The authors thank Mr. Wu, MS Sun, Mr. Wang, Mr. Mu, and Mr. Li for their help. This study was supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022M721604) and the Wenzhou Key Science and Technology Tackling Programmer (ZG2023015).

1. Model
NOTE: Due to the complex structure of the ring main unit (Figure 1A), an online design software was chosen to simplify the operation of the ring main unit.
<ol>
	<li>Modelling simplification
	<ol>
		<li>Partially simplify the model, preserving the air box section of the RMU while removing or simplifying other components such as insulating shafts, fastening bolts, nuts, sealing components, and pressure support brackets. The simplified ve...

A Comprehensive Approach to Investigate RMU Temperature Rise Problem

<ol>
	<li>Xia, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temperature+rise+test+and+analysis+of+high+current+switchgear+in+distribution+system.">Temperature rise test and analysis of high current switchgear in distribution system.</a> J Engg. , 754-757 (2019).</li><li>Polykrati, A. D., Karagiannopoulos, C. G., Bourkas, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+effect+on+electric+power+network+components+under+short-circuit+currents.">Thermal effect on electric power network components under short-circuit currents.</a> Electric Power Syst Res. 72 (3), 261-267 (2004).</li><li>Guan, X., Shu, N., Kang, B., Zou, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiphysics+analysis+of+plug-in+connector+under+steady+and+short+circuit+conditions.">Multiphysics analysis of plug-in connector under steady and short circuit conditions.</a> IEEE Trans Comp Packag Manu Technol. 5 (3), 320-327 (2015).</li><li>Wang, L., Wang, R., Li, X., Jia, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simulation+analysis+on+the+impact+of+different+filling+gases+on+the+temperature+rise+of+C-GIS.">Simulation analysis on the impact of different filling gases on the temperature rise of C-GIS.</a> IEEE Trans Comp Packag Manu Technol. 9 (10), 2055-2065 (2019).</li><li>Mueller, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Numerical+design+and+optimization+of+a+novel+heatsink+using+ANSYS+steady-state+thermal+analysis.">Numerical design and optimization of a novel heatsink using ANSYS steady-state thermal analysis.</a> 2020 27th International Workshop on Electric Drives: MPEI Department of Electric Drives 90th Anniversary (IWED). , 1-5 (2020).</li><li>Wang, Y., Yan, J., Yang, Z., Zhao, Y., Liu, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimizing+GIS+partial+discharge+pattern+recognition+in+the+ubiquitous+power+internet+of+things+context:+A+MiNET+deep+learning+model.">Optimizing GIS partial discharge pattern recognition in the ubiquitous power internet of things context: A MiNET deep learning model.</a> Int J Electrical Power Energy Sys. 125, 106484 (2021).</li><li>Lei, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+3-D+steady-state+analysis+of+thermal+behavior+in+EHV+GIS+Busbar.">A 3-D steady-state analysis of thermal behavior in EHV GIS Busbar.</a> J Electr Engg Tech. 11 (3), 781-789 (2016).</li><li>Ouerdani, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temperature+rise+simulation+model+of+RMU+with+switchfuse+combinations+for+future+load+profiles.">Temperature rise simulation model of RMU with switchfuse combinations for future load profiles.</a> , 360-364 (2021).</li><li>Zheng, W., Jia, X., Zhou, Z., Yang, J., Wang, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-physical+field+coupling+simulation+and+thermal+design+of+10+kV-KYN28A+high-current+switchgear.">Multi-physical field coupling simulation and thermal design of 10 kV-KYN28A high-current switchgear.</a> Thermal Sci Engg Prog. 43, 101954 (2021).</li><li>Wang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electromagnetic-thermal-flow+field+coupling+simulation+of+12-kV+medium-voltage+switchgear.">Electromagnetic-thermal-flow field coupling simulation of 12-kV medium-voltage switchgear.</a> IEEE Trans Comp Packag Manufact Technol. 6 (8), 1208-1220 (2016).</li><li>Zhu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+analysis+and+design+of+GaN+device+of+energy+storage+converter+based+on+Icepak.">Thermal analysis and design of GaN device of energy storage converter based on Icepak.</a> , 762-767 (2022).</li><li>Mao, Y. e. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+simulation+of+high-current+switch+cabinet+based+on+Icepak.">Thermal simulation of high-current switch cabinet based on Icepak.</a> Electr Ener Mgmt Technol. , 1-7 (2018).</li><li>Zhang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+thermal+transient+and+overload+capability+of+high-voltage+bushings+with+ATP.">Evaluation of thermal transient and overload capability of high-voltage bushings with ATP.</a> IEEE Trans Power Delivery. 24 (3), 1295-1301 (2009).</li><li>Ghahfarokhi, P. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Steady-state+thermal+model+of+a+synchronous+reluctance+motor.">Steady-state thermal model of a synchronous reluctance motor.</a> , 1-5 (2018).</li><li>&#350;eker, E. A., &#199;elik, B., Yildirim, D., Sakaci, E. A., Deniz, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temperature+field+and+power+loss+calculation+with+coupled+simulations+for+a+medium-voltage+simplified+switchgear.">Temperature field and power loss calculation with coupled simulations for a medium-voltage simplified switchgear.</a> Electrica. 23 (1), 107-120 (2021).</li><li>Ruibo, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Research+and+application+of+temperature+load+of+switchgear.">Research and application of temperature load of switchgear.</a> J Physics: Conf Series. 2378 (2022), 012019 (2022).</li><li>Sheikholeslami, M., Khalili, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simulation+for+impact+of+nanofluid+spectral+splitter+on+efficiency+of+concentrated+solar+photovoltaic+thermal+system.">Simulation for impact of nanofluid spectral splitter on efficiency of concentrated solar photovoltaic thermal system.</a> Sust Cities Soc. 101, 105139 (2024).</li><li>Sheikholeslami, M., Khalili, Z., Scardi, P., Ataollahi, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+and+energy+assessment+of+photovoltaic-thermal+system+combined+with+a+reflector+supported+by+nanofluid+filter+and+a+sustainable+thermoelectric+generator.">Environmental and energy assessment of photovoltaic-thermal system combined with a reflector supported by nanofluid filter and a sustainable thermoelectric generator.</a> J Cleaner Prod. 438, 140659 (2024).</li><li>Sheikholeslami, M., Khalili, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solar+photovoltaic-thermal+system+with+novel+design+of+tube+containing+eco-friendly+nanofluid.">Solar photovoltaic-thermal system with novel design of tube containing eco-friendly nanofluid.</a> Renewable Ener. 222, 119862 (2024).</li><li>Sheikholeslami, M., Khalili, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+and+energy+analysis+for+photovoltaic-thermoelectric+solar+unit+in+existence+of+nanofluid+cooling+reporting+CO2+emission+reduction.">Environmental and energy analysis for photovoltaic-thermoelectric solar unit in existence of nanofluid cooling reporting CO2 emission reduction.</a> J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng. 156, 105341 (2024).</li><li>Zhao, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Research+on+the+temperature+rise+characteristics+of+medium-voltage+switchgear+under+different+operation+conditions.">Research on the temperature rise characteristics of medium-voltage switchgear under different operation conditions.</a> IEEJ Trans Elect Electr Engg. 17 (5), 654-664 (2022).</li><li>Fjeld, E., Rondeel, W., Vaagsaether, K., Attar, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+heat+source+location+on+air+temperatures+in+sealed+MV+switchgear.">Influence of heat source location on air temperatures in sealed MV switchgear.</a> , 1-5 (2017).</li><li>Icoz, T., Arik, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light+weight+high+performance+thermal+management+with+advanced+heat+sinks+and+extended+surfaces.">Light weight high performance thermal management with advanced heat sinks and extended surfaces.</a> IEEE Trans Comp Pack Technol. 33 (1), 161-166 (2010).</li><li>Steiner, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+temperature+steady-state+experiment+for+computational+radiative+heat+transfer+validation+using+COMSOL+and+ANSYS.">High temperature steady-state experiment for computational radiative heat transfer validation using COMSOL and ANSYS.</a> Results Engg. 13, 100354 (2022).</li></ol>

This paper is a comparative simulation analysis of the temperature rise of the ring cabinet based on engineering modeling software and finite element software, and the most suitable solution for the actual temperature rise situation is analyzed by two finite element temperature field solution modules. Thermal management is also described in Icoz23 as a critical and essential component in maintaining the high efficiency and reliability of electronic components. The significance of conducting a comp...

The ring main unit is a group of high-voltage switchgear mounted in a steel metal cabinet or made of assembled spaced ring network power supply unit of electrical equipment. The overall structure of the load switch and conductive circuit consists of the conductive circuit, which includes a number of components comprising the main core of the ring unit. However, due to its compact internal structure, the ring main unit faces challenges in heat dissipation. This can lead to thermal deformation and aging when operating for extended periods in high-temperature environments. These issues not only affect the service life of the unit but also impact its insulating properties, posing safety risks. In particular, equipment damage and electrical accidents become more likely, posing significant safety hazards.
Within different research areas, scholars have conducted a series of studies on the temperature rise of overhead line switchgear and analyzed various factors affecting the temperature distribution1. In Polykrati et al.2, a mathematical model for the estimation of the temperature rise of components installed on the distribution network during a short-circuit fault is presented. The model was applied to the common disconnecting switches of the network, and the characteristics of the results were plotted according to the different forms of the asymmetrical part of the short-circuit current waveform and the initial value of the short-circuit DC current component. Guan et al., on the other hand, have taken into account the contact resistance and electromagnetic repulsion by building an equivalent contact bridge to simulate the contact interface and further analyzed the electromagnetic-thermal coupling field and temperature rise experiment3. In addition, the researchers investigated the temperature field and thermal stress distribution of the dynamic and static contacts inside the ring main unit by finite element simulation, which provided a basis for the study of circuit breaker life4. Finally, Mueller et al. have focused on the geometrical characteristics of heat sinks and evaluated the effects of material selection, total surface area, temperature uniformity, and maximum surface temperature on thermal performance5. These studies provide valuable insights and methods to improve switchgear performance and reliability, reduce temperature rise, and extend equipment life. Wang et al. proposed a MiNET Deep Learning Model (MDLM) in the UPIOT environment with the purpose of detecting fault diagnosis of electrical ring cabinets, which was validated to have an identification accuracy of 99.1%, which is significantly higher than that of other methods6. Lei et al. studied the thermal performance of a GIS busbar in a steady state using the magneto-fluid-thermal coupling analysis method, thereby optimizing the conductor and tank diameter based on the temperature rise simulation results7. Ouerdani et al. used the RMU temperature rise simulation model to determine the temperature rise at critical locations inside it, thereby fixing the duration of the maximum overload for the components inside the RMU accordingly8. Zheng et al. described a conventional rectangular busbar in a model of high-current switchgear by building a two-dimensional model and applying the finite element method (FEM) for electromagnetic field calculations. It enabled them to obtain the distribution of bus conductor current density and power loss. An irregular busbar was designed after considering the effects of proximity effect and skin effect. This irregular busbar design improved the performance of conventional rectangular busbar9.
As for the aspect of using the icepak simulation, Wang et al. carried out a temperature rise simulation through vortex field, airflow field, and temperature field theories and found that the temperature rise of the ring main unit was more serious under natural convection. They successfully reduced the temperature rise level by adding forced air cooling and making improvements to the internal contact structure10. Zhu et al.11 used the icepak to simulate a thermal model in order to compare the effect of the presence of thermal vias on the PCB and the presence of heat sinks on the temperature of the power devices. Finally, the theoretical analysis is compared with the simulation results to verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis. Mao et al.12 studied the temperature and internal airflow distribution under summer operating conditions by thermal simulation based on the CAE software in the icepak simulation. The problem of how to improve the cooling efficiency and control the temperature rise of multiple silver-plated contacts is given, and the temperature and internal airflow contours captured in the simulation will lay the foundation for the design of the cooling scheme for the six silver-plated contacts mounted in the sealing unit. Conversely, in the use of a steady-state thermal module, Zhang13 Modeling methods are discussed for solving the thermal network of a high-pressure bushing using an alternative transient procedure. Test and simulation results are in good agreement with the thermal steady state and transient states of the bushing. The transient results are then used to evaluate the bushing overload capacity. Vaimann et al.14 developed and analyzed an analytical thermal model of a synchronous reluctance motor for predicting the temperature of its different components and the set total parameter thermal network.
With the continuous advancement of research on electrical equipment such as ring main units, conventional temperature rise tests, and production methods are relatively inefficient. Therefore, by utilizing finite element technology combined with offline tests, not only the design cost issues are addressed, but adjustments and optimizations can be promptly made to real-world problems based on simulations. Based on the research progress mentioned above, the use of ANSYS Icepak and Steady-state thermal coupling for comparative analysis is rarely mentioned. Therefore, the protocol describes the mechanism research of finite elements, uses numerical and morphological combinations to establish a finite element temperature rise simulation model for the enclosure, and discusses the finite element temperature rise simulation model based on the results of the two analytical modules by comparing the results of the two simulation modules. Through the comparison between the two simulation modules, we will get the characteristics of the temperature rise trend of the ring main unit and find the most applicable method so as to provide the necessary basis and research ideas for a strategy to mitigate the temperature rise of the ring main unit.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Air</td>
			<td>/</td>
			<td>/</td>
			<td>Conventional gases</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum</td>
			<td>/</td>
			<td>/</td>
			<td>Alloy Materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Copper</td>
			<td>/</td>
			<td>/</td>
			<td>Alloy Materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Icepak</td>
			<td>ANSYS company</td>
			<td>ANSYS 2021R1</td>
			<td>A CFD thermal simulation software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PC hosting</td>
			<td>/</td>
			<td>12th Generation Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-13500F CPU</td>
			<td>Host computer equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SolidWorks</td>
			<td>Subsidiary of Dassault Systemes</td>
			<td>SolidWorks2021</td>
			<td>An engineering software drawing tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steady-state thermal</td>
			<td>ANSYS company</td>
			<td>ANSYS 2021R1</td>
			<td>A thermal simulation solution tool</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

comparative study of simulation of temperature rise in ring main unit

The Ring Main Unit (RMU) is a critical device in power distribution systems used for connecting and distributing electricity. However, due to its compact internal structure and high current load, heat dissipation issues are particularly prominent. To address this problem, this study innovatively proposes a simplified RMU model, employing finite element simulation methods to accurately solve for the ohmic losses of conductors under actual operating conditions and obtain ohmic loss data for various components. This is the first in-depth investigation of the RMU's temperature rise problem using such a comprehensive approach. Subsequently, the temperature field was solved using two different temperature field analysis modules, with a detailed comparison and analysis of the simulation results to identify similarities, differences, and trends in temperature distribution. The results indicate that the temperature field solution model, which considers convective heat transfer, is more accurate and aligns with actual operating conditions. This research provides an innovative approach and practical solutions for the design and optimization of RMUs. Future research can further explore multiphysics coupling analysis methods to address structural design and mandatory validation issues for high and ultra-high voltage RMUs and other electrical equipment, thereby providing important insights for engineering design.

Author Spotlight: Simulation and Analysis of the Temperature Rise of Ring Main Unit Equipment

Comparative Study of Simulation of Temperature Rise in Ring Main Unit

Our research deals with the simulation and analysis of temperature rising of Ring Main Unit equipment. By comparing two temperature analysis, the module, we derived the temperature rising of Ring Main Unit for different scenarios. Aspect was more suited for herd transfer and the studies that summer was better suited for herd distribution.The current method of combining the finite element method with actually experiments, derives the temperature rise more comprehensively. The biggest challenger is to make the simulation results compatible with the experiment and to reduce the error. Currently, the simulation error is mainly reduced by solving the problem multiple times.Our protocol reduce the error of a single solution model that cannot satisfy the temperature rising program or multi-case Ring Main Unit. It can provide a multi-facet solution to a program of temperature rising or electrical equipment. Combined with the variety of finite element method for interpretation.In the future, we will devote ourselves to use analysis and the research of thermal space and straining electrical equipment, caused by temperature rising programs. And we will also focus on the temperature rising program of multiple operating conditions in the future.

Based on the data in Table 3, the following conclusions can be drawn: The overall losses for Phases A, B, and C are relatively similar. Specifically, the total losses for Phase A are 16.063 W/m&#179;, Phase B is 16.12 W/m&#179;, and Phase C is 19.57 W/m&#179;. The locations with higher losses may be at the connections of various components. This is mainly because contact resistance and conductor resistance typically exist at these connection points. When current passes through these connections, signific...

This paper addresses the temperature rise problem of the ring main unit by establishing a simplified model and conducting a comparative analysis in two temperature field-solving modules.

The Ring Main Unit (RMU) is a critical device in power distribution systems used for connecting and distributing electricity. However, due to its compact ...

comparative-study-of-simulation-of-temperature-rise-in-ring-main-unit