opa assay for accurate glutathione detection in cells

Medición de GSH/GSSG: un ensayo de OPA refinado para la investigación de antioxidantes

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a primary inducer of oxidative stress; oxidative stress has been well established in the generation of DNA mutations, cellular aging/ death, various cancers, diabetes, neurological diseases (such as Parkinson&#39;s and Alzheimers), and several other life-debilitating conditions1,2,3,4,5. A key defense against ROS are thiolic, non-enzymatic antioxidants, which are capable of reducing oxidants or radicals by acting as proton donors6,7. Glutathione (GSH) and cysteine are the two most prevalent thiols found in mammals8, while various other low molecular weight thiols exist (such as ergothioneine), GSH and cysteine are the most commonly measured non-enzymatic antioxidants found in literature9,10,11 and hold greatest relevance for combatting ROS8,12,13,14.
When GSH is utilized as an antioxidant, two molecules of GSH are covalently linked together via a disulfide bond to make glutathione disulfide (GSSG). Depletion of GSH is often used as an indicator of oxidative stress15,16. This assessment can also be combined with the detection of GSSG, although increases in GSSG in cells are often limited by active export processes since GSSG can be relatively reactive in cells, leading to disulfide bond formation with other protein thiols16.
Traditional methods for measuring GSH and GSSG are not simple processes and require numerous steps, including cellular extraction using lytic reagents17,18. The protocol outlined here simplifies these methods and allows the accurate measurement of non-enzymatic thiols and normalization using the cellular protein content or adenylate kinase release. In addition, it is possible to measure cellular viability prior to GSH/GSSG extraction. Several methods have previously attempted to target and quantify reduced and oxidized non-enzymatic thiols efficiently; methods including the use of HPLC19,20,21, plate assay (biochemical)22,23,24,25, and which use common reagents for thiol conjugation, such as 5,5-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB/ Ellman&#39;s reagent)19, Monochlorobimane (mBCI)26,27,28. Several companies have also prepared proprietary kits for the detection of glutathione; however, they do not publish reagent incompatibilities, which presents issues dependent on the treatments used29.
This protocol outlines a multiparametric assay that detects reduced thiols (such as GSH) via ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) conjugation to produce a fluorescent signal detectable at 340/450 Ex/Em, respectively. This assay facilitates the detection of both GSH and GSSG simultaneously (in plate), through the use of masking agents (N-ethylmaleimide) and GSSG reducing agents (tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine). This multi-biomarker protocol also provides an opportunity during the cellular lysing stage to quantify proteins via bicinchoninic acid assay for the normalization of samples on completion of the final measurement or via an adenylate kinase assay from the cell media. This assay can be performed utilizing several reagents readily available in most laboratories and only requires a few additional uncommon chemicals to perform. The process is simple, accessible, and can be performed without laborious stages in less than 2 h.
In this protocol, various nanomaterials were chosen that were either previously shown to induce ROS or suspected to induce oxidative stress30,31. A concentration range was explored to see the effects of exposure of these nanomaterials on various cell lines and the effectiveness of the assay in quantifying antioxidant thiols.

Autor destacado: Innovación en la cuantificación de tioles y la detección de biomarcadores para la investigación del estrés oxidativo 

Cuantificación rápida de formas oxidadas y reducidas de glutatión utilizando orto-ftalaldehído en células de mamífero cultivadas in vitro

We aim to offer a novel means to quantify thiol concentration with a specific focus on the GSH and GSSG concentrations of the various cell lines that can be performed in situ. We consider this a useful protocol for the scientific community. Numerous efforts have been made to detect niche and specific biomarkers of interest of reactive oxygen species, and several have found great interest in detecting short-lived reactive oxygen species, such as radical detection and small molecules such as hydroxyls and singlet oxygen.One key challenge for several institutions has been the ability to accurately and specifically detect biomarkers of interest without the need of expensive equipment or laborious processes. This protocol allows for multiparametric analysis, allowing for normalization of data without the need for separate protocols, and remove several stages found in other assays that are highly time consumptive, present incompatible reagents, or use reagents hazardous to health. The Nanomaterial Safety Group will continue to assess various nanomaterials and polymers for the effect they may have on human health.We consider this protocol an essential part of our toolkit in achieving this goal as this protocol can potentially be multiplexed to detect additional biomarkers.

Ensayo OPA para la detección precisa de glutatión en células

Para comenzar, prepare todos los materiales necesarios para el ensayo. Para los estándares GSH, agregue 40 microlitros de tampón de glutatión total a cada pocillo. A continuación, aspire el medio de cada pocillo de una placa que contenga el pellet de la célula y lave la célula tres veces con PBS helado.Prepare el rango de calibración con 10 microlitros de glutatión y agua bidestilada en blanco por triplicados. Para la cuantificación deseada, incube las células lavadas con las mezclas adecuadas en un agitador orbital a 300 RPM durante dos minutos. A continuación, añada cinco microlitros de tris 0,01 molar, solución de 2-carboxietil fosfina a cada pocillo y vuelva a incubar durante 10 minutos.A continuación, centrifugar la placa a 200 g durante cinco minutos y transferir 25 microlitros de cada pocillo de muestra a una placa transparente separada de 96 pocillos para la cuantificación de proteínas. A continuación, añada 170 microlitros de solución de ortoftalaldehído de trabajo a cada pocillo que contenga 30 microlitros de muestras. Para proteger la placa de la luz, cúbrala bien con un papel de aluminio e incubela en el agitador orbital durante 15 minutos.Finalmente, lea la fluorescencia usando un lector de placas a 340 nanómetros de excitación y 450 nanómetros de emisión. Las células A549 tratadas con diversos nanomateriales mostraron diferentes proporciones de disulfuro de glutatión en este ensayo, y el valor más alto se observó para las células tratadas con 125 microgramos por mililitro de plata.

opa-assay-for-accurate-glutathione-detection-in-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

OPA Assay for Accurate Glutathione Detection in Cells

326 vistas.  Teesside University. Para comenzar, prepare todos los materiales necesarios para el ensayo. Para los estándares GSH, agregue 40 microlitros de tampón de glutatión total a cada pocillo. A continuación, aspire el medio de cada pocillo de una placa que contenga el pellet de la célula y lave la célula tres veces con PBS helado.Prepare el rango de calibración con 10 microlitros de glutatión y agua bidestilada en blanco por triplicados. Para la cuantificación deseada, incube las células lavadas con las...

Video: Ensayo OPA para la detección precisa de glutatión en células

Rapid Quantification of Oxidized and Reduced Forms of Glutathione Using Ortho -phthalaldehyde in Cultured Mammalian Cells In Vitro

Glutathione has long been considered a key biomarker for determining the antioxidant response of the cell. Hence, it is a primary marker for reactive oxygen species studies. The method utilizes Ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) to quantify the cellular concentration of glutathione(s). OPA conjugates with reduced glutathione (GSH) via sulfhydryl binding to subsequently form an isoindole, resulting in a highly fluorescent conjugate. To attain an accurate result of both oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and GSH, a combination of masking agents and reducing agents, which have been implemented in this protocol, are required. Treatments may also impact cellular viability. Hence, normalization via protein assay is presented in this multiparametric assay. The assay demonstrates a pseudo-linear detection range of 0.234 - 30&#181;M (R2=0.9932&#177;0.007 (N=12)) specific to GSH. The proposed assay also allows for the determination of oxidized glutathione with the addition of the masking agent N-ethylmaleimide to bind reduced glutathione, and the reducing agent tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine is introduced to cleave the disulfide bond in GSSG to produce two molecules of GSH. The assay is used in combination with a validated bicinchoninic acid assay for protein quantification and an adenylate kinase assay for cytotoxicity assessment.

Quantification of both oxidized and reduced forms of glutathione (GSSG and GSH, respectively) has been achieved through the use of Ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA). OPA becomes highly fluorescent once conjugated to GSH but is unable to conjugate GSSG until reduced. Here, we describe a multiparametric assay to quantify both using protein quantification for normalization.

Glutathione has long been considered a key biomarker for determining the antioxidant response of the cell. Hence, it is a primary marker for reactive ...