Larval RNA Interference in Silkworm Bombyx mori through Chitosan/dsRNA Nanoparticle Delivery

Summary

Presented here is a protocol for chitosan/dsRNA nanoparticle delivery in silkworm Bombyx mori larvae to induce gene silencing through ingestion.

Abstract

The silkworm, Bombyx mori, is an important economic insect with thousands of years of history in China. Meanwhile, the silkworm is the model insect of Lepidoptera with a good accumulation of basic research. It is also the first insect in Lepidoptera with its complete genome sequenced and assembled, which provides a solid foundation for gene functional study. Although RNA interference (RNAi) is widely used in reverse gene functional study, it is refractory in silkworms and other Lepidopteran species. Previous successful RNAi-related research to deliver double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was performed through injection only. Delivery of dsRNA through feeding is never reported. In this article, we describe step-by-step procedures to prepare the chitosan/dsRNA nanoparticles, which are fed to the silkworm larvae by ingestion. The protocol includes (i) selection of the proper stage of silkworm larvae, (ii) synthesis of dsRNA, (iii) preparation of the chitosan/dsRNA nanoparticles, and (iv) feeding the silkworm larvae with chitosan/dsRNA nanoparticles. Representative results, including gene transcript confirmation and phenotype observation, are presented. dsRNA feeding is a simple technique for RNAi in silkworm larvae. Since silkworm larvae are easy to rear and large enough to operate, it provides a good model to demonstrate larval RNAi in insects. In addition, the simplicity of this technique stimulates more student involvement in research, making silkworm larvae an ideal genetic system for use in a classroom setting.

Introduction

The silkworm, Bombyx mori, is an insect domesticated more than 5000 years ago in China. Due to its ability to produce silk, the silkworm is an important economic insect in Chinese agriculture and sericulture. The silkworm is second only to the fruit fly as the model insect. As a model insect in Lepidoptera, the silkworm is easy to rear, with a large body size and plenty of mutants. Meanwhile, the silkworm is the first Lepidopteran insect with its complete genome sequenced¹. A lot of databases providing information for genome², transcriptome³, expressed sequence tag (EST)^....

Protocol

1. Silkworm species and rearing

1. Rear at least 120 freshly hatched 1^st instar silkworm larvae of B. mori P50 strain with fresh mulberry leaves at 25 ± 1 °C, photoperiod 12 h Light:12 h Dark, and 75% ± 5% relative humidity.

2. Selection of silkworm larvae

1. Pick day 1 of the 5^th instar larvae for the RNAi experiment; the silkworm larvae grow fast after day 3 of the 5^th instar, .......

Discussion

A proper stage is important for RNAi phenotype observation, depending on the genes targeted. Our preliminary results showed that Toll9-2 is involved in the growth of the silkworm. The size and weight of the silkworm larvae increase rapidly at the 5^th instar²¹. Therefore, the 5^th instar larvae are selected as the stage for the chitosan/dsRNA nanoparticles feeding experiment. It is also possible to select the 3^rd or 4^th instar larvae for feeding e.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1.5 mL centrifuge tube	Sangon	F601620	for dsRNA or nanoparticles reaction
10 μl pipette	Eppendorf	P13473G	to aspirate or resuspend liquid
100 μl pipette	Eppendorf	Q12115G	to aspirate or resuspend liquid
2.5 μl pipette	Eppendorf	P20777G	to aspirate or resuspend liquid
20 μl pipette	Eppendorf	H19229E	to aspirate or resuspend liquid
200 μl pipette	Eppendorf	H20588E	to aspirate or resuspend liquid
6-well Clear TC-treated Multiple Well Plates	Costar	3516	for silkworm rearing individually
Acetic acid	Aladdin	A116165	to make TAE
Agarose M	BBI Life Sciences	A610013	for agarose gel electrophosis
Analytical balance	Sartorius	BSA224S	to weight ingredients
Centrifuge	Sartorius	Centrisart A-14C	to centrifuge to form dsRNA or nanoparticles
Chitosan	Sigma-Aldrich	C3646	to combine with dsRNA for preparation of nanoparticles
EDTA	Sangon	A500895	to make TAE
Ethanol	Aladdin	E130059	to make TAE, or for dsRNA precipitation
Freezer	Siemens	iQ300	to store dsRNA or nanoparticles
GoTaq Green Master Mix	Promega	M712	for PCR reaction
GoTaq qPCR Master Mix	Promega	A6002	for qRT-PCR reaction
Isopropanol	Aladdin	I112011	for dsRNA precipitation
NanoDrop Microvolume UV-Vis Spectrophotometer	ThermoFisher	One	to determine the concentration of dsRNA
ph meter	Sartorius	PB-10	to prepare buffers
SanPrep Column PCR Product Purification Kit	Sangon	B518141	for PCR product purification
Sodium acetate	Sigma-Aldrich	S2889	to make 100 mM sodium acetate buffer
Sodium sulfate	Sigma-Aldrich	239313	to make 100 mM sodium sulfate buffer
T7 RiboMAX Express RNAi System	Promega	P1700	for dsRNA synthesis
ThermoMixer	Eppendorf	C	for dsRNA generation or nanoparticles heating
Tris	Sangon	A501492	to make TAE
Vortex	IKA	Vortex 3	to prepare chitosan/dsRNA nanoparticles