Name: standardized model of ventricular fibrillation and advanced cardiac life support in swine
Uploaded: 2020-01-30T15:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Standardized Model of Ventricular Fibrillation and Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Swine at JoVE.com

The authors want to thank Dagmar Dirvonskis for excellent technical support.

The experiments in this protocol were approved by the State and Institutional Animal Care Committee (Landesuntersuchungsamt Rheinland-Pfalz, Koblenz, Germany; Chairperson: Dr. Silvia Eisch-Wolf; approval no. G16-1-042). The experiments were conducted in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines. Seven anesthetized male pigs (sus scrofa domestica) with a mean weight of 30 &#177; 2 kg and 12-16 weeks in age were included in the protocol.
1. Anesthesia, intubation, and mechanical ventilation<s...

<ol>
	<li>Grasner, J. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EuReCa+ONE-27+Nations,+ONE+Europe,+ONE+Registry:+A+prospective+one+month+analysis+of+out-of-hospital+cardiac+arrest+outcomes+in+27+countries+in+Europe.">EuReCa ONE-27 Nations, ONE Europe, ONE Registry: A prospective one month analysis of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes in 27 countries in Europe.</a> Resuscitation. 105, 188-195 (2016).</li><li>Raffee, L. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incidence,+Characteristics,+and+Survival+Trend+of+Cardiopulmonary+Resuscitation+Following+In-hospital+Compared+to+Out-of-hospital+Cardiac+Arrest+in+Northern+Jordan.">Incidence, Characteristics, and Survival Trend of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Following In-hospital Compared to Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest in Northern Jordan.</a> Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine. 21 (7), 436-441 (2017).</li><li>Brooks, S. 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W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Part+4:+Advanced+Life+Support:+2015+International+Consensus+on+Cardiopulmonary+Resuscitation+and+Emergency+Cardiovascular+Care+Science+With+Treatment+Recommendations.">Part 4: Advanced Life Support: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations.</a> Circulation. 132 (16 Suppl 1), S84-S145 (2015).</li><li>Sandroni, C., Nolan, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ERC+2010+guidelines+for+adult+and+pediatric+resuscitation:+summary+of+major+changes.">ERC 2010 guidelines for adult and pediatric resuscitation: summary of major changes.</a> Minerva Anestesiology. 77 (2), 220-226 (2011).</li><li>Tanaka, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modifiable+Factors+Associated+With+Survival+After+Out-of-Hospital+Cardiac+Arrest+in+the+Pan-Asian+Resuscitation+Outcomes+Study.">Modifiable Factors Associated With Survival After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the Pan-Asian Resuscitation Outcomes Study.</a> Annals of Emergency Medicine. , (2017).</li><li>Kleinman, M. 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S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Part+7:+Adult+Advanced+Cardiovascular+Life+Support:+2015+American+Heart+Association+Guidelines+Update+for+Cardiopulmonary+Resuscitation+and+Emergency+Cardiovascular+Care.">Part 7: Adult Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care.</a> Circulation. 132 (18 Suppl 2), S444-S464 (2015).</li><li>Olasveengen, T. 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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasound-guided+vascular+access:+a+comprehensive+review.">Ultrasound-guided vascular access: a comprehensive review.</a> Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesiology. 27 (2), 345-360 (2013).</li><li>Mayer, J., Suttner, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+output+derived+from+arterial+pressure+waveform.">Cardiac output derived from arterial pressure waveform.</a> Current Opinions in Anaesthesiology. 22 (6), 804-808 (2009).</li><li>Hartmann, E. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ventilation/perfusion+ratios+measured+by+multiple+inert+gas+elimination+during+experimental+cardiopulmonary+resuscitation.">Ventilation/perfusion ratios measured by multiple inert gas elimination during experimental cardiopulmonary resuscitation.</a> Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandanivica. 58 (8), 1032-1039 (2014).</li><li>Ruemmler, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultra-low+tidal+volume+ventilation-A+novel+and+effective+ventilation+strategy+during+experimental+cardiopulmonary+resuscitation.">Ultra-low tidal volume ventilation-A novel and effective ventilation strategy during experimental cardiopulmonary resuscitation.</a> Resuscitation. 132, 56-62 (2018).</li><li>Wani, T. 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K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correlation+of+thermodilution-derived+extravascular+lung+water+and+ventilation/perfusion-compartments+in+a+porcine+model.">Correlation of thermodilution-derived extravascular lung water and ventilation/perfusion-compartments in a porcine model.</a> Intensive Care Medicine. 39 (7), 1313-1317 (2013).</li><li>Hartmann, E. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+inhaled+tumor+necrosis+factor-alpha-derived+TIP+peptide+improves+the+pulmonary+function+in+experimental+lung+injury.">An inhaled tumor necrosis factor-alpha-derived TIP peptide improves the pulmonary function in experimental lung injury.</a> Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 57 (3), 334-341 (2013).</li><li>Ziebart, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low+tidal+volume+pressure+support+versus+controlled+ventilation+in+early+experimental+sepsis+in+pigs.">Low tidal volume pressure support versus controlled ventilation in early experimental sepsis in pigs.</a> Respiratory Research. 15, 101 (2014).</li><li>Tan, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Duration+of+cardiac+arrest+requires+different+ventilation+volumes+during+cardiopulmonary+resuscitation+in+a+pig+model.">Duration of cardiac arrest requires different ventilation volumes during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a pig model.</a> Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing. , (2019).</li><li>Kill, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+ventilation+during+cardiopulmonary+resuscitation+with+intermittent+positive-pressure+ventilation,+bilevel+ventilation,+or+chest+compression+synchronized+ventilation+in+a+pig+model.">Mechanical ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation with intermittent positive-pressure ventilation, bilevel ventilation, or chest compression synchronized ventilation in a pig model.</a> Critical Care Medicine. 42 (2), e89-e95 (2014).</li><li>Speer, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+Ventilation+During+Resuscitation:+How+Manual+Chest+Compressions+Affect+a+Ventilator's+Function.">Mechanical Ventilation During Resuscitation: How Manual Chest Compressions Affect a Ventilator's Function.</a> Advances in Therapy. 34 (10), 2333-2344 (2017).</li><li>Kill, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chest+Compression+Synchronized+Ventilation+versus+Intermitted+Positive+Pressure+Ventilation+during+Cardiopulmonary+Resuscitation+in+a+Pig+Model.">Chest Compression Synchronized Ventilation versus Intermitted Positive Pressure Ventilation during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in a Pig Model.</a> PLoS ONE. 10 (5), e0127759 (2015).</li><li>Newell, C., Grier, S., Soar, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Airway+and+ventilation+management+during+cardiopulmonary+resuscitation+and+after+successful+resuscitation.">Airway and ventilation management during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and after successful resuscitation.</a> Critical Care. 22 (1), 190 (2018).</li></ol>

Some major technical issues regarding anesthesia in a porcine model have previously been described by our group13,14. These include the strict avoidance of stress and unnecessary pain for the animals, possible anatomical problems during airway management, and specific personnel requirements19.
Additionally, the benefits of ultrasound-guided catheterization was highlighted previously and remains the preferable ap...

Cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) are regularly encountered medical emergencies in hospital wards as well as preclinical emergency provider scenarios1,2. While there have been extensive efforts to characterize the optimal treatment for this situation3,4,5,6, international guidelines and expert recommendations (e.g., ERC and ILCOR) usually rely on low-grade evidence due to the lack of prospective randomized trials3,4,5,7,8,9. This is in part due to obvious ethical reservations regarding randomized resuscitation protocols in human trials10. However, this may also point towards a lack of strict protocol adherence when confronted with a life-threatening and stressful situation11,12. The protocol presented in this report aims to provide a standardized resuscitation model in a realistic clinical setting, which generates valuable, prospective data while being as valid and accurate as possible without the need for human subjects. It adheres to common resuscitation guidelines, can be easily applied, and enables researches to examine and characterize various aspects and interventions in a critical but controlled setting. This will lead to 1) a better understanding of the pathological mechanisms underlying cardiac arrest and ventricular fibrillation and 2) higher quality evidence in order to optimize treatment options and increase survival rates.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M- Kaliumchlorid-L&#246;sung 7,46% 20ml</td>
			<td>Fresenius, Kabi Deutschland GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>potassium chloride</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Arterenol 1mg/ml 25 ml</td>
			<td>Sanofi- Aventis, Seutschland GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>norepinephrine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Atracurium Hikma 50mg/5ml</td>
			<td>Hikma Pharma GmbH, Martinsried</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>atracurium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Discardit II Spritze 2,5,10,20 ml</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson S.A. Carretera Mequinenza Fraga, Spain</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>syringe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Luer Connecta</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson Infusion Therapy AB Helsingborg, Schweden</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3-way-stopcock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Microlance 3 20 G</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson S.A. Carretera Mequinenza Fraga, Spain</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>canula</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CorPatch Easy Electrodes</td>
			<td>CorPuls, Kaufering, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>defibrillator electrodes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corpuls 3</td>
			<td>Corpuls, Kaufering, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>defibrillator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Datex Ohmeda S5</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Finland Oy, Helsinki, Finland</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>hemodynamic monitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Engstr&#246;m Carestation</td>
			<td>GE Heathcare, Madison USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ventilator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fentanyl-Janssen 0,05mg/ml</td>
			<td>Janssen-Cilag GmbH, Neuss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>fentanyl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>F&#252;hrungsstab, Durchmesser 4.3</td>
			<td>R&#252;sch</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>endotracheal tube introducer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incetomat-line 150 cm</td>
			<td>Fresenius, Kabi Deutschland GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>perfusorline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamin-Hameln 50mg/ml</td>
			<td>Hameln Pharmaceuticals GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ketamine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>laryngoscope</td>
			<td>R&#252;sch</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>laryngoscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>logicath 7 Fr 3-lumen 30cm lang</td>
			<td>Smith- Medical Deutschland GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>central venous catheter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LUCAS-2</td>
			<td>Physio-Control/Stryker, Redmond, WA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>chest compression device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Masimo Radical 7</td>
			<td>Masimo Corporation Irvine, Ca 92618 USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>periphereal oxygen saturation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neofox Oxygen sensor 300 micron fiber</td>
			<td>Ocean optics Largo, FL USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ultrafast pO2-measurements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#214;ls&#228;ure reinst Ph. Eur NF C18H34O2 M0282,47g/mol Dichte 0,9</td>
			<td>Applichem GmbH Darmstadt, Deutschland</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>oleic acid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Original Perfusor syringe 50ml Luer Lock</td>
			<td>B.Braun Melsungen AG, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>perfusorsyringe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Osypka pace, 110 cm</td>
			<td>Osypka Medical GmbH, Rheinfelden-Herten, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Pacing/fibrillation catheter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PA-Katheter Swan Ganz 7,5 Fr 110cm</td>
			<td>Edwards Lifesciences LLC, Irvine CA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PAC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Percutaneous sheath introducer set 8,5 und 9 Fr, 10 cm with integral haemostasis valve/sideport</td>
			<td>Arrow international inc. Reading, PA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>introducer sheath</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perfusor FM Braun</td>
			<td>B.Braun Melsungen AG, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>syringe pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propofol 2% 20mg/ml (50ml flasks)</td>
			<td>Fresenius, Kabi Deutschland GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>propofol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Radifocus Introducer II, 5-8 Fr</td>
			<td>Terumo Corporation Tokio, Japan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>introducer sheath</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>R&#252;schelit Super Safety Clear &#62;ID 6/ 6,5 /7,0 mm</td>
			<td>Teleflex Medical Sdn. Bhd, Malaysia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>endotracheal tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Seldinger Nadel mit Fixierfl&#252;gel</td>
			<td>Smith- Medical Deutschland GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>seldinger canula</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sonosite Micromaxx Ultrasoundsystem</td>
			<td>Sonosite Bothell, WA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ultrasound</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless Macintosh Gr&#246;&#223;e 4</td>
			<td>Welsch Allyn69604</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>blade for laryngoscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stresnil 40mg/ml</td>
			<td>Lilly Deutschland GmbH, Abteilung Elanco Animal Health</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>azaperone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vasofix Safety 22G-16G</td>
			<td>B.Braun Melsungen AG, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>venous catheter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Voltcraft Model 8202</td>
			<td>Voltcraft, Hirschau, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>oscilloscope/function generator</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

standardized model of ventricular fibrillation and advanced cardiac life support in swine

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac arrest, independent of its origin, is a regularly encountered medical emergency in hospitals as well as preclinical settings. Prospective randomized trials in human subjects are difficult to design and ethically ambiguous, which results in a lack of evidence-based therapies. The model presented in this report represents one of the most common causes of cardiac arrests, ventricular fibrillation, in a standardized setting in a large animal model. This allows for reproducible observations and various therapeutic interventions under clinically accurate conditions, hence facilitating the generation of better evidence and eventually the potential for improved medical treatment.

Cardiac arrest was induced in seven pigs. Return of spontaneous circulation following CPR was achieved in four Pigs (57%) with a mean of 3 &#177; 1 biphasic defibrillations. Healthy and adequately anesthetized pigs should stay in supine position without shivering and signs of agitation throughout the entire experiment. Mean arterial blood pressures should not drop below 50 mmHg before initiation of fibrillation18. For optimal results, blood gas analyses can be perf...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Standardized Model of Ventricular Fibrillation and Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Swine at JoVE.com

Standardized Model of Ventricular Fibrillation and Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Swine

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation are the only effective therapeutic options during cardiac arrest caused by ventricular fibrillation. This model presents a standardized regimen to induce, assess, and treat this physiological state in a porcine model, thus providing a clinical approach with various opportunities for data collection and analysis.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac arrest, independent of its origin, is a regularly encountered medical emergency in hospitals as well as ...

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Cardiovascular disease remains the number one cause of mortality in the United States. There are numerous approaches to treating these diseases, but ...

Surgical Swine Model of Chronic Cardiac Ischemia Treated by Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

Chronic cardiac ischemia that impairs cardiac function, but does not result in infarct, is termed hibernating myocardium (HM). A large clinical subset of ...

Severe Burn Injury in a Swine Model for Clinical Dressing Assessment

Wound healing is a dynamic repair process and is the most complex biological process in human life. In response to burn injury, alterations in biological ...

Standardized Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osteoarthritis in a Surgical Mouse Model

One of the most prevalent joint disorders in the United States, osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, ...

Advanced Cardiac Rhythm Management by Applying Optogenetic Multi-Site Photostimulation in Murine Hearts

Ventricular tachyarrhythmias are a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Electrical defibrillation using high-energy electric shocks is ...

Sterile Pericarditis in Aachener Minipigs As a Model for Atrial Myopathy and Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia caused by structural remodeling of the atria, also called atrial myopathy. Current therapies only ...