosphonate monolayer on a silicon substrate. This monolayer containing substrate was brought to contact with a pristine intrinsic silicon target substrate and annealed while in contact. Sheet resistance of the target substrate was measured using 4 point probe. Intrinsic silicon nanowires were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process using a vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism; gold nanoparticles were used as catalyst for nanowire growth. The nanowires were suspended in ethanol by mild sonication. This suspension was used to dropcast the nanowires on silicon substrate with a silicon nitride dielectric top layer. These nanowires were doped with phosphorus in similar manner as used for the intrinsic silicon wafer. Standard photolithography process was used to fabricate metal electrodes for the formation of nanowire based field effect transistor (NW-FET). The electrical properties of a representative nanowire device were measured by a semiconductor device analyzer and a probe station.

A detailed procedure for surface doping of Silicon interfaces is provided. The ultra-shallow surface doping is demonstrated by using phosphorus containing monolayers and rapid annealing process. The method can be used for doping of macroscopic area surfaces as well as nanostructures.

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra ...

High-resolution Thermal Micro-imaging Using Europium Chelate Luminescent Coatings

Micro-electronic devices often undergo significant self-heating when biased to their typical operating conditions. This paper describes a convenient optical micro-imaging technique which can be used to map and quantify such behavior. Europium thenoyltrifluoroacetonate (EuTFC) has a 612 nm luminescence line whose activation efficiency drops strongly with increasing temperature, due to T-dependent interactions between the Eu3+ ion and the organic chelating compound. This material may be readily coated on to a sample surface by thermal sublimation in vacuum. When the coating is excited with ultraviolet light (337 nm) an optical micro-image of the 612 nm luminescent response can be converted directly into a map of the sample surface temperature. This technique offers spatial resolution limited only by the microscope optics (about 1 micron) and time resolution limited by the speed of the camera employed. It offers the additional advantages of only requiring comparatively simple and non-specialized equipment, and giving a quantitative probe of sample temperature.

Europium thenoyltrifluoroacetonate (EuTFC) has an optical luminescence line at 612 nm, whose activation efficiency decreases strongly with temperature. If a sample coated with a thin film of this material is micro-imaged, the 612 nm luminescent response intensity may be converted into a direct map of sample surface temperature.

ユーロピウムキレート発光塗料を用いた高解像度サーマルマイクロイメージング

Micro-electronic devices often undergo significant self-heating when biased to their typical operating conditions. This paper describes a convenient ...

Evanescent Field Based Photoacoustics: Optical Property Evaluation at Surfaces

Here, we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. Optical property evaluation of thin films and the surfaces of bulk materials is an important step in understanding new optical material systems and their applications. The method presented can estimate thickness, refractive index, and use absorptive properties of materials for detection. This metrology system uses evanescent field-based photoacoustics (EFPA), a field of research based upon the interaction of an evanescent field with the photoacoustic effect. This interaction and its resulting family of techniques allow the technique to probe optical properties within a few hundred nanometers of the sample surface. This optical near field allows for the highly accurate estimation of material properties on the same scale as the field itself such as refractive index and film thickness. With the use of EFPA and its sub techniques such as total internal reflection photoacoustic spectroscopy (TIRPAS) and optical tunneling photoacoustic spectroscopy (OTPAS), it is possible to evaluate a material at the nanoscale in a consolidated instrument without the need for many instruments and experiments that may be cost prohibitive.

Here we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. This technique evanescent field-based photoacoustics can be used to create a photoacoustic metrology system to estimate materials&#39; thicknesses, bulk and thin film refractive indices, and explore their optical properties.

エバネセント場ベースの光音響：表面での光学特性評価

Here, we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. ...

Pool-Boiling Heat-Transfer Enhancement on Cylindrical Surfaces with Hybrid Wettable Patterns

In this study, pool-boiling heat-transfer experiments were performed to investigate the effect of the number of interlines and the orientation of the hybrid wettable pattern. Hybrid wettable patterns were produced by coating superhydrophilic SiO2 on a masked, hydrophobic, cylindrical copper surface. Using de-ionized (DI) water as the working fluid, pool-boiling heat-transfer studies were conducted on the different surface-treated copper cylinders of a 25-mm diameter and a 40-mm length. The experimental results showed that the number of interlines and the orientation of the hybrid wettable pattern influenced the wall superheat and the HTC. By increasing the number of interlines, the HTC was enhanced when compared to the plain surface. Images obtained from the charge-coupled device (CCD) camera indicated that more bubbles formed on the interlines as compared to other parts. The hybrid wettable pattern with the lowermost section being hydrophobic gave the best heat-transfer coefficient (HTC). The experimental results indicated that the bubble dynamics of the surface is an important factor that determines the nucleate boiling.

Pool-boiling heat-transfer experiments were carried out to observe the effects of hybrid wettable patterns on the heat-transfer coefficient (HTC). The parameters of investigation are the number of interlines and the pattern orientation of the modified wettable surface.

ハイブリッド湿潤性パターンを持つ円筒面上のプール沸騰熱伝達の強化

In this study, pool-boiling heat-transfer experiments were performed to investigate the effect of the number of interlines and the orientation of the ...

Evaluation of Commercial-Off-The-Shelf Wrist Wearables to Estimate Stress on Students

Wearable commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) devices have become popular during the last years to monitor sports activities, primarily among young people. These devices include sensors to gather data on physiological signals such as heart rate, skin temperature or galvanic skin response. By applying data analytics techniques to these kinds of signals, it is possible to obtain estimations of higher-level aspects of human behavior. In the literature, there are several works describing the use of physiological data collected using clinical devices to obtain information on sleep patterns or stress. However, it is still an open question whether data captured using COTS wrist wearables is sufficient to characterize the learners' psychological state in educational settings. This paper discusses a protocol to evaluate stress estimation from data obtained using COTS wrist wearables. The protocol is carried out in two phases. The first stage consists of a controlled laboratory experiment, where a mobile app is used to induce different stress levels in a student by means of a relaxing video, a Stroop Color and Word test, a Paced Auditory Serial Addition test, and a hyperventilation test. The second phase is carried out in the classroom, where stress is analyzed while performing several academic activities, namely attending to theoretical lectures, doing exercises and other individual activities, and taking short tests and exams. In both cases, both quantitative data obtained from COTS wrist wearables and qualitative data gathered by means of questionnaires are considered. This protocol involves a simple and consistent method with a stress induction app and questionnaires, requiring a limited participation of support staff.

A protocol to evaluate solutions based on commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) wrist wearables to estimate stress in students is proposed. The protocol is carried out in two phases, an initial laboratory-based stress induction test, and a monitoring stage taking place in the classroom while the student is performing academic activities.

学生へのストレスを推定する商業の棚を離れて手首ウェアラブルの評価

Wearable commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) devices have become popular during the last years to monitor sports activities, primarily among young people. ...