Operación de los donantes y los miembros traseros cosecha <ol><li> Para el procedimiento quirúrgico estéril de un conjunto de instrumentos de microcirugía se utiliza. El cirujano debe usar ropa adecuada, guantes estériles, lo que tiene que ser cambiado antes del inicio del procedimiento quirúrgico. </li><li> La rata se anestesiaron con una inyección intraperitoneal de pentobarbital (50mg/kg IP) y se coloca en posición supina sobre un campo de operación de calefacción, lo que facilita una temperatura corporal del animal estable a lo largo de todo el procedimiento quirúrgico. </li><li> Antes de la incisión en la piel el campo de la operación es desinfectado tres veces cada uno con dos, un desinfectante y alcohol. Para evitar que las córneas animales de la desecación, los ojos están lubricados con un ungüento oftálmico (Vidisic) antes de la cirugía. </li><li> Una incisión en la piel se realiza a través de la ingle derecha aproximadamente a nivel del ligamento inguinal. Los vasos femorales se disecan con cauterio bipolar y disección roma, ramas profundas se ligan con seda 8-0. </li><li> 300μl (50 UI) de heparina se inyecta a través de la vena del pene para la anticoagulación. </li><li> Vasos femorales se ligan a nivel del ligamento inguinal y corte distal a la ligadura. </li><li> La extremidad posterior se lava con helado (4 ° C) solución HTK (5 ml) a través de la arteria femoral durante 5 minutos. </li><li> Todos los grupos musculares están muy divididos con unas tijeras y la osteotomía se realiza con una rotación eléctrica vio a nivel del tercio distal del fémur. </li><li> El miembro cosecha se sumerge en 20 ml de helado de solución HTK para la preservación y almacenamiento en frío hasta el trasplante. </li></ol> Receptor de operación y Trasplante <ol><li> La rata se anestesiaron con una inyección intraperitoneal de pentobarbital en posición supina y se coloca en el campo de operación. </li><li> Una incisión en la piel se realiza a través de la ingle derecha aproximadamente a nivel del ligamento inguinal. Los vasos femorales se disecan con cauterio bipolar y disección roma. </li><li> Vasos femorales se ligan como distal como sea posible, pero próximo al despegue los vasos epigástricos. Clamps vasculares se colocan a nivel del ligamento inguinal en la arteria y la vena. </li><li> Un manguito de polietileno se coloca sobre la arteria (diámetro interior del manguito: 0.912 mm, espesor de la pared del manguito: 0.010 mm, la longitud del manguito: 2.0 mm) y la vena (diámetro interior del manguito: 1.151 mm, espesor de la pared del manguito: 0.010 mm, la longitud del manguito : 2,0 mm). El borde de la luz del vaso se tira con un dilatador buque y de la arteria femoral y la vena se eversión en todo el cuerpo de la banda (de aproximadamente 2 mm) y se fija con una ligadura de seda 8-0 circunferencial. </li><li> Para dejar espacio a la extremidad del miembro donante receptor se elimina con disección aguda de los grupos musculares y la osteotomía se realiza a mediados de fémur. </li><li> La extremidad de los donantes se retiran de la solución HTK y el trasplante comienza con la osteosíntesis de fémur con una aguja de calibre 18 (longitud: 1,5 a 2,0 cm) como una varilla intramedular. </li><li> Grupos de músculos ventrales son muy aproximados con Vicryl 4-0 o Prolene suturas interrumpidas. </li><li> Anastomosis vasculares se realizan tirando de la vena y la arteria de los donantes sobre la vena destinatarios y complejas del manguito. Una circunferencia 8-0 ligadura de seda se coloca de nuevo para asegurar la anastomosis. </li><li> La pinza venosa es lanzado, seguido de la pinza arterial, y la reperfusión se visualiza por el regreso de color en la extremidad distal de pies y manos, así como el flujo pulsátil a través de la arteria. </li><li> El resto de los grupos musculares dorsales se vuelven a aproximarse con Vicryl 4-0 o Prolene suturas interrumpidas. </li><li> La piel se cierra con Vicryl 4-0 o prolene suturas interrumpidas. </li><li> La rata receptor se coloca en una almohadilla eléctrica y vigilarse estrechamente hasta su recuperación. </li><li> Los animales receptores que reciban antibióticos profilácticos (cefazolina, 20 mg / día, IM) y Buprenex (0,1 mg / kg, SC) durante tres días después del trasplante. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Shapiro, R. I., Cerra, F. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+model+for+reimplantation+and+transplantation+of+a+complex+organ:+the+rat+hind+limb.">A model for reimplantation and transplantation of a complex organ: the rat hind limb.</a> J Surg Res. 24 (6), 501-506 (1978).</li><li>Petruzzo, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+international+registry+on+hand+and+composite+tissue+transplantation.">The international registry on hand and composite tissue transplantation.</a> Transplantation. 86 (4), 487-492 (2008).</li><li>Schneeberger, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=First+forearm+transplantation:+outcome+at+3+years.">First forearm transplantation: outcome at 3 years.</a> Am J Transplant. 7 (7), 1753-1762 (2007).</li></ol>

Décadas de investigaciones experimentales han precedido y ha permitido el éxito del trasplante mano humana en el pasado reciente. En 1978, Shapiro et al. desarrollado un modelo ortotópico de trasplante de extremidades traseras de las ratas, muy adecuado para estudiar diversos aspectos patológicos, fisiológicos e inmunológicos, así como el resultado funcional de los injertos de tejidos compuestos. Hemos modificado la parte más difícil del procedimiento, a saber, la anastomosis vascular, mediante la introducción...

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orthotopic hind-limb transplantation in rats

Alotrasplante de tejido compuesto (CTA) representa una opción terapéutica válida después de la pérdida de una mano, el antebrazo o dígitos y se ha convertido en una entidad terapéutica novedosa en cirugía reconstructiva. Sin embargo, a largo plazo de dosis altas a múltiples fármacos inmunosupresores es necesaria para garantizar la supervivencia del injerto, que asumen el riesgo de efectos secundarios graves que cabestros una aplicación más amplia. Progresión en este campo puede depender de una mejor comprensión de la inmunología básica y la lesión por isquemia reperfusión en injertos de tejido compuesto. Hasta la fecha, el trasplante ortotópico de las extremidades posteriores en ratas ha sido el modelo de preferencia entre los roedores de reconstrucción del trasplante (TR), sin embargo, es un procedimiento muy exigente que requiere habilidades extraordinarias de microcirugía para la reinserción de los vasos, huesos, músculos y nervios. Hemos introducido la técnica del manguito de anastomosis vascular de este modelo, proporciona un enfoque rápido y fiable para el trasplante de las extremidades posteriores de ratas. Esta técnica simplifica y acorta el procedimiento quirúrgico y permite a los cirujanos con experiencia en microcirugía básica para llevar a cabo con éxito la operación con la supervivencia y bajas tasas de complicación. La técnica parece ser muy adecuado para inmunológica, así como estudios de isquemia reperfusión (IRI).

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Orthotopic Hind-Limb Transplantation in Rats at JoVE.com

Orthotopic Hind-Limb Transplantation in Rats

A continuación se describe la rata ortotópico patas traseras procedimiento de trasplante, lo que parece ser el estándar de oro<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Modelo para la investigación compuesto alotrasplante de tejido.

Ortotópico patas traseras trasplante en ratas

Composite tissue allotransplantation (CTA) now represents a valid therapeutic option after the loss of a hand, forearm or digits and has become a novel ...

orthotopic-hind-limb-transplantation-in-rats

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

11.6K vistas.  Innsbruck Medical University. A continuación se describe la rata ortotópico patas traseras procedimiento de trasplante, lo que parece ser el estándar de oro In vivo Modelo para la investigación compuesto alotrasplante de tejido.

Video: Orthotopic Hind-Limb Transplantation in Rats

In vivo Imaging Method to Distinguish Acute and Chronic Inflammation

Inflammation is a fundamental aspect of many human diseases. In this video report, we demonstrate non-invasive bioluminescence imaging techniques that distinguish acute and chronic inflammation in mouse models. With tissue damage or pathogen invasion, neutrophils are the first line of defense, playing a major role in mediating the acute inflammatory response. As the inflammatory reaction progresses, circulating monocytes gradually migrate into the site of injury and differentiate into mature macrophages, which mediate chronic inflammation and promote tissue repair by removing tissue debris and producing anti-inflammatory cytokines. Intraperitoneal injection of luminol (5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione, sodium salt) enables detection of acute inflammation largely mediated by tissue-infiltrating neutrophils. Luminol specifically reacts with the superoxide generated within the phagosomes of neutrophils since bioluminescence results from a myeloperoxidase (MPO) mediated reaction. Lucigenin (bis-N-methylacridinium nitrate) also reacts with superoxide in order to generate bioluminescence. However, lucigenin bioluminescence is independent of MPO and it solely relies on phagocyte NADPH oxidase (Phox) in macrophages during chronic inflammation. Together, luminol and lucigenin allow non-invasive visualization and longitudinal assessment of different phagocyte populations across both acute and chronic inflammatory phases. Given the important role of inflammation in a variety of human diseases, we believe this non-invasive imaging method can help investigate the differential roles of neutrophils and macrophages in a variety of pathological conditions.

In vivo Imaging Method to Distinguish Acute and Chronic Inflammation

We describe a non-invasive imaging method for distinguishing inflammatory stages. Systemic delivery of luminol reveals areas of acute inflammation dependent upon MPO activity in neutrophils. In contrast, injection of lucigenin allows for visualization of chronic inflammation dependent upon Phox activity in macrophages.

In vivo método de imagen para distinguir la inflamación aguda y crónica

Inflammation is a fundamental aspect of many human diseases. In this video report, we demonstrate non-invasive bioluminescence imaging techniques that ...

Investigación

Inmunología e Infección

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice

A mouse model of chronic airway infection is a key asset in cystic fibrosis (CF) research, although there are a number of concerns regarding the model itself. Early phases of inflammation and infection have been widely studied by using the Pseudomonas aeruginosa agar-beads mouse model, while only few reports have focused on the long-term chronic infection in vivo. The main challenge for long term chronic infection remains the low bacterial burden by P. aeruginosa and the low percentage of infected mice weeks after challenge, indicating that bacterial cells are progressively cleared by the host.
This paper presents a method for obtaining efficient long-term chronic infection in mice. This method is based on the embedding of the P. aeruginosa clinical strains in the agar-beads in vitro, followed by intratracheal instillation in C57Bl/6NCrl mice. Bilateral lung infection is associated with several measurable read-outs including weight loss, mortality, chronic infection, and inflammatory response. The P. aeruginosa RP73 clinical strain was preferred over the PAO1 reference laboratory strain since it resulted in a comparatively lower mortality, more severe lesions, and higher chronic infection. P. aeruginosa colonization may persist in the lung for over three months. Murine lung pathology resembles that of CF patients with advanced chronic pulmonary disease.
This murine model most closely mimics the course of the human disease and can be used both for studies on the pathogenesis and for the evaluation of novel therapies.

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice

We describe the agar-beads method to establish persistent long-term chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway infection in the mouse model.

Crónica a largo plazo<em&gt; Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em&gt; Infección de las vías respiratorias en los ratones

A mouse model of chronic airway infection is a key asset in cystic fibrosis (CF) research, although there are a number of concerns regarding the model ...

Complete Thymectomy in Adult Rats with Non-invasive Endotracheal Intubation

Thymectomy in neonatal rodents is an established and reliable procedure for immunological studies. However, in adult rats, complications of hemorrhage and pneumothorax from pleural disruption can result in a significant mortality rate. This protocol is a simple method of rat thymectomy that utilizes a mini-sternotomy and endotracheal intubation. Intubation is accomplished with a non-invasive and easily reproducible method and allows for positive pressure ventilation to prevent pneumothorax and a controlled airway that allows sufficient time for careful thymus dissection to minimize pleural disruption. A 1.5 cm sternal incision decreases contact with mediastinal vessels and pleura, while still providing full visualization of the thymus. Following exposure of the mediastinum, the thymus is removed by blunt dissection under magnification. The pleural space is then sealed by suture closure of the pre-tracheal muscles followed by the application of surgical glue. The thorax is then closed by suture closure of the sternum, followed by suture closure of the skin. All thymectomies were complete as evidenced by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of mediastinal tissue, and absence of na&#239;ve T-cells by flow cytometry, and the procedure had a 96% survival rate. This method is suitable when complete thymectomy with minimal complications is desired for further immunological studies in athymic adult rats.

Rodent thymectomy is a valuable technique in immunological research. Here, a protocol for complete thymectomy in adult rats using a mini-sternotomy along with non-invasive intubation and positive pressure ventilation to minimize perioperative morbidity and mortality is described.

La timectomía completo en ratas adultas con no invasiva La intubación endotraqueal

Thymectomy in neonatal rodents is an established and reliable procedure for immunological studies. However, in adult rats, complications of hemorrhage and ...

Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation

Investigation of the bone and the bone marrow is critical in many research fields including basic bone biology, immunology, hematology, cancer metastasis, biomechanics, and stem cell biology. Despite the importance of the bone in healthy and pathologic states, however, it is a largely under-researched organ due to lack of specialized knowledge of bone dissection and bone marrow isolation. Mice are a common model organism to study effects on bone and bone marrow, necessitating a standardized and efficient method for long bone dissection and bone marrow isolation for processing of large experimental cohorts. We describe a straightforward dissection procedure for the removal of the femur and tibia that is suitable for downstream applications, including but not limited to histomorphologic analysis and strength testing. In addition, we outline a rapid procedure for isolation of bone marrow from the long bones via centrifugation with limited handling time, ideal for cell sorting, primary cell culture, or DNA, RNA, and protein extraction. The protocol is streamlined for rapid processing of samples to limit experimental error, and is standardized to minimize user-to-user variability.

Here we present a protocol for the dissection of hind limb long bones (femurs and tibiae) from the laboratory mouse. We further describe a rapid technique for bone marrow isolation from these bones that utilizes centrifugation for removal of bone marrow from the bone marrow space.

Murino Hind Limb largo Bone La disección y el aislamiento de médula ósea

Investigation of the bone and the bone marrow is critical in many research fields including basic bone biology, immunology, hematology, cancer metastasis, ...

Murine Full-thickness Skin Transplantation

Murine full-thickness skin transplantation is a well-established in vivo model to study alloimmune response and graft rejection. Despite its limited application to humans, skin transplantation in mice has been widely employed for transplantation research. The procedure is easy to learn and perform, and it does not require delicate microsurgical techniques nor extensive training. Moreover, graft rejection in this model occurs in a very reproducible immunological reaction and is easily monitored by direct inspection and palpation. In addition, secondary skin transplantation with donor-matched or third-party skin grafts can be performed on more complex transplant models as an alternative and uncomplicated method to assess donor-specific tolerance. The complications are low and are in general limited to anesthesia overdose or respiratory distress after the procedure. Graft failure, on the other hand, occurs commonly as a result of poor preparation of the graft, incorrect positioning in the graft bed, or inappropriate placement of the bandage. In this article, we present a protocol for full-thickness skin transplantation in mice and describe the important steps necessary for a successful procedure.

Murine full-thickness skin transplantation is a well-established model to study rejection in an alloimmune setting. Here, we provide a tutorial of each step involved in performing a BALB/c--&#62;C57BL/6 full-thickness skin transplant.

Murino de grosor completo Trasplante de Piel

Murine full-thickness skin transplantation is a well-established in vivo model to study alloimmune response and graft rejection. Despite its limited ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

The main concern in transplantation is to achieve specific tolerance through induction of regulatory cells. The understanding of tolerance mechanisms requires reliable models. Here, we describe models of tolerance to cardiac allograft in rat, induced by blockade of costimulation signals or by upregulation of immunoregulatory molecules through gene transfer. Each of these models allowed in vivo generation of regulatory cells such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory B cells (Bregs) or regulatory myeloid cells (RegMCs). In this manuscript, we describe two complementary protocols that have been used to identify and define in vitro and in vivo regulatory cell activity to determine their responsibility in tolerance induction and maintenance. First, an in vitro suppressive assay allowed rapid identification of cells with suppressive capacity on effector immune responses in a dose dependent manner, and can be used for further analysis such as cytokine measurement or cytotoxicity. Second, the adoptive transfer of cells from a tolerant treated recipient to a newly irradiated grafted recipient, highlighted the tolerogenic properties of these cells in controlling graft directed immune responses and/or converting new regulatory cells (termed infectious tolerance). These methods are not restricted to cells with known phenotypic markers and can be extended to any cell population. Furthermore, donor directed allospecificity of regulatory cells (an important goal in the field) can be assessed by using third party donor cells or graft either in vitro or in vivo. Finally, to determine the specific tolerogenic capacity of these regulatory cells, we provide protocols to assess the humoral anti-donor antibody responses and the capacity of the recipient to develop humoral responses against new or former known antigens. The models of tolerance described can be used to further characterize regulatory cells, to identify new biomarkers, and immunoregulatory molecules, and are adaptable to other transplantation models or autoimmune diseases in rodent or human.

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

Here, we present a protocol to induce tolerance in transplantation, and assess in vitro and in vivo the suppressive capacity of distinct cell subsets from the recipient and the immune status of the recipient toward donor or exogenous antigens.

In Vitro e In Vivo la evaluación de la actividad supresora T, B y las células mieloides y las respuestas humorales de los receptores de trasplante

The main concern in transplantation is to achieve specific tolerance through induction of regulatory cells. The understanding of tolerance mechanisms ...

An Immunological Model for Heterotopic Heart and Cardiac Muscle Cell Transplantation in Rats

Heterotopic heart transplantation in rats has been a commonly used model for diverse immunological studies for more than 50 years. Several modifications have been reported since the first description in 1964. After 30 years of performing heterotopic heart transplantation in rats, we have developed a simplified surgical approach, which can be easily taught and performed without further surgical training or background.
After dissection of the ascending aorta and the pulmonary artery and ligation of superior and inferior caval and pulmonary veins, the donor heart is harvested and subsequently perfused with ice-cold saline solution supplemented with heparin. After clamping and incising the recipient abdominal vessels, the donor ascending aorta and pulmonary artery are anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava, respectively, using continuous running sutures.
Depending on different donor-recipient combinations, this model allows analyses of either acute or chronic rejection of allografts. The immunological significance of this model is further enhanced by a novel approach of in-ear injection of vital cardiac muscle cells and subsequent analysis of draining cervical lymphatic tissue.

We describe a model of heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation in rats, implying modifications of current strategies, which lead to a simplified surgical approach. Additionally, we describe a novel rejection model by in-ear injection of vital cardiac muscle cells, allowing further transplant immunological analyses in rats.

Un modelo inmunológico para el trasplante heterotópico de células musculares cardíacas y cardíacas en ratas

Heterotopic heart transplantation in rats has been a commonly used model for diverse immunological studies for more than 50 years. Several modifications ...

Optimization of the Cuff Technique for Murine Heart Transplantation

Murine cardiac transplantation has been performed for more than 40 years. With advancements in microsurgery, certain new techniques have been used to improve surgical efficiency. In our lab, we have optimized the cuff technique with two major steps. First, we used the inner tube technique to insert a temporary inner tube into the external jugular vein and carotid artery blood vessel to facilitate eversion of the vessel over the cuff. Second, we performed complete heterotopic cardiac transplantation through the collaboration of two experienced surgeons. These modifications effectively reduced the operation time to 25 minutes, with a success rate of 95%. In this report, we describe these procedures in detail and provide a supplemental video. We believe that this report on the improved cuff technique will offer practical guidance for murine heterotopic heart transplantation and will enhance the utility of this mouse model for basic research.

We introduce an inner tube approach to the cuff technique for mouse cervical heterotopic heart transplantation to help evert the vessel over the cuff. We found that cooperation between two experienced surgeons markedly shortens the operation time.

Optimización de la Técnica del Manguito para el Trasplante cardíaco murino

Murine cardiac transplantation has been performed for more than 40 years. With advancements in microsurgery, certain new techniques have been used to ...

Bone Marrow Transplantation Procedures in Mice to Study Clonal Hematopoiesis

Clonal hematopoiesis is a prevalent age-associated condition that results from the accumulation of somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Mutations in driver genes, that confer cellular fitness, can lead to the development of expanding HSPC clones that increasingly give rise to progeny leukocytes harboring the somatic mutation. Because clonal hematopoiesis has been associated with heart disease, stroke, and mortality, the development of experimental systems that model these processes is key to understanding the mechanisms that underly this new risk factor. Bone marrow transplantation procedures involving myeloablative conditioning in mice, such as total-body irradiation (TBI), are commonly employed to study the role of immune cells in cardiovascular diseases. However, simultaneous damage to the bone marrow niche and other sites of interest, such as the heart and brain, is unavoidable with these procedures. Thus, our lab has developed two alternative methods to minimize or avoid possible side effects caused by TBI: 1) bone marrow transplantation with irradiation shielding and 2) adoptive BMT to non-conditioned mice. In shielded organs, the local environment is preserved allowing for the analysis of clonal hematopoiesis while the function of resident immune cells is unperturbed. In contrast, the adoptive BMT to non-conditioned mice has the additional advantage that both the local environments of the organs and the hematopoietic niche are preserved. Here, we compare three different hematopoietic cell reconstitution approaches and discuss their strengths and limitations for studies of clonal hematopoiesis in cardiovascular disease.

We describe three methods of bone marrow transplantation (BMT): BMT with total-body irradiation, BMT with shielded irradiation, and BMT method with no pre-conditioning (adoptive BMT) for the study of clonal hematopoiesis in mouse models.

Procedimientos de trasplante de médula ósea en ratones para estudiar la hematopoyesis clonal

Clonal hematopoiesis is a prevalent age-associated condition that results from the accumulation of somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem and progenitor ...

Purification and Expansion of Mouse Invariant Natural Killer T Cells for in vitro and in vivo Studies

Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T Lymphocytes expressing a conserved semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) specific for self or microbial lipid antigens presented by the non-polymorphic MHC class I-related molecule CD1d. Preclinical and clinical studies support a role for iNKT cells in cancer, autoimmunity and infectious diseases. iNKT cells are very conserved throughout species and their investigation has been facilitated by mouse models, including CD1d-deficient or iNKT-deficient mice, and the possibility to unequivocally detect them in mice and men with CD1d tetramers or mAbs specific for the semi-invariant TCR. However, iNKT cells are rare and they need to be expanded to reach manageable numbers for any study. Because the generation of primary mouse iNKT cell line in vitro has proven difficult, we have set up a robust protocol to purify and expand splenic iNKT cells from the iV&#945;14-J&#945;18 transgenic mice (iV&#945;14Tg), in which iNKT cells are 30 times more frequent. We show here that primary splenic iV&#945;14Tg iNKT cells can be enriched through an immunomagnetic separation process, yielding about 95-98% pure iNKT cells. The purified iNKT cells are stimulated by anti-CD3/CD28 beads plus IL-2 and IL-7, resulting in 30-fold expansion by day +14 of the culture with 85-99% purity. The expanded iNKT cells can be easily genetically manipulated, providing an invaluable tool to dissect mechanisms of activation and function in vitro and, more importantly, also upon adoptive transfer in vivo.

We describe a rapid and robust protocol to enrich invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells from mouse spleen and expand them in vitro to suitable numbers for in vitro and in vivo studies.

Purificación y expansión de células T asesinas naturales invariantes de ratón para estudios in vitro e in vivo

Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T Lymphocytes expressing a conserved semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) specific for self or ...