우리는 과학적인 토론과 통찰력 제안에 대한 박사 캐롤린 가격 감사드립니다. 이 작품은 NIH 부여 AI066095 (비보 리튬 PI)에 의해 지원됩니다.

<ol>
	<li>Munoz-Jordan, J. L., Cross, G. A., de Lange, T., Griffith, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=t-loops+at+trypanosome+telomeres.">t-loops at trypanosome telomeres.</a> EMBO J. 20, 579-588 (2001).</li><li>Li, B., Espinal, A., Cross, G. A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trypanosome+telomeres+are+protected+by+a+homologue+of+mammalian+TRF2.">Trypanosome telomeres are protected by a homologue of mammalian TRF2.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 25, 5011-5021 (2005).</li><li>Wellinger, R. J., Wolf, A. J., Zakian, V. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Saccharomyces+telomeres+acquire+single-strand+TG1-3+tails+late+in+S+phase.">Saccharomyces telomeres acquire single-strand TG1-3 tails late in S phase.</a> Cell. 72, 51-60 (1993).</li><li>McElligott, R., Wellinger, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+terminal+DNA+structure+of+mammalian+chromosomes.">The terminal DNA structure of mammalian chromosomes.</a> EMBO J. 16, 3705-3714 (1997).</li><li>Harrington, L. A., Greider, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telomerase+primer+specificity+and+chromosome+healing.">Telomerase primer specificity and chromosome healing.</a> Nature. 353, 451-454 (1991).</li><li>Jacob, N. K., Skopp, R., Price, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=G-overhang+dynamics+at+Tetrahymena+telomeres.">G-overhang dynamics at Tetrahymena telomeres.</a> Embo J. 20, 4299-4308 (2001).</li><li>Barry, J. D., McCulloch, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antigenic+variation+in+trypanosomes:+enhanced+phenotypic+variation+in+a+eukaryotic+parasite.">Antigenic variation in trypanosomes: enhanced phenotypic variation in a eukaryotic parasite.</a> Adv Parasitol. 49, 1-70 (2001).</li><li>Yang, X., Figueiredo, L. M., Espinal, A., Okubo, E., Li, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RAP1+is+essential+for+silencing+telomeric+variant+surface+glycoprotein+genes+in+Trypanosoma+brucei.">RAP1 is essential for silencing telomeric variant surface glycoprotein genes in Trypanosoma brucei.</a> Cell. 137, 99-109 (2009).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

Trypanosoma brucei은 인간의 질병을 자고됩니다. 이 질병은 치료 왼쪽면, 필연적으로 치명적이다. T는 포유류의 호스트에서 brucei 전지는 정기적으로 너무 호스트의 면역 공격 7 피하기 위해 같은 antigenic 변화을 받고있다. 따라서 그것은 T.을 제거하는 것은 매우 어렵습니다 감염되면 brucei 세포가 설정됩니다. 우리는 최근 telomeres가 T.의 표현 규제에 중요한 역할을 것을 증명하고있다 brucei 표면 항원 유전자 8. 따라서, 더 T.의 telomere 유지 보수에 대한 telomeres과 메커니즘의 기능을 이해하는 것이 중요합니다 brucei 세포. telomere G - 오버행 구조는 telomerase 중재 telomere 유지 보수 5 필수적입니다. telomere 오버행 길이를 측정하기위한 방법은 telomere 유지 보수의 메커니즘을 연구에 대한 가치가 있습니다. 우리는 성공적으로 하이브 리다이 제이션 3 - 겔의 기본을 채택하고 T. 분석을위한 결합 - 중재 뇌관 확장 6 방법있다 염기 telomere 단말기의 결정에 대한 brucei telomere G - 오버행 구조와 어댑터 내고 방법. 인 겔 모두 기본 하이브 리다이 제이션 및 어댑터 내고 방법은 세포에서 G의 오버행의 합계 금액을 확인할 수 있지만, 오직 내고 중재 뇌관 확장 정확한 G의 오버행 길이를 확인할 수 있습니다. 겔 하이브 리다이 제이션의 기본을 위해, 그것은 준비 단계에 걸쳐 DNA 샘플을 변성하지 않는 것이 중요합니다. 이것은 TELG oligo 프로브와 함께 DNA를 hybridizing하여 제어할 수 있습니다. C - 오버행도 telomere가 없으므로, 기본 TELG의 하이브 리다이 제이션은 샘플 부분적으로 변성하지 않는 모든 신호를 얻을 수 없습니다. telomere G - 오버행 어떤 nuclease 활동에 매우 민감 같은 샘플은 두 주 이내에 사용해야합니다. 어댑터 내고과 프라이머의 연장, 정화 oligoes는 선명한 결과를 얻을 수 있습니다. 엑소 T는 엑소 I 3 &#39;특정 단일 좌초 오버행 DNA를 cleaving에 대한보다 더 효과가 있습니다. annealed 샘플 동일 로딩는 telomere의 총 금액 G - 오버행의 부량을 위해 필수적입니다.

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<td>SeaKem LE Agarose</td>
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<td>Agarose Type VII (low melting agarose)</td>
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<td>A4018</td>
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examination of the telomere g-overhang structure in trypanosoma brucei

telomere G - 오버행 구조는 효모, 척추 동물, 그리고 Trypanosoma brucei 등 많은 eukaryotes에서 발견되었습니다. 그것은 드 노보 telomere DNA 합성에 대한 telomerase를위한 기판 역할 및 telomere 유지 보수에 대한 것이 중요합니다. T는 brucei은 가축의 인간과 nagana에 수면병 일으키는 protozoan 기생충이다. 일단 감염된 포유류의 호스트, T. brucei 세포 정기적으로 숙주의 면역 공격을 회피하기 위해 표면 항원을 전환됩니다. 우리는 최근에 보여준 그 T. brucei telomere 구조 T.에 대한 중요 표면 항원 유전자 발현의 조절에 중요한 역할을 brucei의 pathogenesis. 그러나, T. brucei telomere 구조는 광범위이 전문 구조 분석 방법의 한계로 인해 연구되지 않았습니다. 우리는 이제 성공적으로 하이브리드화 및 telomere G - 오버행 구조의 심사 T.의 뉴클레오 티드 telomere 터미널의 결정을위한 어댑터 내고 방법에 대한 결합 - 중재 뇌관 확장 방법 - 겔의 기본을 채택했습니다 brucei 세포. 여기서는 자세하게 프로토콜을 설명하고 그들의 다양한 장점과 한계를 비교합니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Examination of the Telomere G-overhang Structure in Trypanosoma brucei at JoVE.com

Examination of the Telomere G-overhang Structure in Trypanosoma brucei

Telomeres는 염색체의 안정성을 위해 필수이며 telomere G - 오버행 구조는 telomerase - 중재 telomere의 유지 보수를 위해 필수적입니다. 우리는 최근 telomere G - 오버행 구조의 검출을위한 두 가지 방법을 채택했습니다<em&gt; Trypanosoma brucei</em&gt; 이는 인 겔 하이브 리다이 제이션 및 설명됩니다 내고 - 중재 뇌관 확장, 기본 있습니다.

Telomere G - 오버행 구조의 시험 Trypanosoma brucei</em

The telomere G-overhang structure has been identified in many eukaryotes including yeast, vertebrates, and Trypanosoma brucei. It serves as the substrate ...

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Examination of the Telomere G-overhang Structure in Trypanosoma brucei

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14.2K 조회수.  Cleveland State University. Telomeres는 염색체의 안정성을 위해 필수이며 telomere G - 오버행 구조는 telomerase - 중재 telomere의 유지 보수를 위해 필수적입니다. 우리는 최근 telomere G - 오버행 구조의 검출을위한 두 가지 방법을 채택했습니다 Trypanosoma brucei 이는 인 겔 하이브 리다이 제이션 및 설명됩니다 내고 - 중재 뇌관 확장, 기본 있습니다.

비디오: Examination of the Telomere G-overhang Structure in Trypanosoma brucei

Microwave Assisted Rapid Diagnosis of Plant Virus Diseases by Transmission Electron Microscopy

Investigations of ultrastructural changes induced by viruses are often necessary to clearly identify viral diseases in plants. With conventional sample preparation for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) such investigations can take several days1,2 and are therefore not suited for a rapid diagnosis of plant virus diseases. Microwave fixation can be used to drastically reduce sample preparation time for TEM investigations with similar ultrastructural results as observed after conventionally sample preparation3-5. Many different custom made microwave devices are currently available which can be used for the successful fixation and embedding of biological samples for TEM investigations5-8. In this study we demonstrate on Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) infected Nicotiana tabacum plants that it is possible to diagnose ultrastructural alterations in leaves in about half a day by using microwave assisted sample preparation for TEM. We have chosen to perform this study with a commercially available microwave device as it performs sample preparation almost fully automatically5 in contrast to the other available devices where many steps still have to be performed manually6-8 and are therefore more time and labor consuming. As sample preparation is performed fully automatically negative staining of viral particles in the sap of the remaining TMV-infected leaves and the following examination of ultrastructure and size can be performed during fixation and embedding.

This study describes a method that allows the rapid and clear diagnosis of plant virus diseases in about half a day by using a combination of microwave assisted plant sample preparation for transmission electron microscopy and negative staining methods.

전자 레인지 전송 전자 현미경으로 식물 바이러스 질병의 신속한 진단을 도와

Investigations of ultrastructural changes induced by viruses are often necessary to clearly identify viral diseases in plants. With conventional sample ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Multi-target Parallel Processing Approach for Gene-to-structure Determination of the Influenza Polymerase PB2 Subunit

Pandemic outbreaks of highly virulent influenza strains can cause widespread morbidity and mortality in human populations worldwide. In the United States alone, an average of 41,400 deaths and 1.86 million hospitalizations are caused by influenza virus infection each year 1. Point mutations in the polymerase basic protein 2 subunit (PB2) have been linked to the adaptation of the viral infection in humans 2. Findings from such studies have revealed the biological significance of PB2 as a virulence factor, thus highlighting its potential as an antiviral drug target.
The structural genomics program put forth by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) provides funding to Emerald Bio and three other Pacific Northwest institutions that together make up the Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID). The SSGCID is dedicated to providing the scientific community with three-dimensional protein structures of NIAID category A-C pathogens. Making such structural information available to the scientific community serves to accelerate structure-based drug design.
Structure-based drug design plays an important role in drug development. Pursuing multiple targets in parallel greatly increases the chance of success for new lead discovery by targeting a pathway or an entire protein family. Emerald Bio has developed a high-throughput, multi-target parallel processing pipeline (MTPP) for gene-to-structure determination to support the consortium. Here we describe the protocols used to determine the structure of the PB2 subunit from four different influenza A strains.

Structure-based drug design plays an important role in drug development. Pursuing multiple targets in parallel greatly increases the chance of success for lead discovery. The following article highlights how the Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease utilizes a multi-target approach for gene-to-structure determination of the PB2 influenza A subunit.

인플루엔자 중합 효소의 유전자에 대한 구조 결정 PB2 소단위를위한 멀티 타겟 병렬 처리 방식

Pandemic outbreaks of highly virulent influenza strains can cause widespread morbidity and mortality in human populations worldwide. In the United States ...

Examination of Thymic Positive and Negative Selection by Flow Cytometry

A healthy immune system requires that T cells respond to foreign antigens while remaining tolerant to self-antigens. Random rearrangement of the T cell receptor (TCR) &alpha; and &beta; loci generates a T cell repertoire with vast diversity in antigen specificity, both to self and foreign. Selection of the repertoire during development in the thymus is critical for generating safe and useful T cells. Defects in thymic selection contribute to the development of autoimmune and immunodeficiency disorders1-4. 
T cell progenitors enter the thymus as double negative (DN) thymocytes that do not express CD4 or CD8 co-receptors. Expression of the &alpha;&beta;TCR and both co-receptors occurs at the double positive (DP) stage. Interaction of the &alpha;&beta;TCR with self-peptide-MHC (pMHC) presented by thymic cells determines the fate of the DP thymocyte. High affinity interactions lead to negative selection and elimination of self-reactive thymocytes. Low affinity interactions result in positive selection and development of CD4 or CD8 single positive (SP) T cells capable of recognizing foreign antigens presented by self-MHC5.
Positive selection can be studied in mice with a polyclonal (wildtype) TCR repertoire by observing the generation of mature T cells. However, they are not ideal for the study of negative selection, which involves deletion of small antigen-specific populations. Many model systems have been used to study negative selection but vary in their ability to recapitulate physiological events6. For example, in vitro stimulation of thymocytes lacks the thymic environment that is intimately involved in selection, while administration of exogenous antigen can lead to non-specific deletion of thymocytes7-9. Currently, the best tools for studying in vivo negative selection are mice that express a transgenic TCR specific for endogenous self-antigen. However, many classical TCR transgenic models are characterized by premature expression of the transgenic TCR&alpha; chain at the DN stage, resulting in premature negative selection. Our lab has developed the HYcd4 model, in which the transgenic HY TCR&alpha; is conditionally expressed at the DP stage, allowing negative selection to occur during the DP to SP transition as occurs in wildtype mice10.
Here, we describe a flow cytometry-based protocol to examine thymic positive and negative selection in the HYcd4 mouse model. While negative selection in HYcd4 mice is highly physiological, these methods can also be applied to other TCR transgenic models. We will also present general strategies for analyzing positive selection in a polyclonal repertoire applicable to any genetically manipulated mice.

We present a flow cytometry-based method to examine T cell development in vivo using genetically manipulated mice on a wildtype or T cell receptor transgenic background.

유동 세포 계측법에 의한 Thymic 긍정적이고 부정적인 선택의 시험

A healthy immune system requires that T cells respond to foreign  antigens while remaining tolerant to self-antigens. Random rearrangement of the  T cell ...

Culturing Microglia from the Neonatal and Adult Central Nervous System

Microglia are the resident macrophage-like cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and, as such, have critically important roles in physiological and pathological processes such as CNS maturation in development, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injury. Microglia can be activated and recruited to action by neuronal injury or stimulation, such as axonal damage seen in MS or ischemic brain trauma resulting from stroke. These immunocompetent members of the CNS are also thought to have roles in synaptic plasticity under non-pathological conditions. We employ protocols for culturing microglia from the neonatal and adult tissues that are aimed to maximize the viable cell numbers while minimizing confounding variables, such as the presence of other CNS cell types and cell culture debris. We utilize large and easily discernable CNS components (e.g. cortex, spinal cord segments), which makes the entire process feasible and reproducible. The use of adult cells is a suitable alternative to the use of neonatal brain microglia, as many pathologies studied mainly affect the postnatal spinal cord. These culture systems are also useful for directly testing the effect of compounds that may either inhibit or promote microglial activation. Since microglial activation can shape the outcomes of disease in the adult CNS, there is a need for in vitro systems in which neonatal and adult microglia can be cultured and studied.

We outline methods for the efficient and quick isolation/culture of viable microglia from the neonatal cerebral cortex and adult spinal cord. The dissection and plating of cortical microglia can be accomplished within 90 minutes, with the subsequent microglial harvest taking place ~ 10 days following the initial dissection.

신생아와 성인 중추 신경계에서 배양 소교 세포

Microglia are the resident macrophage-like cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and, as such, have critically important roles in physiological and ...

Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident immune cell populations in the oral mucosa and gingiva. We have established a technique for the isolation and study of immune cells from murine gingival tissues, an area of constant microbial exposure and a vulnerable site to a common inflammatory disease, periodontitis. Our protocol allows for a detailed phenotypic characterization of the immune cell populations resident in the gingiva, even at steady state. Our procedure also yields sufficient cells with high viability for use in functional studies, such as the assessment of cytokine secretion ex vivo. This combination of phenotypic and functional characterization of the gingival immune cell network should aid towards investigating the mechanisms involved in oral immunity and periodontal homeostasis, but will also advance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in local immunopathology.

We have established a technique for the isolation, phenotypic characterization and functional analysis of immune cells from murine gingiva.

절연, 특성화 및 잇몸 면역 세포 네트워크의 기능 시험

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident ...

High-throughput Gene Tagging in Trypanosoma brucei

Improvements in mass spectrometry, sequencing and bioinformatics have generated large datasets of potentially interesting genes. Tagging these proteins can give insights into their function by determining their localization within the cell and enabling interaction partner identification. We recently published a fast and scalable method to generate Trypanosoma brucei cell lines that express a tagged protein from the endogenous locus. The method was based on a plasmid we generated that, when coupled with long primer PCR, can be used to modify a gene to encode a protein tagged at either terminus. This allows the tagging of dozens of trypanosome proteins in parallel, facilitating the large-scale validation of candidate genes of interest. This system can be used to tag proteins for localization (using a fluorescent protein, epitope tag or electron microscopy tag) or biochemistry (using tags for purification, such as the TAP (tandem affinity purification) tag). Here, we describe a protocol to perform the long primer PCR and the electroporation in 96-well plates, with the recovery and selection of transgenic trypanosomes occurring in 24-well plates. With this workflow, hundreds of proteins can be tagged in parallel; this is an order of magnitude improvement to our previous protocol and genome scale tagging is now possible.

High-throughput Gene Tagging in Trypanosoma brucei

Addition of a tag to a protein is a powerful way of gaining insight into its function. Here, we describe a protocol to endogenously tag hundreds of Trypanosoma brucei proteins in parallel such that genome scale tagging is achievable.

높은 처리량 유전자 태그에<em&gt; 트리파노소마 (Trypanosoma) brucei</em

Improvements in mass spectrometry, sequencing and bioinformatics have generated large datasets of potentially interesting genes. Tagging these proteins ...

Detection of Trypanosoma brucei Variant Surface Glycoprotein Switching by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting and Flow Cytometry

Trypanosoma brucei, a protozoan parasite that causes both Human and Animal African Trypanosomiasis (known as sleeping sickness and nagana, respectively) cycles between a tsetse vector and a mammalian host. It evades the mammalian host immune system by periodically switching the dense, variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) that covers its surface. The detection of antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei can be both cumbersome and labor intensive. Here, we present a method for quantifying the number of parasites that have 'switched' to express a new VSG in a given population. The parasites are first stained with an antibody against the starting VSG, and then stained with a secondary antibody attached to a magnetic bead. Parasites expressing the starting VSG are then separated from the rest of the population by running the parasites over a column attached to a magnet. Parasites expressing the dominant, starting VSG are retained on the column, while the flow-through contains parasites that express a new VSG as well as some contaminants expressing the starting VSG. This flow-through population is stained again with a fluorescently labeled antibody against the starting VSG to label contaminants, and propidium iodide (PI), which labels dead cells. A known number of absolute counting beads that are visible by flow cytometry are added to the flow-through population. The ratio of beads to number of cells collected can then be used to extrapolate the number of cells in the entire sample. Flow cytometry is used to quantify the population of switchers by counting the number of PI negative cells that do not stain positively for the starting, dominant VSG. The proportion of switchers in the population can then be calculated using the flow cytometry data.

Detection of Trypanosoma brucei Variant Surface Glycoprotein Switching by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting and Flow Cytometry

African trypanosomes grown in vitro undergo antigenic variation at a low rate, such that populations are made up of parasites expressing a dominant variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) type and a small population of "switched" variants. This protocol describes a fast method for detecting and quantifying these populations.

검출<em&gt; 트리파노소마 (Trypanosoma) brucei</em자기 활성 셀 정렬 및 유동 세포 계측법에 의해&gt; 변형 표면 당 단백질 전환

Trypanosoma brucei, a protozoan parasite that causes both Human and Animal African Trypanosomiasis (known as sleeping sickness and nagana, respectively) ...

Examination of Host Phenotypes in Gambusia affinis Following Antibiotic Treatment

The commonality of antibiotic usage in medicine means that understanding the resulting consequences to the host is vital. Antibiotics often decrease host microbiome community diversity and alter the microbial community composition. Many diseases such as antibiotic-associated enterocolitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and metabolic disorders have been linked to a disrupted microbiota. The complex interplay between host, microbiome, and antibiotics needs a tractable model for studying host-microbiome interactions. Our freshwater vertebrate fish serves as a useful model for investigating the universal aspects of mucosal microbiome structure and function as well as analyzing consequential host effects from altering the microbial community. Methods include host challenges such as infection by a known fish pathogen, exposure to fecal or soil microbes, osmotic stress, nitrate toxicity, growth analysis, and measurement of gut motility. These techniques demonstrate a flexible and useful model system for rapid determination of host phenotypes.

Examination of Host Phenotypes in Gambusia affinis Following Antibiotic Treatment

This study involves methods to reveal effects on a model fish host following alteration of the skin and gut microbiome communities&#160;composition by an antibiotic.

호스트 표현형의 시험에<em&gt; Gambusia의 affinis입니다</em&gt; 다음은 항생제 치료

The commonality of antibiotic usage in medicine means that understanding the resulting consequences to the host is vital. Antibiotics often decrease host ...

Detection of Extravascular Trypanosoma Parasites by Fine Needle Aspiration

Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) is a routine diagnostic procedure essential to both medical and veterinary practices. It consists of the percutaneous aspiration of cells and/or microorganisms from palpable masses, organs or effusions (fluid accumulation in a body cavity) using a thin needle similar to the regular needle used for the venous puncture. The material collected by FNA is in general highly cellular, and the retrieved aspirate is then smeared, air dried, wet-fixed, stained and observed under a microscope. In the clinical context, FNA is an important diagnostic tool that serves as a guide to the appropriate therapeutic management. Because it is simple, fast, minimally invasive and requires limited investment in the laboratory and human resources, it is extensively used by veterinary practitioners, mostly in domestic, but also in farm animals. In studies using animal models, FNA has the advantage that it can be performed repeatedly in the same animal, enabling longitudinal studies through the collection of cells from tumors and organs/tissues over the course of the disease. In addition to routine microscopy, retrieved material can also be used for immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, biochemical analysis, flow cytometry, molecular biology or in vitro assays. FNA has been used to identify the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei in the gonads of infected mice, opening the possibility for a future diagnosis in cattle.

Detection of Extravascular Trypanosoma Parasites by Fine Needle Aspiration

Fine Needle Aspiration is a technique, whereby cells are obtained from a lesion or organ using a thin needle. Aspirated material is smeared, stained and examined under a microscope for diagnosis or used for molecular biology, cytometry or in vitro analysis. It is cheap, simple, quick and causes minimal trauma.

미세 바늘 흡인에 의해 혈관 외 Trypanosoma 기생충의 검출

Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) is a routine diagnostic procedure essential to both medical and veterinary practices. It consists of the percutaneous ...

Gene Knock-in by CRISPR/Cas9 and Cell Sorting in Macrophage and T Cell Lines

Functional genomics studies of the immune system require genetic manipulations that involve both deletion of target genes and addition of elements to proteins of interest. Identification of gene functions in cell line models is important for gene discovery and exploration of cell-intrinsic mechanisms. However, genetic manipulations of immune cells such as T cells and macrophage cell lines using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in are difficult because of the low transfection efficiency of these cells, especially in a quiescent state. To modify genes in immune cells, drug-resistance selection and viral vectors are typically used to enrich for cells expressing the CRIPSR/Cas9 system, which inevitably results in undesirable intervention of the cells. In a previous study, we designed dual fluorescent reporters coupled to CRISPR/Cas9 that were transiently expressed after electroporation. This technical solution leads to rapid gene deletion in immune cells; however, gene knock-in in immune cells such as T cells and macrophages without the use of drug-resistance selection or viral vectors is even more challenging. In this article, we show that by using cell sorting to aid selection of cells transiently expressing CRISPR/Cas9 constructs targeting the Rosa26 locus in combination with a donor plasmid, gene knock-in can be achieved in both T cells and macrophages without drug-resistance enrichment. As an example, we show how to express human ACE2, a receptor of SARS-Cov-2, which is responsible for the current Covid-19 pandemic, in RAW264.7 macrophages by performing knock-in experiments. Such gene knock-in cells can be widely used for mechanistic studies.

This protocol uses fluorescent reporters and cell sorting to simplify knock-in experiments in macrophage and T cell lines. Two plasmids are used for these simplified knock-in experiments, namely a CRISPR/Cas9- and DsRed2-expressing plasmid and a homologous recombination donor plasmid expressing EBFP2, which is permanently integrated at the Rosa26 locus in immune cells.

CRISPR/Cas9 및 대식세포 및 T 세포주에서 세포 분류에 의한 유전자 노크인

Functional genomics studies of the immune system require genetic manipulations that involve both deletion of target genes and addition of elements to ...

Telomere G - 오버행 구조의 시험 Trypanosoma brucei

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