Diese Arbeit wurde von R01 NS067417 vom National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke (MPB) unterstützt.

Diese Studien wurden in strikter Übereinstimmung mit den Empfehlungen in der Leitfaden für die Pflege und Verwendung von Labor-Tiere der National Institutes Gesundheit durchgeführt. Das Protokoll wurde vom Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee an der Georgetown University genehmigt. Mäuse wurden in einer temperaturgesteuerten Tieranlage untergebracht und wurden auf einem 12 h Licht / 12 h dunklen Zyklus gehalten. Nahrung und Wasser waren ad libitum vorhanden . 1. Vorbereitung des mTBI-Gerätes HINWEIS: Das mTBI-Gerät enthält eine Datenerfassungs-Box (DAQ) zur Steuerung der Aufprallparameter, eines pneumatischen Impaktors mit hoher Geschwindigkeit, um die Impaktion durchzuführen, und eine geformte Gel-gefüllte Basis, um den Kopf nach dem Aufprall abzubremsen. <ol><li> Druckluft einschalten und den Hochdruck-Pneumatik-Impaktor auf eine Druckeinstellung von 861,85 kPa initialisieren. </li><li> Kalibrieren Sie das DAQ-Kontrollsystem auf folgende Parameter - Kolbengeschwindigkeit von 2,35 m / s, OberflächenverweilzeitE von 31,5 ms. </li><li> Legen Sie die geformte Gel-gefüllte Basis (Kompressibilität 64 kPa / mm) so, dass die Mittellinie senkrecht mit der Trajektorie der Impaktor Spitze ist. </li></ol> 2. mTBI Impaction <ol><li> Notieren Sie die Gewichte aller Mäuse, die verwendet werden sollen. </li><li> Anästhesieren von Mäusen mit 3% Isofluran in Sauerstoff für 120 s in einer Induktionskammer. </li><li> Mäuse auf MTBI-Apparatur übertragen, Anästhesie über einen biegsamen, nicht fixierten Nasenkonus fortsetzen. </li><li> Während im Nasenkonus den Mauskopf auf die Gelauflage stellen, so dass die flache Oberfläche des Schädels senkrecht zur Impaktorspitze dargestellt wird. </li><li> Legen Sie das Band über den Mauskopf, um eine flache Oberfläche zu schaffen und die Ohren von der Aufprallstelle abzuhalten. </li><li> Senken Sie die Polytetrafluorethylen-Impaktor-Spitze, um mit der sagittalen Mittellinie in der Mitte des Kopfes auszurichten. Die verwendete Impaktor Spitze ist 10 mm im Durchmesser und deckt den Bereich der Kopfhaut von gerade hinter den Augen bis zur Mittellinie der Ohren. Den Impaktor so einstellen, dass es ju istEr berührt die Oberfläche des Mauskopfes. </li><li> Ziehen Sie die Impaktorspitze zurück und wählen Sie die gewünschte Umlenkungstiefe (7,5 mm) manuell ein. </li><li> Arm das DAQ-Kontrollsystem und drücken Sie die Trigger-Taste, um den Mauskopf zu beeinflussen, entweder eine singuläre oder sich wiederholende Auswirkungen. Repetitive Auswirkungen werden nacheinander ohne Verzögerung zwischen jedem Aufprall geliefert. </li><li> Unmittelbar nach dem letzten Aufprall entfernen Sie die Maus aus der Anästhesie und dem mTBI-Apparat und legen Sie sie in die Rückenlage. </li><li> Mit einer Stoppuhr messen Sie die Latenz der Rückkehr des rechten Reflexes (Rückenlage anfällig), um den Verlust der Bewusstseinszeit zu bestimmen, sowie Zeit zum Ambulieren (ungehindertes Gehen). </li><li> Maus überwachen und bei Erholung auf normales Verhalten zurückkehren, kehren Sie zu seinem Hauskäfig zurück. </li><li> Sham Mäuse erhalten identische Handhabung und Anästhesie, aber erhalten keine Auswirkungen. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>McMahon, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Symptomatology+and+functional+outcome+in+mild+traumatic+brain+injury:+results+from+the+prospective+TRACK-TBI+study.">Symptomatology and functional outcome in mild traumatic brain injury: results from the prospective TRACK-TBI study.</a> J Neurotrauma. 31 (1), 26-33 (2014).</li><li>Barkhoudarian, G., Hovda, D. A., Giza, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+molecular+pathophysiology+of+concussive+brain+injury.">The molecular pathophysiology of concussive brain injury.</a> Clin Sports Med. 30 (1), 33-48 (2011).</li><li>Blennow, K., Hardy, J., Zetterberg, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neuropathology+and+neurobiology+of+traumatic+brain+injury.">The neuropathology and neurobiology of traumatic brain injury.</a> Neuron. 76 (5), 886-899 (2012).</li><li>Levin, H. S., Diaz-Arrastia, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnosis,+prognosis,+and+clinical+management+of+mild+traumatic+brain+injury.">Diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical management of mild traumatic brain injury.</a> Lancet Neurol. 14 (5), 506-517 (2015).</li><li>McCrory, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Consensus+statement+on+concussion+in+sport:+the+4th+International+Conference+on+Concussion+in+Sport,+Zurich,+November+2012.">Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Zurich, November 2012.</a> J Athl Train. 48 (4), 554-575 (2012).</li><li>Talavage, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functionally-detected+cognitive+impairment+in+high+school+football+players+without+clinically-diagnosed+concussion.">Functionally-detected cognitive impairment in high school football players without clinically-diagnosed concussion.</a> J Neurotrauma. 31 (4), 327-338 (2014).</li><li>Angoa-Perez, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+sports-related+head+injury:+bridging+the+gap+between+pre-clinical+research+and+clinical+reality.">Animal models of sports-related head injury: bridging the gap between pre-clinical research and clinical reality.</a> J Neurochem. 129 (6), 916-931 (2014).</li><li>Creed, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concussive+brain+trauma+in+the+mouse+results+in+acute+cognitive+deficits+and+sustained+impairment+of+axonal+function.">Concussive brain trauma in the mouse results in acute cognitive deficits and sustained impairment of axonal function.</a> J Neurotrauma. 28 (4), 547-563 (2011).</li><li>Hamberger, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concussion+in+professional+football:+morphology+of+brain+injuries+in+the+NFL+concussion+model--part+16.">Concussion in professional football: morphology of brain injuries in the NFL concussion model--part 16.</a> Neurosurgery. 64 (6), 1174-1182 (2009).</li><li>Kane, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mouse+model+of+human+repetitive+mild+traumatic+brain+injury.">A mouse model of human repetitive mild traumatic brain injury.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 203 (1), 41-49 (2012).</li><li>Prins, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repeat+traumatic+brain+injury+in+the+juvenile+rat+is+associated+with+increased+axonal+injury+and+cognitive+impairments.">Repeat traumatic brain injury in the juvenile rat is associated with increased axonal injury and cognitive impairments.</a> Dev Neurosci. 32 (5-6), 510-518 (2010).</li><li>Tang, Y. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+concussive-like+brain+injury+model+in+mice+(II):+selective+neuronal+loss+in+the+cortex+and+hippocampus.">A concussive-like brain injury model in mice (II): selective neuronal loss in the cortex and hippocampus.</a> J Neurotrauma. 14 (11), 863-873 (1997).</li><li>Winston, C. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+Spine+Loss+and+Chronic+White+Matter+Inflammation+in+a+Mouse+Model+of+Highly+Repetitive+Head+Trauma.">Dendritic Spine Loss and Chronic White Matter Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Highly Repetitive Head Trauma.</a> Am J Pathol. 186 (3), 552-567 (2016).</li><li>Johnson, V. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammation+and+white+matter+degeneration+persist+for+years+after+a+single+traumatic+brain+injury.">Inflammation and white matter degeneration persist for years after a single traumatic brain injury.</a> Brain. 136, 28-42 (2013).</li><li>Barrio, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+characterization+of+chronic+traumatic+encephalopathy+using+[F-18]FDDNP+PET+brain+imaging.">In vivo characterization of chronic traumatic encephalopathy using [F-18]FDDNP PET brain imaging.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 112 (16), 2039-2047 (2015).</li></ol>

Die Autoren haben nichts zu offenbaren.

Bei Menschen ist mTBI durch eine funktionelle Beeinträchtigung bei fehlender struktureller Verletzung gekennzeichnet. Dies kann mit oder ohne ein Verlust des Bewusstseins auftreten 1 . Die Exposition zur Wiederholung von Gehirnerschütterungen wird derzeit als die Entwicklung und / oder Progression von neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen wie CTE 4 zugrunde liegen . Es ist gut dokumentiert, dass CTE häufig in Boxern und Fußballspielern gefunden wird und obwohl die Exposition...

Traumatische Hirnverletzung (TBI) ist definiert als eine Kopfverletzung, die von einer äußeren physischen Kraft, die zu einer Störung der normalen Gehirnfunktion führt. Es stellt eine bedeutende sozio-ökonomische und öffentliche Gesundheit Belastung dar, mit dem Zentrum für Krankheit-Steuerung und Verhinderung 2015 Bericht zum Kongress schätzt, daß 2.5 Million Amerikaner ein TBI jedes Jahr erhalten. Dies wirkt sich nicht nur auf die Lebensqualität des Patienten aus, sondern stellt auch eine äußerst hohe ökonomische Kosten für die Gemeinschaft dar, die derzeit auf 76,5 Milliarden Dollar jährlich geschätzt wird. Die Menge der tatsächlichen Hirnschäden vermittelt und die akute Phase Symptomologien ist, was definiert leichte, mäßige und schwere TBI. Mildtraumatische Hirnverletzung (mTBI), die auch als Gehirnerschütterung bezeichnet wird, macht über 70% der TBIs aus, die jedes Jahr gemeldet werden 1 . Es ist am häufigsten bei Athleten, die in High-Risk-Kontakt Sport einschließlich Boxen und Fußball teilnehmen 2 . Im Gegensatz zu moderatenOder schwere Formen von TBI, die unmittelbaren Schäden und Symptome im Zusammenhang mit mTBI sind manchmal nicht so ausgeprägt 3 . Im Gegensatz dazu können die Langzeitwirkungen von mTBI genauso schwächen sein wie die, die in den gemäßigten und schweren Formen gesehen werden. Diejenigen, die unter repetitiven mTBI leiden, haben gezeigt, dass sie eine chronische traumatische Enzephalopathie (CTE) entwickeln, sowie andere kognitive und degenerative Erkrankungen 4 . Daher ist es wichtig, ein besseres Verständnis der Mechanismen zu gewinnen, die zu den kurzfristigen Symptomen beitragen und insgesamt langfristige Schäden, die nach mTBI entstehen. Bei den Menschen heißt es in der Definition der Gehirnerschütterung, wie sie in der vierten Internationalen Konferenz zur Erschütterung im Sport (Zürich 2012) definiert ist, dass die Verletzungsgefahr für die Sportvergänglichkeit mild ist, keine groben pathologischen Veränderungen verursacht, sondern kurzfristige neurologische Defizite verursacht Die spontan gelöst sind. In der Tat, ein receDie Studie untersuchte die Wirkung von mTBI auf die kognitive Beeinträchtigung bei den High School-Fußballspielern mit Hilfe von Kopfschlag-Telemetriesystemen. Diese Studie zeigte, wie lange Spieler Sturzhelme beeinflusst haben&gt; 20 g in einer einzigen Saison reichen von einem Tiefstand von 226 (durchschnittlich 4,7 pro Sitzung) bis zu einem Höchststand von 1855 (durchschnittlich 38,6 pro Sitzung) 6 . Die meisten dieser Auswirkungen führten nicht zur klinischen Diagnose einer Gehirnerschütterung. Aber der Hinweis auf funktionelle Veränderungen der Hirnfunktion konnte mit fMRI 6 beobachtet werden. Die Hirnveränderungen, die diese funktionalen Veränderungen verursachen, sind unbekannt, und daher besteht ein dringender Bedarf, ein zuverlässiges und reproduzierbares Modell zu haben, um die Erforschung der Auswirkungen von konkurrenzfähigem und subkonkurrierendem mTBI zu erleichtern. Trotz früherer Versuche, mTBI bei Mäusen und Ratten 7 zu modellieren, berichten viele nachteilige Effekte. Insbesondere sind die meisten Nagetiermodelle in ihrer sich wiederholenden Natur mit weniger th begrenztEin Fünf-MTBI-Einfluss, sowie mit nachteiligen pathologischen Ereignissen, einschließlich intrazerebraler Blutungen, Schädelfrakturen, schwerer axonaler Verletzung, neuronaler Zelltod und erhöhter Mortalität 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 . Hier beschreiben wir ein Mausmodell von mTBI, das näher an der wahren Definition der Gehirnerschütterung beim Menschen liegt. Dieses Modell rekapituliert viele der Symptome, die im menschlichen mTBI beobachtet werden, wie die mechanische Kraft, die zu dem vorübergehenden Verlust des Bewusstseins führt, ohne eine offene grobe Hirnpathologie. Weiterhin ist es vorteilhaft in der Tatsache, dass es sowohl für Einzelaufprall- als auch für wiederholte Aufprallparadigmen über lange Zeiträume genutzt werden kann.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Powerlab 8SP data acquisition (DAQ) control box&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">(AD instruments)</td>
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			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">VIP 3000 calibrated vaporizer</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isoflurane</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">29405</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Oxygen</td>
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			<td>Commercially available</td>
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			<td>Commercially available</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Masking Tape</td>
			<td style="width:203px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Commercially available</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stop Watch</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-261-840</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">C57 Bl/6 Mice</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Jackson Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Digital Scale and weigh container</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>20031</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">anti-Iba1 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">019-19741</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">HRP labelled secondary&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">111-035-003</td>
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a mouse model of single and repetitive mild traumatic brain injury

Mildtraumatische Hirnverletzung (mTBI) kann zu einem akuten Verlust der Hirnfunktion führen, einschließlich einer Periode der Verwirrung, eines Verlustes des Bewusstseins (LOC), der fokalen neurologischen Defizite und sogar der Amnesie. Athleten, die an Kontaktsportarten teilnehmen, haben ein hohes Risiko der Exposition gegenüber einer großen Anzahl von MTBIs. In Bezug auf die Verletzungsstufe in einem sportlichen Athleten ist ein mTBI definiert als eine leichte Verletzung, die keine groben pathologischen Veränderungen verursacht, aber kurzfristige neurologische Defizite verursacht, die spontan gelöst werden. Trotz früherer Versuche, mTBI bei Mäusen und Ratten zu modellieren, haben viele grobe Nebenwirkungen wie Schädelfrakturen, intrazerebrale Blutungen, axonale Verletzungen und neuronalen Zelltod gemeldet. Hier beschreiben wir unser hoch reproduzierbares Tiermodell von mTBI, das klinisch relevante Symptome wiedergibt. Dieses Modell verwendet eine maßgeschneiderte pneumatische Impaktor-Vorrichtung, um ein geschlossenes Kopftrauma zu liefern. Dieser Aufprall erfolgt unter präzisen Geschwindigkeits- und Verformungsparametern,Die Schaffung eines zuverlässigen und reproduzierbaren Modells, um die Mechanismen zu untersuchen, die zu Wirkungen einzelner oder repetitiver concussiver mTBI beitragen.

Die Verwendung dieses neuartigen MTBI-Gerätes ermöglicht einheitliche und wiederholte milde Kopfverletzungen ohne Gefahr von Schädelfrakturen oder strukturellen Hirnschäden. Das Modell verwendet eine maßgeschneiderte pneumatische Teflon-Impaktor-Vorrichtung, um einen geschlossenen Kopf mechanischen Energieaufprall zu liefern. Die Auswirkungen werden unter präzisen Geschwindigkeits- und Verformungsparametern durchgeführt, wodurch ein zuverlässiges und reproduzierbares Modell gesch...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Mouse Model of Single and Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury at JoVE.com

A Mouse Model of Single and Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Athleten absorbieren mehrere hundert milde traumatische Hirnverletzungen (mTBI) / Gehirnerschütterungen jedes Jahr; Die Konsequenz dieser auf das Gehirn ist jedoch schlecht verstanden. Daher bietet ein Tiermodell von Einzel- und Wiederholungs-MTBI, das konsequent repliziert klinisch relevante Symptome bietet die Mittel, um die Studie von MTBI und Gehirnerschütterung voranzutreiben.

Ein Mausmodell der einzelnen und repetitiven milden traumatischen Gehirnverletzung

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) can result in the acute loss of brain function, including a period of confusion, a loss of consciousness (LOC), focal ...

a-mouse-model-of-single-and-repetitive-mild-traumatic-brain-injury

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

11.0K Aufrufe.  Georgetown University Medical Center.  Athleten absorbieren mehrere hundert milde traumatische Hirnverletzungen (mTBI) / Gehirnerschütterungen jedes Jahr; Die Konsequenz dieser auf das Gehirn ist jedoch schlecht verstanden. Daher bietet ein Tiermodell von Einzel- und Wiederholungs-MTBI, das konsequent repliziert klinisch relevante Symptome bietet die Mittel, um die Studie von MTBI und Gehirnerschütterung voranzutreiben. 

Serie: A Mouse Model of Single and Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Normothermic Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Mouse Model of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common, highly lethal, complication of critical illness which has a high mortality1-4 and which is most 
frequently caused by whole-body hypoperfusion.5,6 Successful reproduction of whole-body hypoperfusion in rodent models has been fraught with 
difficulty.7-9,9,10 Models which employ focal ischemia have repeatedly demonstrated results which do not translate to the clinical setting, and larger 
animal models which allow for whole body hypoperfusion lack access to the full toolset of genetic manipulation possible in the mouse.11,12 However, in recent 
years a mouse model of cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation has emerged which can be adapted to model AKI.13 This model reliably reproduces 
physiologic, functional, anatomic, and histologic outcomes seen in clinical AKI, is rapidly repeatable, and offers all of the significant advantages of a murine surgical 
model, including access to genetic manipulative techniques, low cost relative to large animals, and ease of use. Our group has developed extensive experience 
with use of this model to assess a number of organ-specific outcomes in AKI.14,15

A powerful model for perioperative and critical care related acute kidney injury is presented. Using whole body hypoperfusion induced by cardiac arrest it is possible to nearly replicate the histologic and functional changes of clinical AKI.

Normothermen Herzstillstand und Herz-Lungen: Ein Maus-Modell der Ischämie-Reperfusionsschaden

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common, highly lethal, complication of critical illness which has a high mortality1-4 and which is most 
frequently caused ...

Forschung

Medizin

Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for objective diagnosis but also for the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and resilience to trauma. Ongoing research is directed at identifying molecular biomarkers for PTSD, including traumatic stress induced proteins, transcriptomes, genomic variances and genetic modulators, using biologic samples from subjects' blood, saliva, urine, and postmortem brain tissues. However, the correlation of these biomarker molecules in peripheral or postmortem samples to altered brain functions associated with psychiatric symptoms in PTSD remains unresolved. Here, we present an animal model of PTSD in which both peripheral blood and central brain biomarkers, as well as behavioral phenotype, can be collected and measured, thus providing the needed correlation of the central biomarkers of PTSD, which are mechanistic and pathognomonic but cannot be collected from people, with the peripheral biomarkers and behavioral phenotypes, which can.
Our animal model of PTSD employs restraint and tail shocks repeated for three continuous days - the inescapable tail-shock model (ITS) in rats. This ITS model mimics the pathophysiology of PTSD 17, 7, 4, 10. We and others have verified that the ITS model induces behavioral and neurobiological alterations similar to those found in PTSD subjects 17, 7, 10, 9. Specifically, these stressed rats exhibit (1) a delayed and exaggerated startle response appearing several days after stressor cessation, which given the compressed time scale of the rat's life compared to a humans, corresponds to the one to three months delay of symptoms in PTSD patients (DSM-IV-TR PTSD Criterian D/E 13), (2) enhanced plasma corticosterone (CORT) for several days, indicating compromise of the hypothalamopituitary axis (HPA), and (3) retarded body weight gain after stressor cessation, indicating dysfunction of metabolic regulation.
The experimental paradigms employed for this model are: (1) a learned helplessness paradigm in the rat assayed by measurement of acoustic startle response (ASR) and a charting of body mass; (2) microdissection of the rat brain into regions and nuclei; (3) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for blood levels of CORT; (4) a gene expression microarray plus related bioinformatics tools 18. This microarray, dubbed rMNChip, focuses on mitochondrial and mitochondria-related nuclear genes in the rat so as to specifically address the neuronal bioenergetics hypothesized to be involved in PTSD.

We describe a rat model of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that reveals the persistent alterations in neuroendocrine function and the delayed long-term, exaggerated fear response, characteristic of PTSD patients. The animal model and methods described here are useful for correlating biomarkers in brain nuclei, which are mechanistic but cannot be measured in patients, with biomarkers in peripheral white blood cells, which can.

Biomarker in einem Tiermodell für die Aufdeckung Neural, hämatologischen und Behavioral Korrelate der PTSD

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for ...

Stretch in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (cEND) as an In Vitro Traumatic Brain Injury Model of the Blood Brain Barrier

Due to the high mortality incident brought about by traumatic brain injury (TBI), methods that would enable one to better understand the underlying mechanisms involved in it are useful for treatment. There are both in vivo and in vitro methods available for this purpose. In vivo models can mimic actual head injury as it occurs during TBI. However, in vivo techniques may not be exploited for studies at the cell physiology level. Hence, in vitro methods are more advantageous for this purpose since they provide easier access to the cells and the extracellular environment for manipulation.
Our protocol presents an in vitro model of TBI using stretch injury in brain microvascular endothelial cells. It utilizes pressure applied to the cells cultured in flexible-bottomed wells. The pressure applied may easily be controlled and can produce injury that ranges from low to severe. The murine brain microvascular endothelial cells (cEND) generated in our laboratory is a well-suited model for the blood brain barrier (BBB) thus providing an advantage to other systems that employ a similar technique. In addition, due to the simplicity of the method, experimental set-ups are easily duplicated. Thus, this model can be used in studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in TBI at the BBB.

Stretch in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells cEND as an In Vitro Traumatic Brain Injury Model of the Blood Brain Barrier

In vitro traumatic brain injury models are being developed to reproduce in vivo brain deformation. Stretch-induced injury has been employed for astrocytes, neurons, glial cells, aortic, and brain endothelial cells. However, our system uses a blood brain barrier (BBB) model that possesses properties constituting a legitimate model of the BBB to establish an in vitro&#160;TBI model.

Stretchlimousine in Gehirn mikrovaskulären Endothelzellen (CEND) als<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Traumatische Hirnverletzung Modell der Blut-Hirn-Schranke

Due to the high mortality incident brought about by traumatic brain injury (TBI), methods that would enable one to better understand the underlying ...

An Alkali-burn Injury Model of Corneal Neovascularization in the Mouse

Under normal conditions, the cornea is avascular, and this transparency is essential for maintaining good visual acuity. Neovascularization (NV) of the cornea, which can be caused by trauma, keratoplasty or infectious disease, breaks down the so called &lsquo;angiogenic privilege' of the cornea and forms the basis of multiple visual pathologies that may even lead to blindness. Although there are several treatment options available, the fundamental medical need presented by corneal neovascular pathologies remains unmet. In order to develop safe, effective, and targeted therapies, a reliable model of corneal NV and pharmacological intervention is required. Here, we describe an alkali-burn injury corneal neovascularization model in the mouse. This protocol provides a method for the application of a controlled alkali-burn injury to the cornea, administration of a pharmacological compound of interest, and visualization of the result. This method could prove instrumental for studying the mechanisms and opportunities for intervention in corneal NV and other neovascular disorders.

Neovascularization (NV) of the cornea can complicate multiple visual pathologies. Utilizing a controlled, alkali-burn injury model, a quantifiable level of corneal NV can be produced for mechanistic study of corneal NV and evaluation of potential therapies for neovascular disorders.

Eine Alkali-brennen Verletzungsmodell der Hornhaut Neovaskularisation bei der Maus

Under normal conditions, the cornea is avascular, and this transparency is essential for maintaining good visual acuity. Neovascularization (NV) of the ...

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, social, and economical effects are staggering. Therefore, further research into the effects of TBI and effective treatments is necessary. The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model induces traumatic brain injuries ranging from mild to severe. This method uses a rigid impactor to deliver mechanical energy to an intact dura exposed following a craniectomy. Impact is made under precise parameters at a set velocity to achieve a pre-determined deformation depth. Although other TBI models, such as weight drop and fluid percussion, exist, CCI is more accurate, easier to control, and most importantly, produces traumatic brain injuries similar to those seen in humans. However, no TBI model is currently able to reproduce pathological changes identical to those seen in human patients. The CCI model allows investigation into the short-term and long-term effects of TBI, such as neuronal death, memory deficits, and cerebral edema, as well as potential therapeutic treatments for TBI.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

Controlled Cortical Impact-Modell für traumatische Hirnverletzung

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI).  Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, ...

Renal Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury: A Mouse Model of Injury and Regeneration

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable during renal transplantation. Experimental models that accurately and reproducibly recapitulate renal IRI are crucial in dissecting the pathophysiology of AKI and the development of novel therapeutic agents. Presented here is a mouse model of renal IRI that results in reproducible AKI. This is achieved by a midline laparotomy approach for the surgery with one incision allowing both a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia of the left kidney. By careful monitoring of the clamp position and body temperature during the period of ischaemia this model achieves reproducible functional and structural injury. Mice sacrificed 24 hr&#160;following surgery demonstrate loss of renal function with elevation of the serum or plasma creatinine level as well as structural kidney damage with acute tubular necrosis evident. Renal function improves and the acute tissue injury resolves during the course of 7 days following renal IRI such that this model may be used to study renal regeneration. This model of renal IRI has been utilized to study the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of AKI as well as analysis of the subsequent renal regeneration.

The mouse model of renal ischaemia reperfusion injury described here comprises of a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia that results in acute kidney injury. This model uses a midline laparotomy approach with all steps performed via one incision.

Renale Ischämie Reperfusionsschaden: Ein Maus-Modell der Schädigung und Regeneration

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable ...

A Novel Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury for Juvenile Rats

Despite growing evidence that childhood represents a major risk period for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) from sports-related concussions, motor vehicle accidents, and falls, a reliable animal model of mTBI had previously not been developed for this important aspect of development. The modified weight-drop technique employs a glancing impact to the head of a freely moving rodent transmitting acceleration, deceleration, and rotational forces upon the brain. When applied to juvenile rats, this modified weight-drop technique induced clinically relevant behavioural outcomes that were representative of post-concussion symptomology. The technique is a rapidly applied procedure with an extremely low mortality rate, rendering it ideal for high-throughput studies of therapeutics. In addition, because the procedure involves a mild injury to a closed head, it can easily be used for studies of repetitive brain injury. Owing to the simplistic nature of this technique, and the clinically relevant biomechanics of the injury pathophysiology, the modified weight-drop technique provides researchers with a reliable model of mTBI that can be used in a wide variety of behavioural, molecular, and genetic studies.

The modified weight-drop technique is an easy, cost-effective procedure used for the induction of mild traumatic brain injury in juvenile rats. This novel technique produces clinically relevant symptomology that will advance the study of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and concussion.

Roman Modell Mild traumatische Hirnverletzung für jungen Ratten

Despite growing evidence that childhood represents a major risk period for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) from sports-related concussions, motor ...

A Neonatal Mouse Spinal Cord Compression Injury Model

Spinal cord injury (SCI) typically causes devastating neurological deficits, particularly through damage to fibers descending from the brain to the spinal cord. A major current area of research is focused on the mechanisms of adaptive plasticity that underlie spontaneous or induced functional recovery following SCI. Spontaneous functional recovery is reported to be greater early in life, raising interesting questions about how adaptive plasticity changes as the spinal cord develops. To facilitate investigation of this dynamic, we have developed a SCI model in the neonatal mouse. The model has relevance for pediatric SCI, which is too little studied. Because neural plasticity in the adult involves some of the same mechanisms as neural plasticity in early life1, this model may potentially have some relevance also for adult SCI. Here we describe the entire procedure for generating a reproducible spinal cord compression (SCC) injury in the neonatal mouse as early as postnatal (P) day 1. SCC is achieved by performing a laminectomy at a given spinal level (here described at thoracic levels 9-11) and then using a modified Yasargil aneurysm mini-clip to rapidly compress and decompress the spinal cord. As previously described, the injured neonatal mice can be tested for behavioral deficits or sacrificed for ex vivo physiological analysis of synaptic connectivity using electrophysiological and high-throughput optical recording techniques1. Earlier and ongoing studies using behavioral and physiological assessment have demonstrated a dramatic, acute impairment of hindlimb motility followed by a complete functional recovery within 2 weeks, and the first evidence of changes in functional circuitry at the level of identified descending synaptic connections1.

This article describes a method for generating a reproducible spinal cord compression injury (SCI) in the neonatal mouse. The model provides an advantageous platform for studying mechanisms of adaptive plasticity that underlie spontaneous functional recovery.

Ein Neonatal Maus Spinal Cord Injury Kompression Modell

Spinal cord injury (SCI) typically causes devastating neurological deficits, particularly through damage to fibers descending from the brain to the spinal ...

A Repetitive Concussive Head Injury Model in Mice

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of knowledge on the injury and its effects. To develop a better understanding of concussions, animals are often used because they provide a controlled, rigorous, and efficient model. Studies have adapted traditional animal models to perform mTBI to stimulate mild injury severity by changing the injury parameters. These models have been used because they can produce morphologically similar brain injuries to the clinical condition and provide a spectrum of injury severities. However, they are limited in their ability to present the identical features of injuries in patients. Using a traditional impact system, a repetitive concussive injury (rCHI) model can induce mild to moderate human-like concussion. The injury degree can be determined by measuring the period of loss of consciousness (LOC) with a sign of a transient termination of breathing. The rCHI model is beneficial to use for its accuracy and simplicity in determining mTBI effects and potential treatments.

Concussion presents the most common type of traumatic brain injury. Therefore, a repetitive concussive animal model, which replicates the important features of an injury in patients, may provide a means to study concussion in a rigorous, controlled, and efficient manner.

Ein Repetitive erschütternder Head Injury-Modell in Mäusen

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of ...

A Tissue Displacement-based Contusive Spinal Cord Injury Model in Mice

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between experimental animals. Several contusive SCI models have been developed to produce injuries using different mechanisms. The severity of the SCI is based on the height that a given weight is dropped, the injury force, or the spinal cord displacement. In the current study, we introduce a novel mouse contusive SCI device, the Louisville Injury System Apparatus (LISA) impactor, which can create a displacement-based SCI with high injury velocity and accuracy. This system utilizes laser distance sensors combined with advanced software to produce graded and highly-reproducible injuries. We performed a contusive SCI at the 10th thoracic vertebral (T10) level in mice to demonstrate the step-by-step procedure. The model can also be applied to the cervical and lumbar spinal levels.

We introduce a tissue displacement-based contusive spinal cord injury model that can produce a consistent contusive spinal cord injury in adult mice.

Ein Tissue Displacement-basierte Contusive Spinal Cord Verletzung Modell in Mäusen

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between ...