Name: fatty acid 13c isotopologue profiling provides insight into trophic carbon transfer and lipid metabolism of invertebrate consumers
Uploaded: 2018-04-17T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 11 min 14 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fatty Acid 13C Isotopologue Profiling Provides Insight into Trophic Carbon Transfer and Lipid Metabolism of Invertebrate Consumers at JoVE.com

Die finanzielle Unterstützung von R. Menzel und L. Ruess von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (RU RU780/11-1) ist dankbar anerkannt. R. Nehring wurde von RU 780/10-1 finanziert. Schließlich sind wir sehr dankbar, dass Dr. Hazel Ruvimbo Maboreke für das Korrekturlesen unserer Handschrift.

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Isotopologue Profilierung
Eine detaillierte Analyse der quantitativen Aspekte bei 13C Verteilung in FAs braucht Spitzentechnologie, Kohlenstoff in Nahrungsketten Partitionierung zuzuweisen. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt Isotopologue Profilierung zur Beurteilung der 13C /12C-Verhältnisse in gemeinsamen FA Biomarker für tropische Interaktionen. Diese Methode ist gut etabliert für Aminosäureanalyse von Flüssigchromatographie (LC-MS) und...

In einem kryptischen Lebensraum wie Boden trophische Beziehungen sind schwer zu Adresse und sind durch die geringe Größe der Fauna weiter beschränkt. Im letzte Jahrzehnt hat Fortschritte in biochemische Ökologie, insbesondere bei der Verwendung von Fettsäuren als Biomarker für die Definition von Fütter Strategien der Bodenfauna unter Feld Bedingungen1,2,3gesehen. Dies ist, dass Fettsäuren aus Ressourcen in Verbraucher-Gewebe als gesamte Moleküle eingebaut werden können, bezeichnet ein Prozess diätetische routing4. Übertragung von Fettsäuren ist über drei trophischen Ebenen, d. h. aus Pilzen, Nematoden, Collembolen5berichtet worden. Vor kurzem, die räuberischen Fauna galt6,7 und die ersten Reviews auf Fettsäuren als trophische Markierungen im Boden Nahrungsnetze wurden veröffentlicht8,9.
Nähere Informationen zu trophischen Interaktionen wird durch Fettsäure-stabiler Isotope probing (FA-SIP) erreicht. Die Bestimmung von 13C /12C-Verhältnisse in Fettsäuren in Diäten und Verbraucher können zuschreiben binäre Verknüpfungen und Abschätzung den damit verbundenen CO2-Fluss und beschäftigt in terrestrischen, Süßwasser und marinen Nahrungsnetze10,11 ,12,13. Die Grundannahme ist, dass weitergeleitete diätetischen Fettsäuren nicht enzymatischen Prozessen unterworfen sind; daher ihre 13C signal, d. h. 13C /12C Verhältnis der Fettsäure in der Konsumgüterindustrie ist ähnlich wie in der Diät-1. Jedoch wurde eine allmähliche Entleerung der 13C Signatur oben in der Nahrungskette in aquatischen Systemen, dadurch behindern breite Anwendung des FA-SIP trophische Studien14,15,16berichtet. Kenntnisse in den Lipidstoffwechsel in den meisten Wirbellosen in terrestrischen Nahrungsketten ist übrigens nach wie vor begrenzt.
Das Verständnis der Lipid Metabolismus Bahnen bei den Verbrauchern ist Voraussetzung für die Nutzung der trophischen Marker Fettsäuren als Mittel zur Bestimmung der quantitativen Kohlenstoff Strömung im Nahrungsnetz Ökologie. Mit diesem im Verstand, 13C-Isotopologue Profilierung, welche im Prinzip für die Untersuchung von Kohlenstoff-Stoffwechsel jedes biologische System17, angewendet werden kann ist eine vielversprechende Methode. Nach der Einführung des 13C gekennzeichnet Carbon Substrat, die Verteilung der 13C in der metabolischen Netzwerkes ist seit der erzeugten Stoffwechselprodukte in der Consumer-Show eine spezifische Isotopologue Verteilung nachvollziehbar. Dies kann durch quantitative nukleare metabolische Resonanz Spektroskopie18,19 oder Massenspektrometrie20,21, mit der letzteren bevorzugten in biologischen Proben mit niedrigen Biomasse aufgrund seiner höheren beurteilt werden Empfindlichkeit.
Obwohl Isotopologue Profilierung wurde erfolgreich angewendet, Aminosäuren und bot Einblick in den in-Vivo Kohlenstoff-Stoffwechsel der bakteriellen Krankheitserregern17,22,23, deren Umsetzung in Fettsäuren Säuren ist zurückgeblieben. Die erste detaillierte Analyse über das Schicksal von einem stabilen isotopenmarkierter Vorläufer Fettsäure, diätetische routing oder Abbau durch β-Oxidation, Boden Wirbellosen Verbraucher, wurde vor kurzem von Menzel Et Al. durchgeführt. 24. hier werden die methodischen Grundlagen für Einbau Experimente mit 13C gekennzeichnet, gefolgt von Isotopologue Analyse der wichtigsten Nachkommen in häufigen Boden Wirbellosen, die Collembolen Fettsäuren zur Verfügung gestellt. Diese Microarthropods sind ein gutes Modell-Gruppe, da sie wichtige Bestandteile des Bodens Nahrungsnetz und sind gut für ihre trophische Marker Fettsäuren8,25untersucht bilden.
Das Verständnis der Lipid Metabolismus Bahnen bei den Verbrauchern ist Voraussetzung für die Nutzung der trophischen Marker Fettsäuren als Mittel zur Bestimmung der quantitativen Kohlenstoff Strömung im Nahrungsnetz Ökologie. Dieses Protokoll bietet das Design und die Einrichtung für ein Labor Ernährung Experiment und die biochemische Verfahren zur Extraktion und Methylierung von dominanten Lipide Brüche (neutralen Lipiden, Phospholipiden) von Collembolen. Es zeigt, wie die Isotopologue Zusammensetzung der Fettsäuren durch Massenspektrometrie analysiert wird und beschreibt die zugehörige Formel und Berechnungen. Dieses Verfahren führt zu: (i) die Verhältnisse der Isotopologues überschreiten die Masse des Ions (d. h. die Fettsäure Molekulare Ionen M+) Eltern von einem oder mehreren mass-Einheiten (M+ 1M+ 2M+ 3, etc.) und (Ii) die gesamte 13 C-Anreicherung in Fettsäuren abgeleitet aus den 13C gekennzeichneten Vorläufer. Obwohl für Collembolen verwendet, kann dieser Ansatz in der Regel auf andere Räuber-Beute-Interaktion auf der Prämisse angewendet werden, dass diese sind in ausreichender Menge unter kontrollierten Bedingungen zu eine erfolgreichen Label Akzeptanz zu gewährleisten und anschließende Überprüfung.

<table><tbody><tr><td>neoLab-Round jars</td><td>neoLab</td><td>2-1506</td><td>69 x 40 mm, 10 pacs/pack</td></tr><tr><td>Charcoal activated</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>X865.1</td><td>p.a., powder, CAS No. 7440-44-0</td></tr><tr><td>Alabaster Dental</td><td>R&amp;Ouml;HRICH-GIPSE</td><td>---</td><td>http://www.roehrich-gipse.de/dentalgipse.php</td></tr><tr><td>Chloroform</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>7331.1</td><td>HPLC &amp;ge; 99,9 %</td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>P717.1</td><td>HPLC &amp;ge; 99,9 %</td></tr><tr><td>Hexan</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>7339.1</td><td>HPLC &amp;ge; 98 %</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;tert&lt;/em&gt;-Butyl methyl ether (MTBE)</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>T175.1</td><td>HPLC &amp;ge; 99,5 %</td></tr><tr><td>Aceton</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>7328.2</td><td>HPLC &amp;ge; 99,9 %</td></tr><tr><td>NaOH</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>6771.1</td><td>p.a. &amp;ge;99 %, in pellets</td></tr><tr><td>di-Natriumhydrogenphosphat</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>P030.1</td><td>p.a. &amp;ge;99 % , water free</td></tr><tr><td>Na-dihydrogenphosphat Dihydrat</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>T879.1</td><td>p.a. &amp;ge;99 %</td></tr><tr><td>Hypochloric acid (6 N)</td><td>VWR International</td><td>26,115,000</td><td>AVS TITRINORM vol. solution</td></tr><tr><td>Bond Elut (Columns)</td><td>Agilent Tech.</td><td>14102037</td><td>HF Bond Elut-SI, 500 mg, 3 mL, 50/PK</td></tr><tr><td>Pr&amp;auml;paratengl&amp;auml;ser Duran</td><td>Glasger&amp;auml;tebau Ochs</td><td>135215</td><td>&amp;Oslash; 16 x 100 mm, plus screw cap with handy knurl and integrated PTFE/silicone gasket</td></tr><tr><td>Supelco 37 Component FAME Mix</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>47885-U Supelco</td><td>10&amp;nbsp;mg/mL in methylene chloride, analytical standard</td></tr><tr><td>FlowMesh</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>2796.1</td><td>Polypropylene mesh, approximately 0.3 mm thick, with 1 mm strand spacing</td></tr><tr><td>Bacterial Acid Methyl Ester (BAME) Mix</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>47080-U Supelco</td><td>10&amp;nbsp;mg/mL in methyl caproate, analytical standard</td></tr><tr><td>Methyl nonadecanoate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>74208</td><td>analytical standard &amp;ge; 98.0 %</td></tr><tr><td>Hexadecanoic acid-1-13C (Palmitic)</td><td>Larodan Fine Chemicals</td><td>78-1600</td><td>GC &amp;ge; 98.0 % (&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C: 99.0 %)</td></tr><tr><td>RVC 2-25 CDplus</td><td>Martin Christ Gefrier-trocknungsanlagen</td><td></td><td>Compact benchtop midi concentrator</td></tr><tr><td>Alpha 2-4 LDplus</td><td>Martin Christ Gefrier-trocknungsanlagen</td><td></td><td>Drying manifold</td></tr><tr><td>MZ 2C NT</td><td>Vacuubrand GMBH</td><td></td><td>Vacuum pump</td></tr><tr><td>Roto-Shake Genie</td><td>Scientific Industries</td><td></td><td>Combined rocking and rotating device</td></tr><tr><td>XP64 Micro Comparator</td><td>Mettler Toledo</td><td></td><td>Super high precision balance</td></tr><tr><td>GC-System 7890A</td><td>Agilent Tech.</td><td></td><td>Gas chromatograph</td></tr><tr><td>7000 GC/MS Triple Quad</td><td>Agilent Tech.</td><td></td><td>Triple Quad mass spectrometer</td></tr><tr><td>7683B Series Injector</td><td>Agilent Tech.</td><td></td><td>Sample injector</td></tr><tr><td>Heraeus Multifuge 3SR&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td></td><td>Centrifuge with 10 ml tube rotor</td></tr></tbody></table>

fatty acid 13c isotopologue profiling provides insight into trophic carbon transfer and lipid metabolism of invertebrate consumers

Fettsäuren (FAs) sind nützliche Biomarker im Nahrungsnetz Ökologie, denn sie sind in der Regel als vollständige Molekül assimiliert und in Verbraucher-Gewebe mit Minderjährigen oder keine Änderung, so dass die diätetische routing zwischen verschiedenen trophischen Ebenen übertragen. Der FA-trophische Marker-Ansatz ist allerdings immer noch durch die begrenzte Kenntnisse in Lipidstoffwechsel von der Bodenfauna behindert. Diese Studie verwendete völlig gekennzeichneten Palmitinsäure (13C16:0, 99 % der Atom) als Tracer in Fettsäure-Stoffwechsel Bahnen von zwei weit verbreitete Boden Collembolen, Protaphorura Fimata und Heteromurus Redwood. Um das Schicksal und die metabolischen Veränderungen dieser Vorstufe zu untersuchen, ist eine Methode des Isotopologue profiling vorgestellt, durch Massenspektrometrie mit dem einzelnen Ion monitoring durchgeführt. Darüber hinaus wird die vorgelagerten Labor Fütterungsversuch sowie die Extraktion und die Methylierung von dominanten Lipid Brüche (neutralen Lipiden, Phospholipiden) und die zugehörige Formel und Berechnungen beschrieben. Nicht nur Ausbeute 13C beschriftet Vorläufer die insgesamt 13C-Anreicherung in Fettsäuren abgeleitet sondern produziert auch das Muster der Isotopologues überschreiten die Masse des Ions (d. h. das FA molekularen Ion Elternteil Isotopologue Profilierung M+) jeweils mit der Bezeichnung FA durch eine oder mehrere Masseneinheiten (M+ 1M+ 2M+ 3, etc.). Dieses Wissen erlaubt Rückschlüsse auf das Verhältnis der diätetischen routing von einem völlig verbrauchte FA im Vergleich zu de-Novo -Biosynthese. Die Isotopologue Profilierung empfiehlt sich als ein nützliches Instrument zur Bewertung der Fettsäure-Stoffwechsel in Bodentiere trophische Interaktionen zu entwirren.

Frische Gewicht und Lipid Inhalt der Collembolen Im Laufe des beschriebenen Versuchs änderte der Inhalt in NLFAs und PLFAs deutlich im Laufe der Zeit sich nicht während das Frischgewicht der Proben leicht aber nicht signifikant24erhöht. Beide Parameter zeigen ein hohes Maß an körperlicher Fitness der Collembolen Exemplare. Achten Sie darauf, zu untersuchen, Collembolens frische Gewicht und Lipid Inhalt während des Experiments, die Probenah...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fatty Acid 13C Isotopologue Profiling Provides Insight into Trophic Carbon Transfer and Lipid Metabolism of Invertebrate Consumers at JoVE.com

Fatty Acid 13C Isotopologue Profiling Provides Insight into Trophic Carbon Transfer and Lipid Metabolism of Invertebrate Consumers

Fettsäure- 13C Isotopologue Profilierung gibt Einblick in trophische Carbon Transfer und Fettstoffwechsel der Wirbellosen Verbraucher

Die Fettsäure trophische Marker Ansatz, d. h. die Aufnahme von Fettsäuren als gesamte Molekül und Transfer in das Gewebe der Verbraucher ohne oder geringfügige Änderung, durch Wissenslücken im Fettsäure-Stoffwechsel der kleinen Boden Wirbellosen behindert wird. Isotopologue Profilierung dient als ein wertvolles Instrument zur trophische Interaktionen zu entwirren.

Fatty acids (FAs) are useful biomarkers in food web ecology because they are typically assimilated as a complete molecule and transferred into consumer ...

fatty-acid-13c-isotopologue-profiling-provides-insight-into-trophic

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Fatty Acid 13C Isotopologue Profiling Provides Insight into Trophic Carbon Transfer and Lipid Metabolism of Invertebrate Consumers

8.0K Aufrufe.  Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Die Fettsäure trophische Marker Ansatz, d. h. die Aufnahme von Fettsäuren als gesamte Molekül und Transfer in das Gewebe der Verbraucher ohne oder geringfügige Änderung, durch Wissenslücken im Fettsäure-Stoffwechsel der kleinen Boden Wirbellosen behindert wird. Isotopologue Profilierung dient als ein wertvolles Instrument zur trophische Interaktionen zu entwirren.

Serie: Fatty Acid 13C Isotopologue Profiling Provides Insight into Trophic Carbon Transfer and Lipid Metabolism of Invertebrate Consumers

Profiling the Triacylglyceride Contents in Bat Integumentary Lipids by Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

The mammalian integument includes sebaceous glands that secrete an oily material onto the skin surface. Sebum production is part of the innate immune system that is protective against pathogenic microbes. Abnormal sebum production and chemical composition are also a clinical symptom of specific skin diseases. Sebum contains a complex mixture of lipids, including triacylglycerides, which is species-specific. The broad chemical properties exhibited by diverse lipid classes hinder the specific determination of sebum composition. Analytical techniques for lipids typically require chemical derivatizations that are labor-intensive and increase sample preparation costs. This paper describes how to extract lipids from mammalian integument, separate broad lipid classes by thin-layer chromatography, and profile the triacylglyceride contents using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. This robust method enables a direct determination of the triacylglyceride profiles among species and individuals, and it can be readily applied to any taxonomic group of mammals.

Mammalian integument contains solvent-extractable lipids that can provide chemical compositions characteristic of individual species. This paper presents a routine method for separating broad lipid classes isolated from integumentary tissues using thin layer chromatography and determining the triacylglyceride profile by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Profilierung der Triacylglycerid Inhalt in Bat Integumentary Lipide durch präparative Dünnschicht-Chromatographie und MALDI-TOF-Massenspektrometrie

The mammalian integument includes sebaceous glands that secrete an oily material onto the skin surface. Sebum production is part of the innate immune ...

Forschung

Chemie

Extraction and Analysis of Microbial Phospholipid Fatty Acids in Soils

Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) are key components of microbial cell membranes. The analysis of PLFAs extracted from soils can provide information about the overall structure of terrestrial microbial communities. PLFA profiling has been extensively used in a range of ecosystems as a biological index of overall soil quality, and as a quantitative indicator of soil response to land management and other environmental stressors.
The standard method presented here outlines four key steps: 1. lipid extraction from soil samples with a single-phase chloroform mixture, 2. fractionation using solid phase extraction columns to isolate phospholipids from other extracted lipids, 3. methanolysis of phospholipids to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), and 4. FAME analysis by capillary gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Two standards are used, including 1,2-dinonadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PC(19:0/19:0)) to assess the overall recovery of the extraction method, and methyl decanoate (MeC10:0) as an internal standard (ISTD) for the GC analysis.

Phospholipid fatty acids provide information about the structure of soil microbial communities. We present methods for extraction from soil samples with a single-phase chloroform mixture, fractionation of extracted lipids using solid phase extraction columns, and methanolysis to produce fatty acid methyl esters, which are analyzed by capillary gas chromatography.

Extraktion und Analyse von Microbial Phospholipidfettsäuren in Böden

Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) are key components of microbial cell membranes. The analysis of PLFAs extracted from soils can provide information about ...

Umwelt

NMR Spectroscopy as a Robust Tool for the Rapid Evaluation of the Lipid Profile of Fish Oil Supplements

The western diet is poor in n-3 fatty acids, therefore the consumption of fish oil supplements is recommended to increase the intake of these essential nutrients. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the qualitative and quantitative analysis of encapsulated fish oil supplements using high-resolution 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy utilizing two different NMR instruments; a 500 MHz and an 850 MHz instrument. Both proton (1H) and carbon (13C) NMR spectra can be used for the quantitative determination of the major constituents of fish oil supplements. Quantification of the lipids in fish oil supplements is achieved through integration of the appropriate NMR signals in the relevant 1D spectra. Results obtained by 1H and 13C NMR are in good agreement with each other, despite the difference in resolution and sensitivity between the two nuclei and the two instruments. 1H NMR offers a more rapid analysis compared to 13C NMR, as the spectrum can be recorded in less than 1 min, in contrast to 13C NMR analysis, which lasts from 10 min to one hour. The 13C NMR spectrum, however, is much more informative. It can provide quantitative data for a greater number of individual fatty acids and can be used for determining the positional distribution of fatty acids on the glycerol backbone. Both nuclei can provide quantitative information in just one experiment without the need of purification or separation steps. The strength of the magnetic field mostly affects the 1H NMR spectra due to its lower resolution with respect to 13C NMR, however, even lower cost NMR instruments can be efficiently applied as a standard method by the food industry and quality control laboratories.

Here, high-resolution 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used as a rapid and reliable tool for quantitative and qualitative analysis of encapsulated fish oil supplements.

NMR-Spektroskopie als robustes Werkzeug für die schnelle Bewertung des Lipidprofil von Fischöl

The western diet is poor in n-3 fatty acids, therefore the consumption of fish oil supplements is recommended to increase the intake of these essential ...

Determination of Total Lipid and Lipid Classes in Marine Samples

Lipids are largely composed of carbon and hydrogen and, therefore, provide a greater specific energy than other organic macromolecules in the sea. Being carbon- and hydrogen-rich they are also hydrophobic and can act as a solvent and absorption carrier for organic contaminants and thus can be drivers of pollutant bioaccumulation in marine ecosystems. Their hydrophobic nature facilitates their isolation from seawater or biological specimens: marine lipid analysis begins with sampling and then extraction in non-polar organic solvents, providing a convenient method for their separation from other substances in an aquatic matrix.
If seawater has been sampled, the first step usually involves separation into operationally defined &#39;dissolved&#39; and &#39;particulate&#39; factions by filtration. Samples are collected and lipids isolated from the sample matrix typically with chloroform for truly dissolved matter and colloids, and with mixtures of chloroform and methanol for solids and biological specimens. Such extracts may contain several classes from biogenic and anthropogenic sources. At this time, total lipids and lipid classes may be determined. Total lipid can be measured by summing individually determined lipid classes which customarily have been chromatographically separated. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with flame ionization detection (FID) is regularly used for the quantitative analysis of lipids from marine samples. TLC-FID furnishes synoptic lipid class information and, by summing classes, a total lipid measurement.
Lipid class information is especially useful when combined with measurements of individual components e.g., fatty acids and/or sterols, after their release from lipid extracts. The wide variety of lipid structures and functions means they are used broadly in ecological and biogeochemical research assessing ecosystem health and the degree of influence by anthropogenic impacts. They have been employed to measure substances of dietary value to marine fauna (e.g., aquafeeds and/or prey), and as an indicator of water quality (e.g., hydrocarbons).

This protocol is for the determination of lipids in seawater and biological specimens. Lipids in filtrates are extracted with chloroform or mixtures of chloroform and methanol in the case of solids. Lipid classes are measured by rod thin-layer chromatography with flame ionization detection and their sum gives the total lipid content.

Bestimmung von Gesamtlipid und Lipidklassen in marinen Proben

Lipids are largely composed of carbon and hydrogen and, therefore, provide a greater specific energy than other organic macromolecules in the sea. Being ...

Stable Isotopic Profiling of Intermediary Metabolic Flux in Developing and Adult Stage Caenorhabditis elegans

Stable isotopic profiling has long permitted sensitive investigations of the metabolic consequences of genetic mutations and/or pharmacologic therapies in cellular and mammalian models. Here, we describe detailed methods to perform stable isotopic profiling of intermediary metabolism and metabolic flux in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods are described for profiling whole worm free amino acids, labeled carbon dioxide, labeled organic acids, and labeled amino acids in animals exposed to stable isotopes either from early development on nematode growth media agar plates or beginning as young adults while exposed to various pharmacologic treatments in liquid culture. Free amino acids are quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in whole worm aliquots extracted in 4% perchloric acid. Universally labeled 13C-glucose or 1,6-13C2-glucose is utilized as the stable isotopic precursor whose labeled carbon is traced by mass spectrometry in carbon dioxide (both atmospheric and dissolved) as well as in metabolites indicative of flux through glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Representative results are included to demonstrate effects of isotope exposure time, various bacterial clearing protocols, and alternative worm disruption methods in wild-type nematodes, as well as the relative extent of isotopic incorporation in mitochondrial complex III mutant worms (isp-1(qm150)) relative to wild-type worms. Application of stable isotopic profiling in living nematodes provides a novel capacity to investigate at the whole animal level real-time metabolic alterations that are caused by individual genetic disorders and/or pharmacologic therapies.

Stable Isotopic Profiling of Intermediary Metabolic Flux in Developing and Adult Stage Caenorhabditis elegans

Stable isotopic profiling by gas chromatography mass spectrometric analysis of intermediary metabolic flux is described in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods are detailed for assessing isotopic enrichment in carbon dioxide, organic acids, and amino acids following isotope exposure either during development on agar plates or during adulthood in liquid culture.

Stabilen Isotopen Profiling von Intermediary Metabolic Flux in Entwicklungs-und Erwachsenen-Stadium Caenorhabditis elegans</em

Stable isotopic profiling has long permitted sensitive investigations of the metabolic consequences of genetic mutations and/or pharmacologic therapies in ...

Biologie

Screening von Lipidstrukturen mittels stabiler Isotopenmarkierung

Tracing de novo Lipids using Stable Isotope Labeling LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS

Lipids are highly diverse, and small changes in lipid structures and composition can have profound effects on critical biological functions. Stable isotope labeling (SIL) offers several advantages for the study of lipid distribution, mobilization, and metabolism, as well as de novo lipid synthesis. The successful implementation of the SIL technique requires the removal of interferences from endogenous molecules. In the present work, we describe a high-throughput analytical protocol for the screening of SIL lipids from biological samples; examples will be shown of lipid de novo identification during mosquito ovary development. The use of complementary liquid chromatography trapped ion mobility spectrometry and mass spectrometry allows for the separation and lipids assignment from a single sample in a single scan (&lt;1 h). The described approach takes advantage of recent developments in data-dependent acquisition and data-independent acquisition, using parallel accumulation in the mobility trap followed by sequential fragmentation and collision-induced dissociation. The measurement of SIL at the fatty acid chain level reveals changes in lipid dynamics during the ovary development of mosquitoes. The lipids de novo structures are confidently assigned based on their retention time, mobility, and fragmentation pattern.

Autor im Rampenlicht: Quantifizierung komplexer lipidomischer Proben mittels stabiler Isotopenmarkierung

Presented here is a method for screening lipid structures through stable isotope labeling by using their retention time, mobility, and fragmentation.

De-novo-Verfolgung von Lipiden mittels stabiler Isotopenmarkierung LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS

Lipids are highly diverse, and small changes in lipid structures and composition can have profound effects on critical biological functions. Stable ...

Metabolic Pathway Confirmation and Discovery Through 13C-labeling of Proteinogenic Amino Acids

Microbes have complex metabolic pathways that can be investigated using biochemistry and functional genomics methods. One important technique to examine cell central metabolism and discover new enzymes is 13C-assisted metabolism analysis 1. This technique is based on isotopic labeling, whereby microbes are fed with a 13C labeled substrates. By tracing the atom transition paths between metabolites in the biochemical network, we can determine functional pathways and discover new enzymes. 
As a complementary method to transcriptomics and proteomics, approaches for isotopomer-assisted analysis of metabolic pathways contain three major steps 2. First, we grow cells with 13C labeled substrates. In this step, the composition of the medium and the selection of labeled substrates are two key factors. To avoid measurement noises from non-labeled carbon in nutrient supplements, a minimal medium with a sole carbon source is required. Further, the choice of a labeled substrate is based on how effectively it will elucidate the pathway being analyzed. Because novel enzymes often involve different reaction stereochemistry or intermediate products, in general, singly labeled carbon substrates are more informative for detection of novel pathways than uniformly labeled ones for detection of novel pathways3, 4. Second, we analyze amino acid labeling patterns using GC-MS. Amino acids are abundant in protein and thus can be obtained from biomass hydrolysis. Amino acids can be derivatized by N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (TBDMS) before GC separation. TBDMS derivatized amino acids can be fragmented by MS and result in different arrays of fragments. Based on the mass to charge (m/z) ratio of fragmented and unfragmented amino acids, we can deduce the possible labeled patterns of the central metabolites that are precursors of the amino acids. Third, we trace 13C carbon transitions in the proposed pathways and, based on the isotopomer data, confirm whether these pathways are active 2. Measurement of amino acids provides isotopic labeling information about eight crucial precursor metabolites in the central metabolism. These metabolic key nodes can reflect the functions of associated central pathways.
13C-assisted metabolism analysis via proteinogenic amino acids can be widely used for functional characterization of poorly-characterized microbial metabolism1. In this protocol, we will use Cyanothece 51142 as the model strain to demonstrate the use of labeled carbon substrates for discovering new enzymatic functions.

Metabolic Pathway Confirmation and Discovery Through 13C-labeling of Proteinogenic Amino Acids

13C-isotope labeling is a useful technique for determining the cell central metabolism for various types of microorganisms. After cells have been cultured with a specific labeled substrate, GC-MS measurement can reveal functional metabolic pathways based on unique labeling patterns in proteinogenic amino acids.

Stoffwechselweg der Firmung und der Entdeckung durch 13 C-Kennzeichnung von proteinogenen Aminosäuren

Microbes have complex metabolic pathways that can be investigated using biochemistry and functional genomics methods. One important technique to examine ...

Biochemical and High Throughput Microscopic Assessment of Fat Mass in Caenorhabditis Elegans

The nematode C. elegans has emerged as an important model for the study of conserved genetic pathways regulating fat metabolism as it relates to human obesity and its associated pathologies. Several previous methodologies developed for the visualization of C. elegans triglyceride-rich fat stores have proven to be erroneous, highlighting cellular compartments other than lipid droplets. Other methods require specialized equipment, are time-consuming, or yield inconsistent results. We introduce a rapid, reproducible, fixative-based Nile red staining method for the accurate and rapid detection of neutral lipid droplets in C. elegans. A short fixation step in 40% isopropanol makes animals completely permeable to Nile red, which is then used to stain animals. Spectral properties of this lipophilic dye allow it to strongly and selectively fluoresce in the yellow-green spectrum only when in a lipid-rich environment, but not in more polar environments. Thus, lipid droplets can be visualized on a fluorescent microscope equipped with simple GFP imaging capability after only a brief Nile red staining step in isopropanol. The speed, affordability, and reproducibility of this protocol make it ideally suited for high throughput screens. We also demonstrate a paired method for the biochemical determination of triglycerides and phospholipids using gas chromatography mass-spectrometry. This more rigorous protocol should be used as confirmation of results obtained from the Nile red microscopic lipid determination. We anticipate that these techniques will become new standards in the field of C. elegans metabolic research.

Biochemical and High Throughput Microscopic Assessment of Fat Mass in Caenorhabditis Elegans

We present robust biochemical and microscopic methods for studying Caenorhabditis elegans lipid stores. A rapid, simple, fixing-staining procedure for fluorescent lipid droplet imaging leverages the spectral properties of the lipophilic dye Nile red. We then present biochemical measurement of triglycerides and phospholipids using solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Biochemische und High Throughput Mikroskopische Beurteilung der Fettmasse in<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em

The nematode C. elegans has emerged as an important  model for the study of conserved genetic pathways regulating fat metabolism as  it relates to human ...

Fettsäure- ¹³C Isotopologue Profilierung gibt Einblick in trophische Carbon Transfer und Fettstoffwechsel der Wirbellosen Verbraucher

Zusammenfassung

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De-novo-Verfolgung von Lipiden mittels stabiler Isotopenmarkierung LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS

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