Name: simulation, fabrication and characterization of thz metamaterial absorbers
Uploaded: 2012-12-27T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simulation, Fabrication and Characterization of THz Metamaterial Absorbers at JoVE.com

This work is supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council grant number EP/I017461/1. We also wish to acknowledge the contribution played by the technical staff of the James Watt Nanofabrication Centre.

1. Simulation of a Single Band THz Metamaterial Absorber
 A 3D view of the simulation set-up is shown in Figure 2.
 <ol>
 <li>Lumerical FDTD is used to optimize the transmission, reflection and absorption characteristics of the THz metamaterial absorber. All units are given in &mu;m.</li>
 <li>Define the THz polyimide material properties by left clicking Materials, Add (n,k) material and inputting 1.68 as the n and 0.06 as the k. Double left click on "new...

<ol>
	<li>Pendry, J. B., Holden, A. J., Robbins, D. J., Stewart, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Magnetism+from+conductors+and+enhanced+nonlinear+phenomena.">Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena.</a> IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory. 47, 2075-2084 (1999).</li><li>Pendry, J. B., Holden, A. J., Robbins, D. J., Stewart, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Magnetism+from+conductors+and+enhanced+nonlinear+phenomena.">Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena.</a> IEEE Microw Theory. 47, 2075-2084 (1999).</li><li>Smith, D. R., Padilla, W. J., Vier, D. C., Nemat-Nasser, S. C., Schultz, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Composite+medium+with+simultaneously+negative+permeability+and+permittivity.">Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4184-4187 (2000).</li><li>Dolling, G., Wegener, M., Linden, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Realization+of+a+three-functional-layer+negative-index+photonic+metamaterial.">Realization of a three-functional-layer negative-index photonic metamaterial.</a> Opt. Lett. 32, 551-553 (2007).</li><li>Zhang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+demonstration+of+near-infrared+negative-index+metamaterials.">Experimental demonstration of near-infrared negative-index metamaterials.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 137404 (2005).</li><li>Linden, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Magnetic+response+of+metamaterials+at+100+terahertz.">Magnetic response of metamaterials at 100 terahertz.</a> Science. 306, 1351-1353 (2004).</li><li>Landy, N. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design,+theory,+and+measurement+of+a+polarization-insensitive+absorber+for+terahertz+imaging.">Design, theory, and measurement of a polarization-insensitive absorber for terahertz imaging.</a> Phys. Rev. B. 79, 125104-12 (2009).</li><li>Gokkavas, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+demonstration+of+a+left-handed+metamaterial+operating+at+100+GHz.">Experimental demonstration of a left-handed metamaterial operating at 100 GHz.</a> Phys. Rev. B. 73, 193103 (2006).</li><li>Smith, D. R., Kroll, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Negative+refractive+index+in+left-handed+materials.">Negative refractive index in left-handed materials.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2933-2936 (2000).</li><li>Wiltshire, M. C. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microstructured+magnetic+materials+for+RF+flux+guides+in+magnetic+resonance+imaging.">Microstructured magnetic materials for RF flux guides in magnetic resonance imaging.</a> Science. 291, 849-851 (2001).</li><li>Pendry, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Negative+refraction+makes+a+perfect+lens.">Negative refraction makes a perfect lens.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3966-3969 (2000).</li><li>Kabashin, A. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasmonic+nanorod+metamaterials+for+biosensing.">Plasmonic nanorod metamaterials for biosensing.</a> Nat. Mater. 8, 867-871 (2009).</li><li>Dolling, G., Enkrich, C., Wegener, M., Soukoulis, C. M., Linden, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-loss+negative-index+metamaterial+at+telecommunication+wavelengths.">Low-loss negative-index metamaterial at telecommunication wavelengths.</a> Opt. Lett. 31, 1800-1802 (2006).</li><li>Schurig, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metamaterial+electromagnetic+cloak+at+microwave+frequencies.">Metamaterial electromagnetic cloak at microwave frequencies.</a> Science. 314, 977-980 (2006).</li><li>Chen, H. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+demonstration+of+frequency-agile+terahertz+metamaterials.">Experimental demonstration of frequency-agile terahertz metamaterials.</a> Nat. Photonics. 2, 295-298 (2008).</li><li>Ma, Y., Khalid, A., Saha, S. C., Grant, J. P., Cumming, D. R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=THz+band+pass+filter+on+plastic+substrates+and+its+application+on+biological+sensing.">THz band pass filter on plastic substrates and its application on biological sensing.</a> IEEE Photonics Society Winter Topicals Meeting Series. , 50-51 (2010).</li><li>Grant, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polarization+insensitive+terahertz+metamaterial+absorber.">Polarization insensitive terahertz metamaterial absorber.</a> Opt. Lett. 36, 1524-1526 (2011).</li><li>Ma, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+terahertz+polarization+insensitive+dual+band+metamaterial+absorber.">A terahertz polarization insensitive dual band metamaterial absorber.</a> Opt. Lett. 36, 945-947 (2011).</li><li>Grant, J., Ma, Y., Saha, S., Khalid, A., Cumming, D. R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polarization+insensitive,+broadband+terahertz+metamaterial+absorber.">Polarization insensitive, broadband terahertz metamaterial absorber.</a> Opt. Lett. 36, 3476-3478 (2011).</li><li>Tonouchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cutting-edge+terahertz+technology.">Cutting-edge terahertz technology.</a> Nat. Photon. 1, 97-105 (2007).</li><li>D. Schurig, J. J. M., Justice, B. J., Cummer, S. A., Pendry, J. B., Starr, A. F., Smith, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microwave+Cloaking+Realized.">Microwave Cloaking Realized.</a> Science. 314, 889 (2006).</li><li>Padilla, W. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrically+resonant+terahertz+metamaterials:+Theoretical+and+experimental+investigations.">Electrically resonant terahertz metamaterials: Theoretical and experimental investigations.</a> Phys. Rev. B. 75, 041102 (2007).</li><li>Smith, D. R., Vier, D. C., Koschny, T., Soukoulis, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electromagnetic+parameter+retrieval+from+inhomogeneous+metamaterials.">Electromagnetic parameter retrieval from inhomogeneous metamaterials.</a> Phys. Rev. E. 71, (2005).</li><li>Landy, N. I., Sajuyigbe, S., Mock, J. J., Smith, D. R., Padilla, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perfect+metamaterial+absorber.">Perfect metamaterial absorber.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 207402 (2008).</li><li>Hao, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+performance+optical+absorber+based+on+a+plasmonic+metamaterial.">High performance optical absorber based on a plasmonic metamaterial.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 251104 (2010).</li><li>Chen, H. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interference+theory+of+metamaterial+perfect+absorbers.">Interference theory of metamaterial perfect absorbers.</a> Opt. Express. 20, 7165-7172 (2012).</li><li>Lee, A. W. M., Hu, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time,+continuous-wave+terahertz+imaging+by+use+of+a+microbolometer+focal-plane+array.">Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz imaging by use of a microbolometer focal-plane array.</a> Optics Letters. 30, 2563-2565 (2005).</li><li>Thermo Nicolet Corporation. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> An Introduction to Fourier Transform Infared Spectroscopy. , (2001).</li></ol>

This protocol describes the simulation, fabrication and characterization of THz metamaterial absorbers. It is essential such sub-wavelength structures are accurately simulated before any effort is committed to costly fabrication procedures. Lumerical FDTD simulations provide information on not only the MM absorption spectrum but also the location of the absorption, essential knowledge to aid placement of a transducer and obtain the maximum response. In addition the optimization algorithm in Lumerical can be implem...

This protocol describes the simulation, fabrication and characterization of single band and broadband THz MM absorbers. The device, shown in Figure 1, consists of a metal cross and a dielectric layer on top of a metal ground plane. The cross-shaped structure is an example of an electric ring resonator (ERR)20,21 and couples strongly to uniform electric fields, but negligibly to a magnetic field. By pairing the ERR with a ground plane, the magnetic component of the incident THz wave induces a current in the sections of the ERR that are parallel to the direction of the E-field. The electric and magnetic response can then be tuned independently and the impedance of the structure matched to free space by varying the geometry of the ERR and the distance between the two metallic elements. As shown in Figure 1(d), the symmetry of the structure results in a polarization insensitive absorption response.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue Number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Lumerical FDTD</td>
 <td>Lumerical</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Silicon wafer</td>
 <td>IDB technologies</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Single sided polished</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Plassys 450 MEB evaporator</td>
 <td>Plassys Bestek</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>VM651 Primer</td>
 <td>Dupont</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PI2545</td>
 <td>Dupont</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Methyl Isobutyl Ketone</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Isopropanol</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Plasmaprep5 barrel Asher</td>
 <td>Gala Instrumente</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>VB6 UHR EWF electron beam writer</td>
 <td>Vistec</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Tanner L-Edit</td>
 <td>Tanner Inc.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Layout Beamer</td>
 <td>GenISys Inc.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>293261 Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>IFV 66v/s FTIR</td>
 <td>Bruker</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Pike 30spec reflection unit</td>
 <td>Pike Technologies</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Hg arc lamp</td>
 <td>Bruker</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Au mirror</td>
 <td>Thor Labs</td>
 <td>PF05-03-M01</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Leica INM20 Optical Microscope</td>
 <td>Leica microsystems</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>6 mm Mylar Beamsplitter</td>
 <td>Bruker</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

simulation, fabrication and characterization of thz metamaterial absorbers

Metamaterials (MM), artificial materials engineered to have properties that may not be found in nature, have been widely explored since the first theoretical1 and experimental demonstration2 of their unique properties. MMs can provide a highly controllable electromagnetic response, and to date have been demonstrated in every technologically relevant spectral range including the optical3, near IR4, mid IR5 , THz6 , mm-wave7 , microwave8 and radio9 bands. Applications include perfect lenses10, sensors11, telecommunications12, invisibility cloaks13 and filters14,15. We have recently developed single band16, dual band17 and broadband18 THz metamaterial absorber devices capable of greater than 80% absorption at the resonance peak. The concept of a MM absorber is especially important at THz frequencies where it is difficult to find strong frequency selective THz absorbers19. In our MM absorber the THz radiation is absorbed in a thickness of ~ &lambda;/20, overcoming the thickness limitation of traditional quarter wavelength absorbers. MM absorbers naturally lend themselves to THz detection applications, such as thermal sensors, and if integrated with suitable THz sources (e.g. QCLs), could lead to compact, highly sensitive, low cost, real time THz imaging systems.

Figure 5(a) shows the experimentally obtained and simulated absorption spectra for a MM absorber with a 3.1 &mu;m thick polyimide dielectric spacer. This MM structure has a repeat-period of 27 &mu;m and dimensions K = 26 &mu;m, L = 20 &mu;m, M = 10 &mu;m and N = 5 &mu;m. Experimental measurements were also performed on samples with no ERR layer to confirm that absorption was a consequence of the MM structure and not of the dielectric. The 7.5 &mu;m thick polyimide sample with no ERR structur...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simulation, Fabrication and Characterization of THz Metamaterial Absorbers at JoVE.com

Simulation, Fabrication and Characterization of THz Metamaterial Absorbers

This protocol outlines the simulation, fabrication and characterization of THz metamaterial absorbers. Such absorbers, when coupled with an appropriate sensor, have applications in THz imaging and spectroscopy.

Metamaterials (MM),  artificial materials engineered to have properties that may not be found in  nature, have been widely explored since the first ...

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Physics

Engineering

Unit 1

Electric Potential

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

Slow light has been one of the hot topics in the photonics community in the past decade, generating great interest both from a fundamental point of view ...

Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters

In this video article we present a detailed demonstration of a highly efficient method for generating terahertz waves. Our technique is based on ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Disordered Polymer Optical Fibers for Transverse Anderson Localization of Light

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. The developed ...

Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including ...

Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions - Fabrication and Characterization

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical ...

Ohmic Contact Fabrication Using a Focused-ion Beam Technique and Electrical Characterization for Layer Semiconductor Nanostructures

Layer semiconductors with easily processed two-dimensional (2D) structures exhibit indirect-to-direct bandgap transitions and superior transistor ...

Visualizing Hyporheic Flow Through Bedforms Using Dye Experiments and Simulation

Advective exchange between the pore space of sediments and the overlying water column, called hyporheic exchange in fluvial environments, drives solute ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for a wide range of applications, including for their use as microwave kinetic inductance detectors ...