Die Autoren danken Pieter Schiphorst für seine Rolle bei der Gestaltung der Einrichtung und die Grafik der Figuren 1 und 3, und Marnix Naber für hilfreiche Diskussion und seinen Beitrag zur Abbildung 6. Die Autoren erkennen auch Forscher und Herausgeber für die Wiederverwendung von Abbildung 1 und 6 aus einem veröffentlichten Papier1.

dieses Protokoll genehmigt wurde, von der institutionellen Review Boards der Michigan State University.
 1. Aufbau des Systems <ol><li>Begründung <ol><li>bereiten das Spiegel-Setup, eine Variante der klassischen Wheatstone Stereoskop 28 dargestellt Abbildung 1 , bestehend aus zwei Spiegel positioniert in einem 45° Winkel relativ zu der Teilnehmer &#39; s Mittellinie. Die Spiegel reflektieren Reize aus zwei Bildschirme, die an den entgegengesetzten Enden des Tisches, einander gegenüber positioniert sind.</li>
		<li>Sitz ein Teilnehmers vor dem Spiegel und haben sie einen anderen Bildschirm reflektiert über eine andere Spiegel, mit beiden Augen zu sehen. Um beste Ergebnisse zu erzielen, verwenden Sie eine Kopfstütze für die Stabilisierung des Teilnehmers &#39; Kopf s.</li>
		<li>Positionieren Sie eine Infrarot-empfindliche videobasierte Eye-Tracker, darunter eine Kamera und einen Illuminator, vor dem Teilnehmer aber hinter den spiegeln. Der Eye-Tracker wird durch eine Box in Abbildung 1 dargestellt. 
		Hinweis: Eine Herausforderung, wenn Sie versuchen, die Augen in normale Installationen dieser Art zu verfolgen ist, dass die Augen durch die Spiegel gesperrt sind.</li>
		<li>Verwenden zwei Front-Oberfläche spiegeln, oft beworben als &#34; kalten Spiegel &#34; (Einfallswinkel: 45°), das verfügen über nahezu vollständigen Reflexion der sichtbaren Wellenlängen und nahezu vollständigen Übertragung der Nah-Infrarot-Wellenlängen (siehe Tabelle 1 für detaillierte Informationen über die Spiegel). 
		Hinweis: Solche Spiegel erhalten Sie über Unternehmen liefern optische Geräte für wissenschaftliche und industrielle Zwecke, die in der Regel Komponenten wie diese als Liste &#39; kalten Spiegel &#39; oder als eine Art &#39; dichroitischen Spiegel &#39; (sehen Sie mehr Details in den Materialien / Ausrüstung (siehe Tabelle).
		<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td>setup 1</td> <td>Setup 2</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="3"> Spiegel</td> <td>Abmessungen</td> <td>10.10 × 12,70 cm</td> <td>10.10 × 12,70 cm</td></tr> <tr><td>Reflexion</td> <td>400 ~ 690 nm</td> <td>425 ~ 650 nm</td></tr> <tr><td>Getriebe</td> <td>750 ~ 1200 nm</td> <td>800 ~ 1200 nm</td></tr> < tr > <td rowspan="2"> Eye-Tracker</td> <td>Marke</td> <td>Forschung-End-Eye-Tracker</td> <td>Kunden-Grade-Eye-Tracker</td></tr> <tr><td>Getriebe</td> <td>890 ~ 940 nm</td> <td>rund 850 nm</td></tr></tbody></table>
		 Tabelle 1. Details der zwei Versionen der Einrichtung, mit der wir gearbeitet haben. 
		Der Eye-Tracker &#39; s Getriebe Welle Längenbereich wird abgedeckt durch die Spiegel &#39; Reichweite in einem Winkel von 45° Inzidenz, aber außerhalb ihrer Reflexion.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Struktur des Setups <ol><li>das Setup auf dem Schreibtisch zu bauen. Neben dem Spiegel und Eye-Tracker, es besteht nur aus drei speziell angefertigten Elementen aus Faserplatten (siehe Abbildung 2 für eine Bauanleitung) und zwei Flachbildschirme auf Monitor-Arme von normalen Büro-Versorgung-Läden.</li>
		<li>Holzfaserplatte Elemente <ol><li>bauen im Rahmen der Einrichtung von Faserplatten aus drei Komponenten: eine zentrale Komponente und zwei Referenz-Boards auf jeder Seite (siehe Abbildung 1 für die allgemeine Positionierung, Tabelle 2 detaillierte Abmessungen und Abbildung 2 für eine Montageanleitung der einzelnen Komponenten). Malen Sie diese Stücke in mattschwarz, Streulicht zu reduzieren. 
			Hinweis: Die zentrale Komponente (siehe Abb. 2 b und 2D) hält den Spiegel und Eye-Tracker. Beide sind auf dem gleichen Plateau, so halten die Eye-Tracker an Teilnehmer &#39; Augenhöhe.</li>
			<li>Legen das oberste Element dieser Komponente, sodass es 8 cm in der Tiefe vor dem Schreibtisch verlässt. Eine solche Anordnung lässt genug Platz für die Teilnehmer &#39; s Gesicht, wenn auf der Kopfstütze stabilisiert und Kondensation auf den spiegeln bei Ablauf verhindert, bei gleichzeitiger Minimierung den Abstand zwischen dem Teilnehmer &#39; s Augen und die Spiegel zur Maximierung der mögliche Verwendung des Teilnehmers &#39; Gesichtsfeld s.</li>
			<li>Positionieren Sie die beiden Referenz-Boards direkt unter den Monitoren (siehe Abbildung 1 für Positionierung und Abbildung 2 Platten A und C für eine Montageanleitung) für einfache manuelle Kalibrierung der Bildschirme. Beachten Sie, dass der scheinbare Offset in Abbildung 1 zwischen Bildschirm und Vorstand aufgrund begrenzter Tiefe Queues im Bild; die Platten werden direkt unter den Monitoren auf beiden Seiten.</li>
			<li>Richten genau die langen horizontalen mit den Kanten des Schreibtisches, während die langen vertikalen 4 cm jenseits der Front des Schreibtisches für einfache Stabilisierung eine Kalibrierung Board (siehe unten) auf diesen Brettern lassen. Die zwei kleinen vertikalen sorgen die langen vertikalen bleiben als Referenz für die Monitore vertikal.</li>
			<li>Optional, verwenden Sie ein separates Stück Hartfaserplatte als Kalibrierung Board (siehe Abbildung 3). In diesem Fall nach Erhalt einer optimalen Position eines Monitors, positionieren Sie die Kalibrierung Board gegen das Referenz-Brett und zeigen die Positionen der Referenz-Board und der Monitor auf dem Brett Kalibrierung, während es ist (im Beispiel < starke Klasse = "Xfig" > Abbildung 3, Holzlatten bieten diese Indikationen).</li>
			<li>, Wann immer dies Monitor Position gewünscht geht verloren (versehentlich oder weil andere Experimente eine andere Position erfordern), diese Position abrufen, indem Sie mit den Markierungen auf dem Brett Kalibrierung um Kalibrierung Board wieder an der gleichen Stelle bezogen auf die Referenz-Board, das eine feste Position auf dem Schreibtisch hat. Bewegen Sie den Monitor wieder auf Linie mit den entsprechenden Markierungen (siehe Schritt 2.1.1. für Details).
			<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"> <tbody><tr><td>Komponente</td> <td>Maße (cm)</td> <td>Anzahl</td> <td>Bemerkung</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4"> zentrale Komponente < / TD > <td>80 × 25 × 2</td> <td>1</td> <td>Horizontal oben</td></tr> <tr><td>23 × 25 × 2</td> <td>1</td> <td>Horizontal unten</td></tr> <tr><td>21 × 32 × 2</td> <td>1</td>
						<td>Zentrale vertikale</td></tr>
					<tr><td>32 × 25 × 2</td> <td>1</td> <td>vorn gerichteten vertikalen</td></tr>
					<tr><td rowspan="3"> Referenz-Boards</td> <td>61 × 11 × 2</td> <td>2</td> <td>langen horizontalen</td></tr>
					<tr><td>66 × 29 × 2</td> <td>2</td> <td>langen vertikalen</td></tr>
					<tr><td>11 × 15 × 2</td> <td>4</td> <td>kleine vertikale</td>
					</tr></tbody></table> Tabelle 2. Details der einzelnen Holzfaserplatte.</li>
		</ol></li> <li>Monitoren und Spiegel <ol><li>positionieren Sie das Setup auf einem standard-Office Schreibtisch.</li>
			<li>Mount beiden Flachbildschirme auf Standardmonitor Arme auf die Seite des Schreibtischs (Klemmung der Referenz-Board und die Rezeption) geklemmt. Diese Arme erlauben Übersetzung in drei Dimensionen sowie Rotation in der Ebene des Bildschirms. Herkömmliche CRT-Monitore sind eindeutig auch kompatibel mit dem Setup, aber nicht die gleiche Flexibilität in Bezug auf die Positionierung und Neupositionierung leisten würde.</li>
			<li>Montieren Sie den Spiegel an Spiegelhalter, die für den Zweck von den gleichen Lieferanten verkauft werden, die kalte Spiegel auf Lager. Schließen Sie diese Halterungen an die Holzfaserplatte mit dem Spiegel an Teilnehmer &#39; Augenhöhe. Stellung der Spiegel, tippen Sie auf eine 90 ° in der Mitte, direkt vor der Teilnehmer Winkel &#39; s Nase.</li>
		</ol></li> <li>Verbleibende Elemente Hinweis: einige Experimente erfordern Teilnehmer nicht zu sehen, die Bildschirme von der Ecke ihrer Augen, so dass eine direkte Sichtverbindung zu den Bildschirmen (gestrichelte Linien in Abbildung 4a).) sollte vermieden werden.
		<ol><li>In diesem Fall erstellen &#34; Scheuklappen &#34; aus schwarzem Karton und Schaumstoff-Inlet Loch Riemen in schwarz lackiert, und bringen Sie sie zu den Stellen des Kopfes ruhen (siehe Abbildung 4 b). Passen Sie die Scheuklappen in Höhe und Neigung, einzelne Teilnehmer unterzubringen. Wenn die Wand vor dem Teilnehmer hohe Reflexion, hing ein Stück schwarzen Stoff hilft hier Abhilfe zu schaffen.</li>
		</ol></li></ol></li></ol> 2. Mit dem System <ol><li>Hardware-Kalibrierung Hinweis: der Zweck der Kalibrierung ist die Erreichung zufrieden stellende Ausrichtung der beiden Monitore für Mühelosigkeit der Fusion der beiden Monitore &#39; Bilder für jeden Teilnehmer. Dies kann in zwei Schritten: Hardware-Kalibrierung (hier beschrieben) und Software-Kalibrierung (siehe unten).
	<ol><li>Wenn Sie eine Kalibrierung Board verwenden, wie oben beschrieben, richten Sie ihn mit der Referenz-Boards, hielt sie in mit einer C-Klammer bei Bedarf, und bewegen Sie dann den entsprechenden Monitor Line-up mit den gewünschten Referenzlinien auf dem Brett Kalibrierung. Die Monitore sollten parallel zueinander sein, und jeder sollte direkt über seine Referenz Bord.</li>
		<li>Bei der Verwendung von Scheuklappen, verschieben Sie sie an den Teilnehmer &#39; s Augenhöhe und drehen Sie sie leicht in Richtung der Mittellinie, d.h. mehr nach innen, verglichen mit der Ausrichtung der Monitore. Stellen Sie sicher, dass jedes Auge die ganze visuelle Reize in den Spiegel sehen kann, ohne es direkt zu sehen. Drehen die Scheuklappen gegenüber und nicht weg von der Mittellinie verringert die Teilnehmer &#39; Exposition gegenüber anderen visuellen Input.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Software Kalibrierung <ol><li>kalibrieren, da die Teilnehmer in ihre Augenposition relativ zu der Spiegel trotz der Verwendung einer Kopfstütze variieren können, weitere vor Experimenten. Dieser Teil ist am leichtesten gemacht in der Software, d.h. ohne das Setup &#39; s Teile jeder weiter. Es gibt zwei mögliche Methoden.
		<ol><li>Für das erste, einen Punkt auf jedem der zwei Bildschirme im Wechsel zu präsentieren, und weisen Sie die Teilnehmer, die wahrgenommene Positionswechsel zu beseitigen durch Verschieben des Punkts auf einem der Bildschirme (oder beides in entgegengesetzte Richtungen).</li>
			<li>Für die zweite Methode anweisen, die Teilnehmer müssen die Rahmen der experimentellen Stimuli statt zwei Punkte ausrichten damit beide Augen &#39; Gesichtsfeldes entscheidend für das besondere Experiment ausgerichtet sind.</li>
		</ol></li> <li>Nach der Anwendung entweder-Methode, Zentrum der Reize in das Experiment auf die daraus resultierenden auf dem Bildschirm positioniert. Andere Aspekte der Einrichtung Displays und Reize für dichoptische Präsentation im allgemeinen anderswo 5 finden.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optokinetic+nystagmus+as+an+objective+indicator+of+binocular+rivalry.">Optokinetic nystagmus as an objective indicator of binocular rivalry.</a> Vision Res. 15 (7), 849-853 (1975).</li><li>Leopold, D. A., Fitzgibbons, J. C., Logothetis, N. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Role+of+Attention+in+Binocular+Rivalry+as+Revealed+through+Optokinetic+Nystagmus.">The Role of Attention in Binocular Rivalry as Revealed through Optokinetic Nystagmus.</a> , (1995).</li><li>Zaretskaya, N., Thielscher, A., Logothetis, N. K., Bartels, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disrupting+Parietal+Function+Prolongs+Dominance+Durations+in+Binocular+Rivalry.">Disrupting Parietal Function Prolongs Dominance Durations in Binocular Rivalry.</a> Curr. Biol. 20 (23), 2106-2111 (2010).</li><li>Robinson, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Method+of+Measuring+Eye+Movemnent+Using+a+Scieral+Search+Coil+in+a+Magnetic+Field.">A Method of Measuring Eye Movemnent Using a Scieral Search Coil in a Magnetic Field.</a> IEEE Trans. Bio-Med. Electron. 10 (4), 137-145 (1963).</li><li>Kalisvaart, J. P., Goossens, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+Retinal+Image+Shifts+and+Extra-Retinal+Eye+Movement+Signals+on+Binocular+Rivalry+Alternations.">Influence of Retinal Image Shifts and Extra-Retinal Eye Movement Signals on Binocular Rivalry Alternations.</a> PLOS ONE. 8 (4), e61702 (2013).</li><li>Fr&#228;ssle, S., Sommer, J., Jansen, A., Naber, M., Einh&#228;user, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binocular+rivalry:+frontal+activity+relates+to+introspection+and+action+but+not+to+perception.">Binocular rivalry: frontal activity relates to introspection and action but not to perception.</a> J. Neurosci. 34 (5), 1738-1747 (2014).</li><li>Duchowski, A. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binocular+Eye+Tracking+in+Virtual+Reality+for+Inspection+Training.">Binocular Eye Tracking in Virtual Reality for Inspection Training.</a> Proc. 2000 Symp. Eye Track. Res. Appl. , 89-96 (2000).</li><li>Hayashi, R., Tanifuji, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Which+image+is+in+awareness+during+binocular+rivalry?+Reading+perceptual+status+from+eye+movements.">Which image is in awareness during binocular rivalry? Reading perceptual status from eye movements.</a> J. Vis. 12 (3), 5-5 (2012).</li><li>van Dam, L. C. J., van Ee, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+image+shifts,+but+not+eye+movements+per+se,+cause+alternations+in+awareness+during+binocular+rivalry.">Retinal image shifts, but not eye movements per se, cause alternations in awareness during binocular rivalry.</a> J. Vis. 6 (11), 3-3 (2006).</li><li>Maiello, G., Chessa, M., Solari, F., Bex, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simulated+disparity+and+peripheral+blur+interact+during+binocular+fusionShort+Title??.">Simulated disparity and peripheral blur interact during binocular fusionShort Title??.</a> J. Vis. 14 (8), 13-13 (2014).</li><li>Vinnikov, M., Allison, R. S., Fernandes, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+depth+of+field+simulation+on+visual+fatigue:+Who+are+impacted?+and+how?.">Impact of depth of field simulation on visual fatigue: Who are impacted? and how?.</a> Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud. 91, 37-51 (2016).</li><li>Tsuchiya, N., Wilke, M., Fr&#228;ssle, S., Lamme, V. A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=No-Report+Paradigms:+Extracting+the+True+Neural+Correlates+of+Consciousness.">No-Report Paradigms: Extracting the True Neural Correlates of Consciousness.</a> Trends Cogn. Sci. 19 (12), 757-770 (2015).</li><li>Naber, M., Fr&#228;ssle, S., Einh&#228;user, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perceptual+Rivalry:+Reflexes+Reveal+the+Gradual+Nature+of+Visual+Awareness.">Perceptual Rivalry: Reflexes Reveal the Gradual Nature of Visual Awareness.</a> PLOS ONE. 6 (6), e20910 (2011).</li></ol>

Die Autoren haben nichts preisgeben.

Wir präsentieren Ihnen eine schrittweise Anleitung für den Bau und die Nutzung des Versuchsaufbaus, die ermöglicht die gleichzeitige Verfolgung beider Augen und dichoptische Darstellung von visuellen Reizen. In vielen Situationen, in denen dichoptische Stimulation verwendet wird, ist der kritische Punkt wirksame Eyetracking zu verhindern, dass die Spiegel für die dichoptische Präsentation den Anblick von videobasierten Eye Tracker blockieren. Dies ist hier mit Infrarot-transparente Spiegel und eine Infrarot-Sensitiv...

Unter normalen Bedingungen erhält jedes unserer Augen eine etwas andere visuelle Eingaben. Dieser Eingang ist dann verarbeitet, um eine kohärente, dreidimensionale Darstellung der Welt zu produzieren. Dichoptische Präsentation, die Praxis selbstständig kontrollieren den Eingang präsentiert zu jedem der beiden Augen ermöglicht somit Forscher untersuchen, wie Menschen eine dreidimensionale Darstellung von zwei zweidimensionale retinalen Bilder2 rekonstruieren ,3,4. Darüber hinaus Wenn die beiden Augen Bilder zu verschieden sind, diese interokulare Kombination schlägt fehl und Beobachter stattdessen Wahrnehmung nur eines der Bilder zu einem Zeitpunkt während Berichten der andere bleibt unterdrückte in Phänomenen wie binokulare Rivalität5 und ständige Unterdrückung Flash-6. Forscher von solchen interokulare Unterdrückung auch nutzen, dichoptische Präsentation, in diesem Fall um Fragen rund um Themen wie die neuronalen Locus Bewusstsein7, Wahrnehmungs Auswahl8,9und unbewussten untersuchen Verarbeitung von10.
Blick und Schüler Dynamik werden für verschiedene Zwecke in der Forschung über menschliches Verhalten und Wahrnehmung erfasst. Blickrichtung kann informieren, zum Beispiel Aufmerksamkeit Zuweisung11,10,13 und Entscheidung machen14, während Pupillengröße Aspekte der visuellen Verarbeitung15, offenbaren kann 16, Aufgabe Engagement17oder Fluide Intelligenz18.
Kombination von Eye-tracking mit dichoptische Präsentation eignet sich in der Forschung in zum Beispiel drei dreidimensionale (3D) Wahrnehmung19,20,21,22 oder okuläre Reaktionen auf visuelle Geben Sie während interokulare Unterdrückung23,24,25. Zum Beispiel fanden Augenbewegungen, um unbewussten Verarbeitung ohne subjektive Wahrnehmung während der kontinuierlichen Flash-Unterdrückung23zu offenbaren. Klinische visuelle Forscher können die Fähigkeit verwenden, um beide Augen zu verfolgen, während dichoptische Präsentation, augenfällige Krankheiten zu untersuchen, die die beiden Augen asymmetrisch, z. B. zur Überwachung der monokularen und binokularen visuellen Verzerrungen beeinflussen, die in Amblyopie26 und Makulopathie27.
Wir beschrieben vor kurzem ein Setup1 , die für die Kombination von qualitativ hochwertigen Video-basierte Eye-tracking und dichoptische Stimulation mit wenig Beschränkung der Größe oder Farbe von den reizen können, und wir bewertet seine Leistung. Im folgenden fassen wir den Bau und Betrieb dieser Einrichtung.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1130">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:163px;">Mirrors in Setup 1</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Edmund Optics</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">&#160;#64-452</td>
			<td style="width:516px;">dimensions 10.10 &#215; 12.70 cm; Reflectance: 400 ~ 690 nm; Transmission: 750 ~ 1200nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:163px;">Mirrors in Setup 2</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Edmund Optics</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Item discontinued</td>
			<td>dimensions 10.10 &#215; 12.70 cm; Reflectance: 425 ~ 650 nm; Transmission: 800 ~ 1200nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Other Mirror Option</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Edmund Optics</td>
			<td>#62-634</td>
			<td>dimensions 12.50 &#215; 12.50 cm; Reflectance: 425 ~ 650 nm; Transmission: 800 ~ 1200nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:163px;">Eye Tracker in Setup 1</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">SR Research Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Eyelink 1000</td>
			<td>Transmission: 890 ~ 940 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:163px;">Eye Tracker in Setup 2</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">The Eye Tribe Aps, Copenhagen, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Eye Tribe (item discontinued)</td>
			<td>Transmission: around 850 nm</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

how to build a dichoptic presentation system that includes an eye tracker

Die Präsentation der verschiedene Reize, die beiden Augen, dichoptische Präsentation ist wichtig für Studien mit 3D-Vision und interokulare Unterdrückung. Es gibt eine wachsende Literatur auf den einzigartigen experimentellen Wert der Pupillen und okulomotorischen Maßnahmen, insbesondere zur Erforschung von interokulare Unterdrückung. Obwohl Eyetracking-Maßnahmen erhalten somit profitieren würden Studien, die dichoptische Präsentation, die Hardware für dichoptische Präsentation (z.B. Spiegel) oft stört mit qualitativ hochwertigen Eye tracking, vor allem, wenn eine videobasierte Auge Tracker. Wir beschrieben vor kurzem eine Versuchsanordnung, die ein standard dichoptische-Präsentationssystem mit einem Infrarot-Auge-Tracker kombiniert mit Infrarot-transparente Spiegel1. Das Setup ist kompatibel mit standard-Monitore und Eye-Tracker, einfach zu implementieren und erschwinglich (in der Größenordnung von US$ 1.000). Relativ zum vorhandenen Methoden hat es die Vorteile der nicht erfordern spezielle Ausrüstung und posiert nur wenige Einschränkungen auf die Art und Qualität des visuellen Reizes. Hier bieten wir Ihnen eine visuelle Anleitung zum Aufbau und zur Nutzung unserer Einrichtung.

Nach der Kalibrierung im Protokoll beschrieben haben wir eine Kalibrierung Validierungsverfahren ohne Probleme mit den spiegeln im Ort durchgeführt. Die Wirksamkeit der Methode wird deutlich durch Abbildung 5, die das Bild der Kamera (mit einer Forschung Ende Eye-tracking System) zeigt mit den spiegeln im Ort. Die beiden parallelen Linien entlang Teilnehmer Nase und die Linien über den Augenbrauen sind die Kanten der Spiegel aber dennoch, das Gesicht ist in...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker at JoVE.com

How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker

Es hat kürzlich vorgeschlagen, eine Methode, die dichoptische visuellen Stimulus Präsentation und binokularen Eyetracking gleichzeitig1ermöglicht. Der Schlüssel ist die Kombination von einer Infrarot-Eye-Tracker und die entsprechenden Infrarot-transparente Spiegel. Diese Handschrift enthält eine eingehende Protokoll für die Ersteinrichtung und den täglichen Betrieb.

Wie man ein dichoptische-Präsentationssystem zu bauen, die eine Eye-Tracker enthält

The presentation of different stimuli to the two eyes, dichoptic presentation, is essential for studies involving 3D vision and interocular suppression. ...

how-to-build-dichoptic-presentation-system-that-includes-an-eye

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.4K Aufrufe.  Michigan State University. Es hat kürzlich vorgeschlagen, eine Methode, die dichoptische visuellen Stimulus Präsentation und binokularen Eyetracking gleichzeitig1ermöglicht. Der Schlüssel ist die Kombination von einer Infrarot-Eye-Tracker und die entsprechenden Infrarot-transparente Spiegel. Diese Handschrift enthält eine eingehende Protokoll für die Ersteinrichtung und den täglichen Betrieb.

Serie: How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker

Eye Tracking, Cortisol, and a Sleep vs. Wake Consolidation Delay: Combining Methods to Uncover an Interactive Effect of Sleep and Cortisol on Memory

Although rises in cortisol can benefit memory consolidation, as can sleep soon after encoding, there is currently a paucity of literature as to how these two factors may interact to influence consolidation. Here we present a protocol to examine the interactive influence of cortisol and sleep on memory consolidation, by combining three methods: eye tracking, salivary cortisol analysis, and behavioral memory testing across sleep and wake delays. To assess resting cortisol levels, participants gave a saliva sample before viewing negative and neutral objects within scenes. To measure overt attention, participants&#8217; eye gaze was tracked during encoding. To manipulate whether sleep occurred during the consolidation window, participants either encoded scenes in the evening, slept overnight, and took a recognition test the next morning, or encoded scenes in the morning and remained awake during a comparably long retention interval. Additional control groups were tested after a 20&#160;min&#160;delay in the morning or evening, to control for time-of-day effects. Together, results showed that there is a direct relation between resting cortisol at encoding and subsequent memory, only following a period of sleep. Through eye tracking, it was further determined that for negative stimuli, this beneficial effect of cortisol on subsequent memory may be due to cortisol strengthening the relation between where participants look during encoding and what they are later able to remember. Overall, results obtained by a combination of these methods uncovered an interactive effect of sleep and cortisol on memory consolidation.

We present a protocol used to discover an interactive effect between sleep and cortisol on memory consolidation, particularly for negative arousing images. Specifically, the experimental design utilizes eye tracking, salivary cortisol analysis, and behavioral memory testing &#8211; methods that can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

Eye Tracking, Cortisol und eine Sleep-Wake vs Konsolidierung Verzögerung: Kombination von Methoden, um eine interaktive Wirkung von Schlaf-und Cortisol auf Memory Entdecken

Although rises in cortisol can benefit memory consolidation, as can sleep soon after encoding, there is currently a paucity of literature as to how these ...

Forschung

Verhalten

Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise

Using laboratory mouse models, the molecular pathways responsible for the metabolic benefits of endurance exercise are beginning to be defined. The most common method for assessing exercise endurance in mice utilizes forced running on a motorized treadmill equipped with a shock grid. Animals who quit running are pushed by the moving treadmill belt onto a grid that delivers an electric foot shock; to escape the negative stimulus, the mice return to running on the belt. However, avoidance behavior and psychological stress due to use of a shock apparatus can interfere with quantitation of running endurance, as well as confound measurements of postexercise serum hormone and cytokine levels. Here, we demonstrate and validate a refined method to measure running endurance in na&#239;ve C57BL/6 laboratory mice on a motorized treadmill without utilizing a shock grid. When mice are preacclimated to the treadmill, they run voluntarily with gait speeds specific to each mouse. Use of the shock grid is replaced by gentle encouragement by a human operator using a tongue depressor, coupled with sensitivity to the voluntary willingness to run on the part of the mouse. Clear endpoints for quantifying running time-to-exhaustion for each mouse are defined and reflected in behavioral signs of exhaustion such as splayed posture and labored breathing. This method is a humane refinement which also decreases the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

A method to assess exercise endurance in laboratory mice without the use of a shock grid is demonstrated. This method is a humane refinement that can decrease the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

Beurteilung der Murine sportliche Ausdauer, ohne die Verwendung eines Shock Grid: Eine Alternative zur Zwangsübung

Using laboratory mouse models, the molecular pathways responsible for the metabolic benefits of endurance exercise are beginning to be defined. The most ...

A Dual Task Procedure Combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Test Attentional Blink for Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the first target may be easy to spot but the second is likely to be missed. This phenomenon of attentional blink (AB) has been widely studied to probe the temporal capacity of attention for detecting visual targets. However, with the typical procedure of AB experiments, it is not possible to examine how the processing of non-target items in RSVP may be affected by attention. This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with RSVP to test effects of AB for nontargets at varied stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In an exemplar experiment, a target category was first displayed, followed by a sequence of 8 nouns. If one of the nouns belonged to the target category, participants would respond &#8216;yes&#8217; at the end of the sequence, otherwise participants would respond &#8216;no&#8217;. Two 2-alternative forced choice memory tasks followed the response to determine if participants remembered the words immediately before or after the target, as well as a random word from another part of the sequence. In a second exemplar experiment, the same design was used, except that 1) the memory task was counterbalanced into two groups with SOAs of either 120 or 240 msec and 2) three memory tasks followed the sequence and tested remembrance for nontarget nouns in the sequence that could be anywhere from 3 items prior the target noun position to 3 items following the target noun position. Representative results from a previously published study demonstrate that our procedure can be used to examine divergent effects of attention that not only enhance targets but also suppress nontargets. Here we show results from a representative participant that replicated the previous finding.&#160;

This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to look at attentional blink at varied stimulus onset asynchronies. This experimental procedure differed from others in that it tested attentional blink for nontargets.

Ein Dual-Task Prozedur Kombiniert mit Rapid Serial Visual Presentation zu Aufmerksamkeits Blink für Nontargets Testen

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the ...

Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to progressive loss of motor and speech abilities. In addition, cognitive functions are impaired in a subset of patients. To evaluate these potential deficits in severely physically impaired ALS patients, eye-tracking is a promising means to conduct cognitive tests. The present article focuses on how eye movements, an indirect means of communication for physically disabled patients, can be utilized to allow for detailed neuropsychological assessment. The requirements, in terms of oculomotor parameters that have to be met for sufficient eye-tracking in ALS patients are presented. The properties of stimuli, including type of neuropsychological tests and style of presentation, best suited to successfully assess cognitive functioning, are also described. Furthermore, recommendations regarding procedural requirements are provided. Overall, this methodology provides a reliable, easy to administer and fast approach for assessing cognitive deficits in patients who are unable to speak or write such as patients with severe ALS. The only confounding factor might be deficits in voluntary eye movement control in a subset of ALS patients.

Cognitive deficits are common in about one third of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurological condition leading to progressive impairments in speech and movement abilities. To conduct cognitive tests in patients unable to speak or write a reliable and easy to administer eye-tracking paradigm was developed.

Eye-Tracking-Steuerung zur Beurteilung kognitiver Funktionen bei Patienten mit amyotropher Lateralsklerose

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to ...

The Other End of the Leash: An Experimental Test to Analyze How Owners Interact with Their Pet Dogs

It has been suggested that the way in which owners interact with their dogs can largely vary and influence the dog-owner bond, but very few objective studies, so far, have addressed how the owner interacts with the dog. The goal of the present study was to record dog owners&#39; interaction styles by means of objective observation and coding. The experiment included eight standardized situations in which owners of pet dogs were asked to perform specific tasks including both positive (i.e. playing, teaching a new task, showing a preference towards an object in a food searching task, greeting after separation) and potentially distressing tasks (i.e. physical restriction during DNA sampling, putting a T-shirt onto the dog, giving basic obedience commands while the dog was distracted). The video recordings were coded off-line using a specifically designed coding scheme including scores for communication, social support, warmth, enthusiasm, and play style, as well as frequency of behaviors like petting, praising, commands, and attention sounds. Exploratory Factor Analysis of the 20 variables measured revealed 3 factors, labeled as Owner Warmth, Owner Social Support, and Owner Control, which can be viewed as analogues to parenting style dimensions. The experimental procedure introduced here represents the first standardized measure of interaction styles of dog owners. The methodology presented here is a useful tool to investigate individual variation in the interaction style of pet dog owners that can be used to explain differences in the dog-human relationship, dogs&#39; behavioral outcomes, and dogs stress coping strategies, all crucial elements both from a theoretical and applied point of view.

This article presents eight different experimental tasks, mirroring the everyday life of dogs and owners, used to analyze how owners interact with their dogs in a standardized way. The tasks included both positive (e.g. play) and negative (potentially stressful) situations (e.g. physical restriction).

Das andere Ende der Leine: einen experimentellen Test zur Analyse der Interaktion von Besitzer und ihre Hunde

It has been suggested that the way in which owners interact with their dogs can largely vary and influence the dog-owner bond, but very few objective ...

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

This method uses a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm to measure the cost of distraction when participants maintain multiple search goals. The protocol identifies two types of distraction within a single task - contingent attentional capture and set-specific capture - that represent different types of limitations of cognitive processing. Participants search for letters in two or more &#34;target&#34; ink colors (e.g., green and orange) within a continuous RSVP stream of heterogeneously colored letters, while ignoring two peripheral RSVPs of letters. Upon detecting a target, participants are to identify the letter. On some trials, target-colored distractors appear in the periphery just prior to the presentation of a target, causing a drop in target identification performance. Contingent attentional capture is observed by examining performance on trials in which the peripheral distractor is the same color as the target on that trial (e.g., both orange). Set-specific capture is represented by performance on trials in which the peripheral distractor is target-colored (e.g., orange), but not the same color as the target on that trial (e.g., green.) By varying the amount of time (i.e., the number of stimuli appearing) between the presentation of the distractor and the target, researchers can observe how participants recover from these distraction costs over time. As compared to static displays that are often used to measure contingent attentional capture, the dynamic display produces much larger effects, allowing the researcher to identify subtle effects of smaller manipulations. An unusual aspect of our design is that it employs a continuous display; &#34;filler&#34; stimuli connect one trial to the next seamlessly, and participants respond during this interval whenever they detect a target. The continuous display reduces chance performance to near-zero levels (rather than 50%) and provides researchers with a more sensitive measure of performance differences across trial types.

This method uses a dynamic visual display to index costs of distraction during visual search, including both &#34;contingent attentional capture&#34; and &#34;set-specific capture,&#34; which is a cost of distraction that occurs when the participants maintain multiple search goals simultaneously. This method has revealed basic mechanisms and limitations of visual attention.

Mit Rapid Serial Visual Presentation Set-spezifische Capture zu messen, eine Folge der Ablenkung während Multitasking

This method uses a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm to measure the cost of distraction when participants maintain multiple search goals. ...

Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants

Information is retrieved more effectively when the retrieval occurs in the same context as that in which the information was first encoded. This is termed context dependent memory (CDM). One category of cues that have been shown to effectively produce CDM effects are odors. However, it is unclear what the boundary conditions of these CDM effects are. In particular, given that olfaction has been called an implicit sense, it is possible that odors are only effective mnemonic cues when they are presented in the background. This assertion seems even more likely given that previous research has shown odors to be poor cues during paired associate memory tests, where odors are in the focus of attention as mnemonic cues for other information. In order to determine whether odors are only effective contextual mnemonic cues when presented outside the central focus of an observer, an olfactory CDM experiment was performed in which odorants were presented directly, rather than ambiently. Direct presentation was accomplished with the aid of an olfactometer. The olfactometer not only allows for direct presentation of odorants, but provides other methodological benefits, including the allowance of trial by trial manipulations of odorant presentations and, relatedly, time-specific releases of odorants. The presence of the same odor during both encoding and retrieval enhanced memory performance, regardless of whether the odor was presented ambiently or directly. This finding can serve as a basis for future olfactory CDM research which can utilize the benefits of direct presentation.

The use of an olfactometer for directly presenting odorants opens exciting opportunities for researchers of olfactory memory. The current paper discusses issues related to this methodology as related to a previously published experiment on olfactory context dependent memory.

Olfaktorische Kontext abhängige Speicher: Direkte Darstellung der Riechstoffe

Information is retrieved more effectively when the retrieval occurs in the same context as that in which the information was first encoded. This is termed ...

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As such, understanding the causes and mechanisms of regressions plays an important role in understanding eye movement behavior. Inhibition of return (IOR) is an oculomotor effect that results in increased latency to return attention to a previously attended target versus a target that was not previously attended. Thus, IOR may affect regressions. This paper describes how to design materials to distinguish between regressions caused by comprehension-related and oculomotor processes; the latter is subject to IOR. The method allows researchers to identify IOR and control the causes of regressions. While the method requires tightly controlled materials and large numbers of participants and materials, it allows researchers to distinguish and control the types of regressions that occur in their reading studies.

The method was designed to investigate the role of inhibition of return (IOR) in regressive eye movements during reading. The focus is on differentiating between regressions triggered as a result of comprehension difficulty versus those triggered from oculomotor error, including the role of IOR in the two types of regressions.

Eye-Tracking, Verständnis und okulomotorischen-basierten Regressive Augenbewegungen beim Lesen zu unterscheiden

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As ...

Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum

The objective analysis of eye movements has a significant history and has been long proven to be an important research tool in the setting of brain injury. Quantitative recordings have a strong capacity to screen diagnostically. Concurrent examinations of the eye and upper limb movements directed toward shared functional goals (e.g., eye-hand coordination) serve as an additional robust biomarker-laden path to capture and interrogate neural injury, including acquired brain injury (ABI). While quantitative dual-effector recordings in 3-D afford ample opportunities within ocular-manual motor investigations in the setting of ABI, the feasibility of such dual recordings for both eye and hand is challenging in pathological settings, particularly when approached with research-grade rigor. Here we describe the integration of an eye tracking system with a motion tracking system intended primarily for limb control research to study a natural behavior. The protocol enables the investigation of unrestricted, three-dimensional (3D) eye-hand coordination tasks. More specifically, we review a method to assess eye-hand coordination in visually guided saccade-to-reach tasks in subjects with chronic middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke and compare them to healthy controls. Special attention is paid to the specific eye- and limb-tracking system properties in order to obtain high fidelity data from participants post-injury. Sampling rate, accuracy, permissible head movement range given anticipated tolerance and the feasibility of use were several of the critical properties considered when selecting an eye tracker and an approach. The limb tracker was selected based on a similar rubric but included the need for 3-D recording, dynamic interaction and a miniaturized physical footprint. The quantitative data provided by this method and the overall approach when executed correctly has tremendous potential to further refine our mechanistic understanding of eye-hand control and help inform feasible diagnostic and pragmatic interventions within the neurological and rehabilitative practice.&#160;

Cerebral injury can damage both ocular and somatic motor systems. Characterization of motor control post-injury affords biomarkers that assist in disease detection, monitoring, and prognosis. We review a method to measure eye-hand movement control in health and in pathologic incoordination, with look-and-reach paradigms to assess coordination between eye and hand.

Die Auge-Hand-Koordination, Koordinationsstörungen Spektrum aufnehmen effizient

The objective analysis of eye movements has a significant history and has been long proven to be an important research tool in the setting of brain ...

Modified Blood Collection from Tail Veins of Non-anesthetized Mice with a Vacuum Blood Collection System and Eyeglass Magnifier

Blood sample collection is the basis of experimental animal research. It is of importance to obtain adequate blood samples for various research purposes. The tail veins of mice are small, and it is sometimes difficult to obtain the required blood volume by conventional puncture methods. This study investigates the superiority of repeated blood sample collection from tail veins of mice through use of a vacuum blood collection system and eyeglass magnifier (experimental group) compared to conventional blood sampling methods (conventional group), performed by beginners and experts, respectively. With the help of an eyeglass magnifier, a butterfly needle tip is inserted into the tail vein of each mouse in the experimental group. When the vein is penetrated successfully, a blood sample is collected in the vacuum collection tube by insertion of the rubber end of a butterfly needle into the vacuum blood collection tube. The plunger is then used to collect blood without the help of the eyeglass magnifier in the conventional group. Success rates of blood sample collection by the beginners and experts were shown to be 70% vs. 100% (p &#60; 0.01) in the experimental group and 35% vs. 85% (p &#60; 0.01) in the conventional group. For both beginners and experts, puncture times required for obtaining required blood sample were significantly lower in the experimental group compared to the conventional group (2.40 &#177; 0.75 vs. 2.90 &#177; 0.31, p &#60; 0.05; 1.15 &#177; 0.37 vs. 1.55 &#177; 0.76, p &#60; 0.05). In conclusion, the presented blood sampling technique is feasible and easy to practice and enables frequent sampling of adequate blood volumes from non-anesthetized mice.&#160;

This study reports blood sampling from tail vein in mice using a vacuum extraction tube system with eyeglass magnifier. Our method is easy to practice and could be used for repeat blood sampling in mice.

Modifizierte Blutentnahme aus Tail Venen nicht narkotisierten Mäuse mit einem Vakuum Blut Sammelsystem und Brillen Lupe

Blood sample collection is the basis of experimental animal research. It is of importance to obtain adequate blood samples for various research purposes. ...