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Chapter 14
The human body has three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Each class has unique properties that enable them to perform specific ...
The connective tissues play a significant role in arranging the muscle fibers into a hierarchical structure that forms a complete muscle. Consider a ...
Each skeletal muscle is composed of multiple bundles of elongated multinucleated muscle cells or muscle fibers. These cells are enclosed by a plasma ...
A sarcomere is mainly made up of two types of filaments— thin filaments containing actin, troponin, and tropomyosin and thick filaments containing ...
A neuromuscular junction is a specialized synapse between a somatic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber. The cell body of a somatic motor neuron lies ...
Every cell in the body maintains a membrane potential due to an uneven distribution of positive and negative charges across its plasma membrane. The ...
Excitation-contraction coupling is a series of events that occur between generating an action potential and initiating a muscle contraction. It occurs at ...
The period of muscle contraction primarily influences the duration of stimulation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the presence of free calcium ions ...
The fibers in an actively contracting muscle require an enormous amount of ATP for continuous contraction cycles. This ATP demand can be met via three ...
Any intense physical activity escalates the ATP demand in the muscles. As contractions become vigorous, the compressed blood vessels impair the ...
The motor unit is composed of a somatic motor neuron, which innervates and controls multiple skeletal muscle fibers, forming a single functional segment. ...
When the neuron of a motor unit fires an action potential, it triggers a series of events, leading to a twitch contraction in the muscle fibers. The ...
Depending on the demand, motor neurons control the strength of a muscle's contraction by altering the frequency of action potentials delivered to the ...
Two primary types of muscle contractions are isotonic and isometric, each serving unique functions and involving distinct mechanisms. Both isotonic and ...
A skeletal muscle comprises different motor units, each containing slow or fast contracting fibers. Slow fibers possess slow-functioning myosin ATPases, ...
The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders. Musculoskeletal ...
Physical training has two broad types—muscle-strengthening endurance exercises and muscle-enlarging resistance exercises. Endurance exercises such ...
Cardiac muscle tissue is found exclusively in the heart. Compared to skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle cells are small and usually mononucleated. They are ...
The primary role of cardiac muscles is to propel blood throughout the cardiovascular system. The cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, exhibit ...
In the human body, smooth muscle tissue is found lining the visceral and tubular organs such as the liver, lungs, blood vessels, and respiratory tract. ...
Smooth muscle contraction is a complex process vital for various bodily functions, from maintaining blood vessel tension to facilitating the movement of ...
Smooth muscles facilitate the involuntary movements of internal organs, such as the movement of food through the gut or the regulation of blood flow. All ...
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