Nos gustaría agradecer a la Dra. Carolyn Precio de los debates científicos y sugerencias perspicaces. Este trabajo es apoyado por el NIH subvención AI066095 (PI: Bibo Li).

<ol>
	<li>Munoz-Jordan, J. L., Cross, G. A., de Lange, T., Griffith, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=t-loops+at+trypanosome+telomeres.">t-loops at trypanosome telomeres.</a> EMBO J. 20, 579-588 (2001).</li><li>Li, B., Espinal, A., Cross, G. A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trypanosome+telomeres+are+protected+by+a+homologue+of+mammalian+TRF2.">Trypanosome telomeres are protected by a homologue of mammalian TRF2.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 25, 5011-5021 (2005).</li><li>Wellinger, R. J., Wolf, A. J., Zakian, V. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Saccharomyces+telomeres+acquire+single-strand+TG1-3+tails+late+in+S+phase.">Saccharomyces telomeres acquire single-strand TG1-3 tails late in S phase.</a> Cell. 72, 51-60 (1993).</li><li>McElligott, R., Wellinger, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+terminal+DNA+structure+of+mammalian+chromosomes.">The terminal DNA structure of mammalian chromosomes.</a> EMBO J. 16, 3705-3714 (1997).</li><li>Harrington, L. A., Greider, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telomerase+primer+specificity+and+chromosome+healing.">Telomerase primer specificity and chromosome healing.</a> Nature. 353, 451-454 (1991).</li><li>Jacob, N. K., Skopp, R., Price, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=G-overhang+dynamics+at+Tetrahymena+telomeres.">G-overhang dynamics at Tetrahymena telomeres.</a> Embo J. 20, 4299-4308 (2001).</li><li>Barry, J. D., McCulloch, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antigenic+variation+in+trypanosomes:+enhanced+phenotypic+variation+in+a+eukaryotic+parasite.">Antigenic variation in trypanosomes: enhanced phenotypic variation in a eukaryotic parasite.</a> Adv Parasitol. 49, 1-70 (2001).</li><li>Yang, X., Figueiredo, L. M., Espinal, A., Okubo, E., Li, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RAP1+is+essential+for+silencing+telomeric+variant+surface+glycoprotein+genes+in+Trypanosoma+brucei.">RAP1 is essential for silencing telomeric variant surface glycoprotein genes in Trypanosoma brucei.</a> Cell. 137, 99-109 (2009).</li></ol>

Tripanosoma brucei causa la enfermedad del sueño en los seres humanos. Esta enfermedad, si no se trata, es inevitablemente fatal. T. células brucei en huéspedes mamíferos sufren variación antigénica con regularidad con el fin de evadir el ataque inmune del huésped 7. Por lo tanto, es muy difícil de eliminar T. brucei células una vez que la infección se ha establecido. Recientemente hemos demostrado que los telómeros desempeñan un papel importante en la regulaci?...

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examination of the telomere g-overhang structure in trypanosoma brucei

Los telómeros G-voladizo estructura ha sido identificada en muchos eucariotas como levaduras, los vertebrados, y Trypanosoma brucei. Que sirve como sustrato para la telomerasa para la síntesis de novo del ADN de los telómeros y por lo tanto, es importante para el mantenimiento de los telómeros. T. brucei es un parásito protozoario que causa la enfermedad del sueño en los seres humanos y nagana en el ganado. De acogida, una vez infectados los mamíferos, T. celular brucei regularmente cambia su antígeno de superficie para evadir el ataque inmunológico del huésped. Recientemente hemos demostrado que el T. brucei estructura de los telómeros desempeñan un papel esencial en la regulación de la expresión del gen del antígeno de superficie, lo cual es fundamental para la T. brucei patogénesis. Sin embargo, T. brucei estructura de los telómeros no ha sido ampliamente estudiado debido a la limitación de los métodos para el análisis de esta estructura especializada. Ahora hemos adoptado con éxito los nativos en gel de la hibridación y la ligadura mediada por los métodos de extensión del cebador para el examen de los telómeros G-voladizo estructura y un método de ligadura de adaptador para la determinación de la terminal de los telómeros de nucleótidos en T. brucei células. Aquí, vamos a describir en detalle los protocolos y comparar sus ventajas y limitaciones.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Examination of the Telomere G-overhang Structure in Trypanosoma brucei at JoVE.com

Examination of the Telomere G-overhang Structure in Trypanosoma brucei | Immunology and Infection | Video

Examination of the Telomere G-overhang Structure in Trypanosoma brucei

Los telómeros son esenciales para la estabilidad de los cromosomas y los telómeros G-voladizo estructura es esencial para la telomerasa mediada mantenimiento de los telómeros. Recientemente hemos aprobado dos métodos para la detección de los telómeros G-estructura en voladizo<em&gt; Trypanosoma brucei</em&gt;, Que son nativos en gel de hibridación y la ligadura mediada por extensión del cebador, que se describe.

El examen de los telómeros G-Estructura en voladizo Trypanosoma brucei

The telomere G-overhang structure has been identified in many eukaryotes including yeast, vertebrates, and Trypanosoma brucei. It serves as the substrate ...

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Examination of the Telomere G-overhang Structure in Trypanosoma brucei

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14.2K vistas.  Cleveland State University. Los telómeros son esenciales para la estabilidad de los cromosomas y los telómeros G-voladizo estructura es esencial para la telomerasa mediada mantenimiento de los telómeros. Recientemente hemos aprobado dos métodos para la detección de los telómeros G-estructura en voladizo Trypanosoma brucei, Que son nativos en gel de hibridación y la ligadura mediada por extensión del cebador, que se describe.

Video: Examination of the Telomere G-overhang Structure in Trypanosoma brucei

Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident immune cell populations in the oral mucosa and gingiva. We have established a technique for the isolation and study of immune cells from murine gingival tissues, an area of constant microbial exposure and a vulnerable site to a common inflammatory disease, periodontitis. Our protocol allows for a detailed phenotypic characterization of the immune cell populations resident in the gingiva, even at steady state. Our procedure also yields sufficient cells with high viability for use in functional studies, such as the assessment of cytokine secretion ex vivo. This combination of phenotypic and functional characterization of the gingival immune cell network should aid towards investigating the mechanisms involved in oral immunity and periodontal homeostasis, but will also advance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in local immunopathology.

We have established a technique for the isolation, phenotypic characterization and functional analysis of immune cells from murine gingiva.

El aislamiento, caracterización y examen funcional de la red celular gingival Inmune

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident ...

Investigación

Inmunología e Infección

High-throughput Gene Tagging in Trypanosoma brucei

Improvements in mass spectrometry, sequencing and bioinformatics have generated large datasets of potentially interesting genes. Tagging these proteins can give insights into their function by determining their localization within the cell and enabling interaction partner identification. We recently published a fast and scalable method to generate Trypanosoma brucei cell lines that express a tagged protein from the endogenous locus. The method was based on a plasmid we generated that, when coupled with long primer PCR, can be used to modify a gene to encode a protein tagged at either terminus. This allows the tagging of dozens of trypanosome proteins in parallel, facilitating the large-scale validation of candidate genes of interest. This system can be used to tag proteins for localization (using a fluorescent protein, epitope tag or electron microscopy tag) or biochemistry (using tags for purification, such as the TAP (tandem affinity purification) tag). Here, we describe a protocol to perform the long primer PCR and the electroporation in 96-well plates, with the recovery and selection of transgenic trypanosomes occurring in 24-well plates. With this workflow, hundreds of proteins can be tagged in parallel; this is an order of magnitude improvement to our previous protocol and genome scale tagging is now possible.

High-throughput Gene Tagging in Trypanosoma brucei

Addition of a tag to a protein is a powerful way of gaining insight into its function. Here, we describe a protocol to endogenously tag hundreds of Trypanosoma brucei proteins in parallel such that genome scale tagging is achievable.

De Alto Rendimiento de genes de marcado en las<em&gt; Trypanosoma brucei</em

Improvements in mass spectrometry, sequencing and bioinformatics have generated large datasets of potentially interesting genes. Tagging these proteins ...

Detection of Trypanosoma brucei Variant Surface Glycoprotein Switching by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting and Flow Cytometry

Trypanosoma brucei, a protozoan parasite that causes both Human and Animal African Trypanosomiasis (known as sleeping sickness and nagana, respectively) cycles between a tsetse vector and a mammalian host. It evades the mammalian host immune system by periodically switching the dense, variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) that covers its surface. The detection of antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei can be both cumbersome and labor intensive. Here, we present a method for quantifying the number of parasites that have 'switched' to express a new VSG in a given population. The parasites are first stained with an antibody against the starting VSG, and then stained with a secondary antibody attached to a magnetic bead. Parasites expressing the starting VSG are then separated from the rest of the population by running the parasites over a column attached to a magnet. Parasites expressing the dominant, starting VSG are retained on the column, while the flow-through contains parasites that express a new VSG as well as some contaminants expressing the starting VSG. This flow-through population is stained again with a fluorescently labeled antibody against the starting VSG to label contaminants, and propidium iodide (PI), which labels dead cells. A known number of absolute counting beads that are visible by flow cytometry are added to the flow-through population. The ratio of beads to number of cells collected can then be used to extrapolate the number of cells in the entire sample. Flow cytometry is used to quantify the population of switchers by counting the number of PI negative cells that do not stain positively for the starting, dominant VSG. The proportion of switchers in the population can then be calculated using the flow cytometry data.

Detection of Trypanosoma brucei Variant Surface Glycoprotein Switching by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting and Flow Cytometry

African trypanosomes grown in vitro undergo antigenic variation at a low rate, such that populations are made up of parasites expressing a dominant variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) type and a small population of "switched" variants. This protocol describes a fast method for detecting and quantifying these populations.

Detección de<em&gt; Trypanosoma brucei</em&gt; Variant glicoproteína de superficie de conmutación por Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting y Citometría de Flujo

Trypanosoma brucei, a protozoan parasite that causes both Human and Animal African Trypanosomiasis (known as sleeping sickness and nagana, respectively) ...

Examination of Host Phenotypes in Gambusia affinis Following Antibiotic Treatment

The commonality of antibiotic usage in medicine means that understanding the resulting consequences to the host is vital. Antibiotics often decrease host microbiome community diversity and alter the microbial community composition. Many diseases such as antibiotic-associated enterocolitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and metabolic disorders have been linked to a disrupted microbiota. The complex interplay between host, microbiome, and antibiotics needs a tractable model for studying host-microbiome interactions. Our freshwater vertebrate fish serves as a useful model for investigating the universal aspects of mucosal microbiome structure and function as well as analyzing consequential host effects from altering the microbial community. Methods include host challenges such as infection by a known fish pathogen, exposure to fecal or soil microbes, osmotic stress, nitrate toxicity, growth analysis, and measurement of gut motility. These techniques demonstrate a flexible and useful model system for rapid determination of host phenotypes.

Examination of Host Phenotypes in Gambusia affinis Following Antibiotic Treatment

This study involves methods to reveal effects on a model fish host following alteration of the skin and gut microbiome communities&#160;composition by an antibiotic.

El examen de los fenotipos de acogida en<em&gt; Gambusia affinis</em&gt; Tratamiento antibiótico Siguiendo

The commonality of antibiotic usage in medicine means that understanding the resulting consequences to the host is vital. Antibiotics often decrease host ...

Detection of Extravascular Trypanosoma Parasites by Fine Needle Aspiration

Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) is a routine diagnostic procedure essential to both medical and veterinary practices. It consists of the percutaneous aspiration of cells and/or microorganisms from palpable masses, organs or effusions (fluid accumulation in a body cavity) using a thin needle similar to the regular needle used for the venous puncture. The material collected by FNA is in general highly cellular, and the retrieved aspirate is then smeared, air dried, wet-fixed, stained and observed under a microscope. In the clinical context, FNA is an important diagnostic tool that serves as a guide to the appropriate therapeutic management. Because it is simple, fast, minimally invasive and requires limited investment in the laboratory and human resources, it is extensively used by veterinary practitioners, mostly in domestic, but also in farm animals. In studies using animal models, FNA has the advantage that it can be performed repeatedly in the same animal, enabling longitudinal studies through the collection of cells from tumors and organs/tissues over the course of the disease. In addition to routine microscopy, retrieved material can also be used for immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, biochemical analysis, flow cytometry, molecular biology or in vitro assays. FNA has been used to identify the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei in the gonads of infected mice, opening the possibility for a future diagnosis in cattle.

Detection of Extravascular Trypanosoma Parasites by Fine Needle Aspiration

Fine Needle Aspiration is a technique, whereby cells are obtained from a lesion or organ using a thin needle. Aspirated material is smeared, stained and examined under a microscope for diagnosis or used for molecular biology, cytometry or in vitro analysis. It is cheap, simple, quick and causes minimal trauma.

Detección de parásitos de tripanosoma extravascular por aspiración de aguja fina

Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) is a routine diagnostic procedure essential to both medical and veterinary practices. It consists of the percutaneous ...

A Mouse Model of Chronic Liver Fibrosis for the Study of Biliary Atresia

Biliary atresia (BA) is a fatal disease involving obstructive jaundice, and it is the most common indication for liver transplantation in children. Due to the complex etiology and unknown pathogenesis, there are still no effective drug treatments. At present, the classic BA mouse model induced by rhesus rotavirus (RRV) is the most commonly used model for studying the pathogenesis of BA. This model is characterized by growth retardation, jaundice of the skin and mucosa, clay stools, and dark yellow urine. The histopathology shows severe liver inflammation and obstruction of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts, which are similar to the symptoms of human BA. However, the livers of end-stage mice in this model lack fibrosis and cannot fully simulate the characteristics of liver fibrosis in clinical BA. The presented study developed a novel BA mouse model of chronic liver fibrosis by injecting 5-10 &#181;g of anti-Ly6G antibody four times, with gaps of 2 days after each injection. The results showed that some of the mice successfully formed chronic BA with typical fibrosis after the time lapse, meaning these mice represent a suitable animal model for the virus-induced liver fibrosis mechanistic study of BA and a platform for developing future BA treatments.

We established a mouse model of chronic liver fibrosis, which provides a suitable animal model for the virus-induced liver fibrosis mechanistic study of biliary atresia (BA) and a platform for future BA treatments.

Un modelo de ratón de fibrosis hepática crónica para el estudio de la atresia biliar

Biliary atresia (BA) is a fatal disease involving obstructive jaundice, and it is the most common indication for liver transplantation in children. Due to ...

Desarrollo de un sensor basado en pHluorin2 para el pH glusómico en Trypanosoma brucei

Measuring Dynamic Glycosomal pH Changes in Living Trypanosoma brucei

Glucose metabolism is critical for the African trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei, as an essential metabolic process and regulator of parasite development. Little is known about the cellular responses generated when environmental glucose levels change. In both bloodstream and procyclic form (insect stage) parasites, glycosomes house most of glycolysis. These organelles are rapidly acidified in response to glucose deprivation, which likely results in the allosteric regulation of glycolytic enzymes such as hexokinase. In previous work, localizing the chemical probe used to make pH measurements was challenging, limiting its utility in other applications.
This paper describes the development and use of parasites that express glycosomally localized pHluorin2, a heritable protein pH biosensor. pHluorin2 is a ratiometric pHluorin variant that displays a pH (acid)-dependent decrease in excitation at 395 nm while simultaneously yielding an increase in excitation at 475 nm. Transgenic parasites were generated by cloning the pHluorin2 open reading frame into the trypanosome expression vector pLEW100v5, enabling inducible protein expression in either lifecycle stage. Immunofluorescence was used to confirm the glycosomal localization of the pHluorin2 biosensor, comparing the localization of the biosensor to the glycosomal resident protein aldolase. The sensor responsiveness was calibrated at differing pH levels by incubating cells in a series of buffers that ranged in pH from 4 to 8, an approach we have previously used to calibrate a fluorescein-based pH sensor. We then measured pHluorin2 fluorescence at 405 nm and 488 nm using flow cytometry to determine glycosomal pH. We validated the performance of the live transgenic pHluorin2-expressing parasites, monitoring pH over time in response to glucose deprivation, a known trigger of glycosomal acidification in PF parasites. This tool has a range of potential applications, including potentially being used in high-throughput drug screening. Beyond glycosomal pH, the sensor could be adapted to other organelles or used in other trypanosomatids to understand pH dynamics&#160;in the live cell setting.

Autor destacado: Avances en el monitoreo del pH glusómico en Trypanosoma brucei usando el biosensor pHluorin2

We describe a method to study how pH responds to environmental cues in the glycosomes of the bloodstream form of African trypanosomes. This approach involves a pH-sensitive heritable protein sensor in combination with flow cytometry to measure pH dynamics, both as a time-course assay and in a high-throughput screen format.

Medición de los cambios dinámicos del pH glusómico en el Trypanosoma brucei vivo

Glucose metabolism is critical for the African trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei, as an essential metabolic process and regulator of parasite development. ...

Cuantificación de la piroptosis en células DF-1 infectadas por el virus de la bursitis infecciosa

Examination of Pyroptosis by Flow Cytometry

Pyroptosis is an inflammatory type of programmed cell death predominantly driven by the formation of plasma membrane pores by the N-terminus generated from the cleaved Gasdermin (GSDM) family proteins. Examination of membrane-attached GSDM-NT by Western Blot is the most commonly used method for evaluating pyroptosis. However, it is difficult to differentiate cells with pyroptosis from other forms of cell death using this method. In this study, Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV)-infected DF-1 cells were employed as a model to quantify the proportion of cells undergoing pyroptosis by flow cytometry, utilizing specific antibodies against the N-terminal fragment of chicken GSDME (chGSDME-NT) and propidium iodide (PI) staining. The chGSDME-NT-positive cells were readily detectable by flow cytometry using Alexa Fluor 647-labeled anti-chGSDME-NT antibodies. Moreover, the proportion of chGSDME-NT/PI double-positive cells in IBDV-infected cells (around 33%) was significantly greater than in mock-infected controls (P &#60; 0.001). These findings indicate that examination of membrane-bound chGSDME-NT by flow cytometry is an effective approach for determining pyroptotic cells among cells undergoing cell death.

Autor destacado: Determinación por citometría de flujo de piroptosis en células aviares

This article describes the identification of pyroptotic cells using flow cytometry after dual staining with antibodies against the N-terminal fragment of chicken GSDME (chGSDME-NT) and propidium iodide (PI).

Examen de la piroptosis por citometría de flujo

Pyroptosis is an inflammatory type of programmed cell death predominantly driven by the formation of plasma membrane pores by the N-terminus generated ...