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Aldol condensation is an important route in synthetic organic chemistry used to generate a new carbon–carbon bond under basic or acidic conditions. The aldol condensation reaction presented in Figure 1 constitutes an aldol addition reaction followed by the dehydration process.

Figure1

Figure 1. The general aldol addition reaction of aldehydes.

Aldol addition reactions are reversible and are of two types: self-addition and crossed-addition. Combining two identical carbonyl compounds is called self-addition. As shown in Figure 2, the reaction between two different carbonyl compounds is called crossed-addition. Of the two carbonyl compounds involved in the reaction, one functions as a nucleophile and the other as an electrophile.

Figure2

Figure 2. The crossed aldol addition reaction of aldehydes.

The two types of aldol addition reactions produce a β-hydroxy carbonyl as the aldol addition product. While a self-addition reaction yields a single aldol product, a crossed-addition results in a mixture of products, decreasing the reaction's usefulness in organic chemistry. Accordingly, the choice of reactants is paramount in defining the efficacy of the reaction.

Figure 3 depicts the subsequent dehydration of a β-hydroxy carbonyl compound under suitable reaction conditions to form the corresponding condensation product.

Figure3

Figure 3. The dehydration reaction of aldols.

Tags
Aldol CondensationSynthetic Organic ChemistryCarbon carbon BondAldol AdditionReversible ReactionsSelf additionCrossed additionCarbonyl CompoundsNucleophileElectrophilehydroxy CarbonylDehydration ReactionReaction Conditions

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