Los autores desean agradecer al Dr. Gary Herbert Xie Lee y para el desarrollo de MDV. También queremos agradecer a los Dres. Simone Duarte, Murata Ramiro, Jeon Jae-Gyu, Abranches Jacqueline, y la Sra. Stacy Gregoire por su contribución científica y técnica de los componentes de análisis de la caja de herramientas. Este estudio fue apoyado en parte por la Beca de investigación USPHS DE018023 del Instituto Nacional de Investigación Dental y Craneofacial.

<ol>
	<li>Costerton, J. W., Stewart, P. S., Greenberg, E. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+biofilms:+a+common+cause+of+persistent+infections.">Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections.</a> Science. 284, 1318-1322 (1999).</li><li>Branda, S. S., Vik, S., Friedman, L., Kolter, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biofilms:+the+matrix+revisited.">Biofilms: the matrix revisited.</a> Trends Microbiol. 13, 20-26 (2005).</li><li>Leme, P. a. e. s., Koo, A. F., Bellato, H., Bedi, C. M., G, J. A. C. u. r. y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+sucrose+in+cariogenic+dental+biofilm+formation--new+insight.">The role of sucrose in cariogenic dental biofilm formation--new insight.</a> J Dent Res. 85, 878-887 (2006).</li><li>Koo, H., Schobel, B. D., Scott-Annem, K., Watson, G., Bowen, W. H., Cury, J. A., Rosalen, P. L., Park, Y. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apigenin+and+tt-farnesol+with+fluoride+effects+on+S.+mutans+biofilms+and+dental+caries.">Apigenin and tt-farnesol with fluoride effects on S. mutans biofilms and dental caries.</a> J Dent Res. 84, 1016-1020 (2005).</li><li>Koo, H., Xiao, J., Klein, M. I., Jeon, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exopolysaccharides+produced+by+Streptococcus+mutans+glucosyltransferases+modulate+the+establishment+of+microcolonies+within+multispecies+biofilms.">Exopolysaccharides produced by Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferases modulate the establishment of microcolonies within multispecies biofilms.</a> J Bacteriol. 192, 3024-3032 (2010).</li><li>Jeon, J. G., Klein, M. I., Xiao, J., Gregoire, S., Rosalen, P. L., Koo, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influences+of+naturally+occurring+agents+in+combination+with+fluoride+on+gene+expression+and+structural+organization+of+Streptococcus+mutans+in+biofilms.">Influences of naturally occurring agents in combination with fluoride on gene expression and structural organization of Streptococcus mutans in biofilms.</a> BMC Microbiol. 9, 228-228 (2009).</li><li>Klein, M. I., DeBaz, L., Agidi, S., Lee, H., Xie, G., Lin, A. H. M., Hamaker, B. R., Lemos, J. A., Koo, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+Streptococcus+mutans+transcriptome+in+response+to+starch+and+sucrose+during+biofilm+development.">Dynamics of Streptococcus mutans transcriptome in response to starch and sucrose during biofilm development.</a> PLoS ONE. , 0013478-0013478 (2010).</li><li>Lemos, J. A., Abranches, J., Koo, H., Marquis, R. E., Burne, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protocols+to+Study+the+Physiology+of+Oral+Biofilms.">Protocols to Study the Physiology of Oral Biofilms.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 666, 87-102 (2010).</li><li>Koo, H., Hayacibara, M. F., Schobel, B. D., Cury, J. A., Rosalen, P. L., Park, Y. K., Vacca-Smith, A. M., Bowen, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+Streptococcus+mutans+biofilm+accumulation+and+polysaccharide+production+by+apigenin+and+tt-farnesol.">Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans biofilm accumulation and polysaccharide production by apigenin and tt-farnesol.</a> J Antimicrob Chemother. 52, 782-789 (2003).</li><li>Koo, H., Seils, J., Abranches, J., Burne, R. A., Bowen, W. H., Quivey, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+apigenin+on+gtf+gene+expression+in+Streptococcus+mutans+UA159.">Influence of apigenin on gtf gene expression in Streptococcus mutans UA159.</a> Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50, 542-546 (2006).</li><li>Klein, M. I., Duarte, S., Xiao, J., Mitra, S., Foster, T. H., Koo, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+and+molecular+basis+of+the+role+of+starch+and+sucrose+in+Streptococcus+mutans+biofilm+development.">Structural and molecular basis of the role of starch and sucrose in Streptococcus mutans biofilm development.</a> Appl Environ Microbiol. 75, 837-841 (2009).</li><li>Cury, J. A., Koo, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extraction+and+purification+of+total+RNA+from+Streptococcus+mutans+biofilms.">Extraction and purification of total RNA from Streptococcus mutans biofilms.</a> Anal Biochem. 365, 208-214 (2007).</li><li>Xiao, J., Koo, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+organization+and+dynamics+of+exopolysaccharide+matrix+and+microcolonies+formation+by+Streptococcus+mutans+in+biofilms.">Structural organization and dynamics of exopolysaccharide matrix and microcolonies formation by Streptococcus mutans in biofilms.</a> J Appl Microbiol. 108, 2103-2113 (2010).</li><li>Thurnheer, T., Gmür, R., Shapiro, S., Guggenheim, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mass+transport+of+macromolecules+within+an+in+vitro+model+of+supragingival+plaque.">Mass transport of macromolecules within an in vitro model of supragingival plaque.</a> Appl Environ Microbiol. 69, 1702-1709 (2003).</li><li>Chalmers, N. I., Palmer, R. J. J. r., Du-Thumm, L., Sullivan, R., Shi, W., Kolenbrander, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+quantum+dot+luminescent+probes+to+achieve+single-cell+resolution+of+human+oral+bacteria+in+biofilms.">Use of quantum dot luminescent probes to achieve single-cell resolution of human oral bacteria in biofilms.</a> Appl Environ Microbiol. 73, 630-636 (2007).</li><li>Deng, D. M., Hoogenkamp, M. A., Ten Cate, J. M. >., Crielaard, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+metabolic+activity+indicator+in+Streptococcus+mutans+biofilms.">Novel metabolic activity indicator in Streptococcus mutans biofilms.</a> J Microbiol Methods. 77, 67-71 (2009).</li></ol>

En esta presentación, hemos demostrado dos componentes fundamentales de la caja de herramientas analíticas (EPS / bacterias de imágenes y datos de microarrays de minería / procesamiento), la versatilidad y utilidad de los diversos análisis integrado en el sistema. Claramente, la caja de herramientas facilita el análisis integral (comparativa) y simultánea de los distintos aspectos de la bioquímica de las biopelículas, la arquitectura y la expresión génica en respuesta a las diferentes condiciones experimental...

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<td>Syto 9</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen </td>
<td>S34854</td>
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<td>Syto 60</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen </td>
<td>S11342</td>
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<td>Dextran conjugated alexa 647</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen </td>
<td>D22914</td>
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<td>Olympus FV1000 two-photon laser scanning microscope</td>
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<td>Olympus, Tokyo, Japan</td>
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an analytical tool-box for comprehensive biochemical, structural and transcriptome evaluation of oral biofilms mediated by mutans streptococci

Los biofilms son muy dinámicos, las comunidades organizadas y estructuradas de las células microbianas inmersos en una matriz extracelular de la densidad y la composición variable de 1, 2. En general, los biofilms se desarrollan a partir fijación microbiana inicial sobre una superficie seguido por la formación de grupos de células (o microcolonias) y el desarrollo y la estabilización de las microcolonias, que se producen en una matriz extracelular complejo. La mayoría de los exopolisacáridos del biofilm matrices puerto (EPS), y las biopelículas dentales no son una excepción, especialmente los relacionados con la enfermedad de caries, que son en su mayoría mediada por estreptococos mutans 3. Las EPS son sintetizadas por los microorganismos (S. mutans, un contribuyente clave) por medio de enzimas extracelulares, tales como la sacarosa principalmente glucosiltransferasas utilizando como sustrato 3. Estudios de biofilms formados en la superficie de los dientes son particularmente difíciles debido a su exposición constante a los problemas ambientales asociados con la dieta compleja microbiana de acogida interacciones que ocurren en la cavidad oral. Una mejor comprensión de los cambios dinámicos de la organización estructural y composición de la matriz, la fisiología y transcriptoma / profile proteoma del biofilm las células en respuesta a las complejas interacciones permitirían mejorar el conocimiento actual de cómo los biofilms orales modular patogenicidad. Por lo tanto, hemos desarrollado una caja de herramientas analíticas para facilitar el análisis del biofilm en los planos estructurales, bioquímicos y moleculares mediante la combinación de las técnicas comúnmente disponibles y la novela con hechos a medida de software para análisis de datos. Estándar de análisis (ensayos colorimétricos, RT qPCR y microarrays) y nuevas técnicas de fluorescencia (para el etiquetado simultánea de bacterias y EPS) se han integrado con un software específico para el análisis de datos para hacer frente a la compleja naturaleza de la investigación biofilm oral. La caja de herramientas se compone de 4 pasos distintos pero conectados entre sí (Figura 1): 1) Los bioensayos, 2) datos primarios de entrada, 3) Procesamiento de Datos, y 4) Análisis de datos. Hemos utilizado nuestro modelo in vitro de biopelículas y condiciones experimentales para demostrar la utilidad y la flexibilidad de la caja de herramientas. El modelo de biofilm es simple, reproducible y múltiples repeticiones de un mismo experimento se puede hacer al mismo tiempo 4, 5. Además, permite la evaluación temporal, la inclusión de especies microbianas diversas 5 y la evaluación de los efectos de las distintas condiciones experimentales (por ejemplo, tratamientos de 6, la comparación de mutantes knockout contra la cepa parental 5; disponibilidad de hidratos de carbono 7). Aquí se describen dos componentes específicos de la caja de herramientas, incluyendo (i) un nuevo software para minería de datos de microarrays / organización (MDV) y el análisis de fluorescencia de imagen (DUOSTAT), y (ii) in situ EPS-etiquetado. También ofrecemos un caso experimental que muestra cómo la caja de herramientas puede ayudar con el análisis de biofilms, los datos de la organización, integración e interpretación.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Analytical Tool-box for Comprehensive Biochemical, Structural and Transcriptome Evaluation of Oral Biofilms Mediated by Mutans Streptococci at JoVE.com

An Analytical Tool-box for Comprehensive Biochemical, Structural and Transcriptome Evaluation of Oral Biofilms Mediated by Mutans Streptococci

Biofilms formados en la superficie de los dientes son muy complejas y expuestas a constantes desafíos ambientales innata y exógenos, que modulan su arquitectura, la fisiología y transcriptoma. Hemos desarrollado un conjunto de herramientas para examinar la composición, organización estructural y la expresión génica de los biofilms orales, que pueden adaptarse a otras áreas de investigación del biofilm.

Una analítica Caja de Herramientas para la Evaluación Integral de bioquímica, estructural y transcriptoma de biopelículas oral mediada por Streptococcus mutans

Biofilms are highly dynamic, organized and structured communities of microbial cells enmeshed in an extracellular matrix of variable density and ...

an-analytical-tool-box-for-comprehensive-biochemical-structural

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

17.6K vistas.  University of Rochester Medical Center. Biofilms formados en la superficie de los dientes son muy complejas y expuestas a constantes desafíos ambientales innata y exógenos, que modulan su arquitectura, la fisiología y transcriptoma. Hemos desarrollado un conjunto de herramientas para examinar la composición, organización estructural y la expresión génica de los biofilms orales, que pueden adaptarse a otras áreas de investigación del biofilm.

Video: An Analytical Tool-box for Comprehensive Biochemical, Structural and Transcriptome Evaluation of Oral Biofilms Mediated by Mutans Streptococci

Comprehensive &amp; Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model

We present the video about assisting anti-retroviral therapy (ART) by an apt laboratory service - representing a South-African role model for economical large scale diagnostic testing. In the low-income countries inexpensive ART has transformed the prospects for the survival of HIV seropositive patients but there are doubts whether there is a need for the laboratory monitoring of ART and at what costs - in situations when the overall quality of pathology services can still be very low. The appropriate answer is to establish economically sound services with better coordination and stricter internal quality assessment than seen in western countries. This video, photographed at location in the National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS-SA) at the Witwatersrand University, Johannesburg, South Africa, provides such a coordinated scheme expanding the original 2-color CD4-CD45 PanLeucoGating strategy (PLG). Thus the six modules of the video presentation reveal the simplicity of a 4-color flow cytometric assay to combine haematological, immunological and virology-related tests in a single tube. These video modules are: (i) the set-up of instruments; (ii) sample preparations; (iii) testing absolute counts and monitoring quality for each sample by bead-count-rate; (iv) the heamatological CD45 test for white cell counts and differentials; (v) the CD4 counts, and (vi) the activation of CD8+ T cells measured by CD38 display, a viral load related parameter. The potential cost-savings are remarkable. This arrangement is a prime example for the feasibility of performing &gt; 800-1000 tests per day with a stricter quality control than that applied in western laboratories, and also with a transfer of technology to other laboratories within a NHLS-SA network. Expert advisors, laboratory managers and policy makers who carry the duty of making decisions about introducing modern medical technology are frequently not in a position to see the latest technical details as carried out in the large regional laboratories with huge burdens of workload. Hence this video shows details of these new developments.

Anti-retroviral therapy to treat HIV/AIDS is monitored in South Africa on a large scale. Flow cytometry is combined for haematology (CD45), immunology (CD4) and viral-load linked CD38 assay. Recorded at NHLS-SA laboratories, Johannesburg, these modern methods are cost-efficient with heightened local internal quality control, serving as role-models for resource-limited diagnostics.

Supervisión efectiva de laboratorio integral y costo del VIH / SIDA: un modelo a seguir de África

We present the video about assisting anti-retroviral therapy (ART) by an apt laboratory service - representing a South-African role model for economical ...

Investigación

Inmunología e Infección

Structure of HIV-1 Capsid Assemblies by Cryo-electron Microscopy and Iterative Helical Real-space Reconstruction

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), combined with image processing, is an increasingly powerful tool for structure determination of macromolecular protein complexes and assemblies. In fact, single particle electron microscopy1 and two-dimensional (2D) electron crystallography2 have become relatively routine methodologies and a large number of structures have been solved using these methods. At the same time, image processing and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of helical objects has rapidly developed, especially, the iterative helical real-space reconstruction (IHRSR) method3, which uses single particle analysis tools in conjunction with helical symmetry. Many biological entities function in filamentous or helical forms, including actin filaments4, microtubules5, amyloid fibers6, tobacco mosaic viruses7, and bacteria flagella8, and, because a 3D density map of a helical entity can be attained from a single projection image, compared to the many images required for 3D reconstruction of a non-helical object, with the IHRSR method, structural analysis of such flexible and disordered helical assemblies is now attainable.
In this video article, we provide detailed protocols for obtaining a 3D density map of a helical protein assembly (HIV-1 capsid9 is our example), including protocols for cryo-EM specimen preparation, low dose data collection by cryo-EM, indexing of helical diffraction patterns, and image processing and 3D reconstruction using IHRSR. Compared to other techniques, cryo-EM offers optimal specimen preservation under near native conditions. Samples are embedded in a thin layer of vitreous ice, by rapid freezing, and imaged in electron microscopes at liquid nitrogen temperature, under low dose conditions to minimize the radiation damage. Sample images are obtained under near native conditions at the expense of low signal and low contrast in the recorded micrographs. Fortunately, the process of helical reconstruction has largely been automated, with the exception of indexing the helical diffraction pattern. Here, we describe an approach to index helical structure and determine helical symmetries (helical parameters) from digitized micrographs, an essential step for 3D helical reconstruction. Briefly, we obtain an initial 3D density map by applying the IHRSR method. This initial map is then iteratively refined by introducing constraints for the alignment parameters of each segment, thus controlling their degrees of freedom. Further improvement is achieved by correcting for the contrast transfer function (CTF) of the electron microscope (amplitude and phase correction) and by optimizing the helical symmetry of the assembly.

This article describes a method to obtain a three-dimensional (3D) structure of helically assembled molecules using cryo-electron microscopy. In this protocol, we use HIV-1 capsid assemblies to illustrate the detailed 3D reconstruction procedure for achieving a density map by the iterative helical real-space reconstruction method.

Estructura del VIH-1 Asambleas cápside por crio-microscopía electrónica y reconstrucción iterativa helicoidal del espacio real

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), combined with image processing, is an increasingly powerful tool for structure determination of macromolecular protein ...

Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of human tuberculosis, has an extraordinary ability to survive against environmental stresses including antibiotics. Although stress tolerance of M. tuberculosis is one of the likely contributors to the 6-month long chemotherapy of tuberculosis 1, the molecular mechanisms underlying this characteristic phenotype of the pathogen remain unclear. Many microbial species have evolved to survive in stressful environments by self-assembling in highly organized, surface attached, and matrix encapsulated structures called biofilms 2-4. Growth in communities appears to be a preferred survival strategy of microbes, and is achieved through genetic components that regulate surface attachment, intercellular communications, and synthesis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 5,6. The tolerance to environmental stress is likely facilitated by EPS, and perhaps by the physiological adaptation of individual bacilli to heterogeneous microenvironments within the complex architecture of biofilms 7.
In a series of recent papers we established that M. tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis have a strong propensity to grow in organized multicellular structures, called biofilms, which can tolerate more than 50 times the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the anti-tuberculosis drugs isoniazid and rifampicin 8-10. M. tuberculosis, however, intriguingly requires specific conditions to form mature biofilms, in particular 9:1 ratio of headspace: media as well as limited exchange of air with the atmosphere 9. Requirements of specialized environmental conditions could possibly be linked to the fact that M. tuberculosis is an obligate human pathogen and thus has adapted to tissue environments. In this publication we demonstrate methods for culturing M. tuberculosis biofilms in a bottle and a 12-well plate format, which is convenient for bacteriological as well as genetic studies. We have described the protocol for an attenuated strain of M. tuberculosis, mc27000, with deletion in the two loci, panCD and RD1, that are critical for in vivo growth of the pathogen 9. This strain can be safely used in a BSL-2 containment for understanding the basic biology of the tuberculosis pathogen thus avoiding the requirement of an expensive BSL-3 facility. The method can be extended, with appropriate modification in media, to grow biofilm of other culturable mycobacterial species.
Overall, a uniform protocol of culturing mycobacterial biofilms will help the investigators interested in studying the basic resilient characteristics of mycobacteria. In addition, a clear and concise method of growing mycobacterial biofilms will also help the clinical and pharmaceutical investigators to test the efficacy of a potential drug.

Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms

Mycobacterium tuberculosis forms drug tolerant biofilms when cultured in certain conditions. Here we describe methods for culturing M. tuberculosis biofilms and determining the frequency of drug tolerant persisters. These protocols will be useful for further studies into the mechanisms of drug tolerance in M. tuberculosis.

Crecimiento de Mycobacterium tuberculosis Las biopelículas

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of human tuberculosis, has an extraordinary ability to survive against environmental stresses including ...

A Quantitative Evaluation of Cell Migration by the Phagokinetic Track Motility Assay

Cellular motility is an important biological process for both unicellular and multicellular organisms. It is essential for movement of unicellular organisms towards a source of nutrients or away from unsuitable conditions, as well as in multicellular organisms for tissue development, immune surveillance and wound healing, just to mention a few roles1,2,3. Deregulation of this process can lead to serious neurological, cardiovascular and immunological diseases, as well as exacerbated tumor formation and spread4,5. Molecularly, actin polymerization and receptor recycling have been shown to play important roles in creating cellular extensions (lamellipodia), that drive the forward movement of the cell6,7,8. However, many biological questions about cell migration remain unanswered.
The central role for cellular motility in human health and disease underlines the importance of understanding the specific mechanisms involved in this process and makes accurate methods for evaluating cell motility particularly important. Microscopes are usually used to visualize the movement of cells. However, cells move rather slowly, making the quantitative measurement of cell migration a resource-consuming process requiring expensive cameras and software to create quantitative time-lapsed movies of motile cells. Therefore, the ability to perform a quantitative measurement of cell migration that is cost-effective, non-laborious, and that utilizes common laboratory equipment is a great need for many researchers.
The phagokinetic track motility assay utilizes the ability of a moving cell to clear gold particles from its path to create a measurable track on a colloidal gold-coated glass coverslip9,10. With the use of freely available software, multiple tracks can be evaluated for each treatment to accomplish statistical requirements. The assay can be utilized to assess motility of many cell types, such as cancer cells11,12, fibroblasts9, neutrophils13, skeletal muscle cells14, keratinocytes15, trophoblasts16, endothelial cells17, and monocytes10,18-22. The protocol involves the creation of slides coated with gold nanoparticles (Au&deg;) that are generated by a reduction of chloroauric acid (Au3+) by sodium citrate. This method was developed by Turkevich et al. in 195123 and then improved in the 1970s by Frens et al.24,25. As a result of this chemical reduction step, gold particles (10-20 nm in diameter) precipitate from the reaction mixture and can be applied to glass coverslips, which are then ready for use in cellular migration analyses9,26,27.
In general, the phagokinetic track motility assay is a quick, quantitative and easy measure of cellular motility. In addition, it can be utilized as a simple high-throughput assay, for use with cell types that are not amenable to time-lapsed imaging, as well as other uses depending on the needs of the researcher. Together, the ability to quantitatively measure cellular motility of multiple cell types without the need for expensive microscopes and software, along with the use of common laboratory equipment and chemicals, make the phagokinetic track motility assay a solid choice for scientists with an interest in understanding cellular motility.

The phagokinetic motility track assay is a method used to assess the movement of cells. Specifically, the assay measures chemokinesis (random cell motility) over time in a quantitative manner. The assay takes advantage of the ability of cells to create a measurable track of their movement on colloidal gold-coated coverslips.

Una evaluación cuantitativa de la migración celular mediante el ensayo de la canción Motilidad Phagokinetic

Cellular motility is an important biological process for both unicellular and multicellular organisms. It is essential for movement of unicellular ...

Detecting Glycogen in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells with Periodic Acid Schiff Staining

Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining is an immunohistochemical technique used on muscle biopsies and as a diagnostic tool for blood samples. Polysaccharides such as glycogen, glycoproteins, and glycolipids stain bright magenta making it easy to enumerate positive and negative cells within the tissue. In muscle cells PAS staining is used to determine the glycogen content in different types of muscle cells, while in blood cell samples PAS staining has been explored as a diagnostic tool for a variety of conditions. Blood contains a proportion of white blood cells that belong to the immune system. The notion that cells of the immune system possess glycogen and use it as an energy source has not been widely explored. Here, we describe an adapted version of the PAS staining protocol that can be applied on peripheral blood mononuclear immune cells from human venous blood. Small cells with PAS-positive granules and larger cells with diffuse PAS staining were observed. Treatment of samples with amylase abrogates these patterns confirming the specificity of the stain. An alternate technique based on enzymatic digestion confirmed the presence and amount of glycogen in the samples. This protocol is useful for hematologists or immunologists studying polysaccharide content in blood-derived lymphocytes.

Periodic acid Schiff staining is a technique that visualizes the polysaccharide content of tissues. This article demonstrates periodic acid Schiff staining protocol adapted for use on peripheral blood mononuclear cells purified from human venous blood. Such samples are enriched for lymphocytes and other white blood cells of the immune system.

La detección de glucógeno en las células mononucleares de sangre periférica con ácido periódico de Schiff tinción

Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining is an immunohistochemical technique used on muscle biopsies and as a diagnostic tool for blood samples. ...

High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes

Described in this report is a qRT-PCR assay for the analysis of seventeen human IFN subtypes in a 384-well plate format that incorporates highly specific locked nucleic acid (LNA) and molecular beacon (MB) probes, transcript standards, automated multichannel pipetting, and plate drying. Determining expression among the type I interferons (IFN), especially the twelve IFN-&#945; subtypes, is limited by their shared sequence identity; likewise, the sequences of the type III IFN, especially IFN-&#955;2 and -&#955;3, are highly similar. This assay provides a reliable, reproducible, and relatively inexpensive means to analyze the expression of the seventeen interferon subtype transcripts.

This protocol describes a high-throughput qRT-PCR assay for the analysis of type I and III IFN expression signatures. The assay discriminates single base pair differences between the highly similar transcripts of these genes. Through batch assembly and robotic pipetting, the assays are consistent and reproducible.

De Alto Rendimiento Cuantitativa en tiempo real RT-PCR ensayo para determinar los perfiles de expresión de los tipos I y III de interferón subtipos

Described in this report is a qRT-PCR assay for the analysis of seventeen human IFN subtypes in a 384-well plate format that incorporates highly specific ...

Establishment of a High-throughput Setup for Screening Small Molecules That Modulate c-di-GMP Signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Bacterial resistance to traditional antibiotics has driven research attempts to identify new drug targets in recently discovered regulatory pathways. Regulatory systems that utilize intracellular cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) as a second messenger are one such class of target. c-di-GMP is a signaling molecule found in almost all bacteria that acts to regulate an extensive range of processes including antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation and virulence. The understanding of how c-di-GMP signaling controls aspects of antibiotic resistant biofilm development has suggested approaches whereby alteration of the cellular concentrations of the nucleotide or disruption of these signaling pathways may lead to reduced biofilm formation or increased susceptibility of the biofilms to antibiotics. We describe a simple high-throughput bioreporter protocol, based on green fluorescent protein (GFP), whose expression is under the control of the c-di-GMP responsive promoter cdrA, to rapidly screen for small molecules with the potential to modulate c-di-GMP cellular levels in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). This simple protocol can screen upwards of 3,500 compounds within 48 hours and has the ability to be adapted to multiple microorganisms.

Establishment of a High-throughput Setup for Screening Small Molecules That Modulate c-di-GMP Signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

This article describes the high-throughput assay that has been successfully established to screen large libraries of small molecules for their potential ability to manipulate cellular levels of cyclic di-GMP in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, providing a new powerful tool for antibacterial drug discovery and compound testing.

Establecimiento de un programa de instalación de alto rendimiento para la detección de pequeñas moléculas que modulan la c-di-GMP Señalización en el<em&gt; Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em

Bacterial resistance to traditional antibiotics has driven research attempts to identify new drug targets in recently discovered regulatory pathways. ...

Enrichment of Bacterial Lipoproteins and Preparation of N-terminal Lipopeptides for Structural Determination by Mass Spectrometry

Lipoproteins are important constituents of the bacterial cell envelope and potent activators of the mammalian innate immune response. Despite their significance to both cell physiology and immunology, much remains to be discovered about novel lipoprotein forms, how they are synthesized, and the effect of the various forms on host immunity. To enable thorough studies on lipoproteins, this protocol describes a method for bacterial lipoprotein enrichment and preparation of N-terminal tryptic lipopeptides for structural determination by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Expanding on an established Triton X-114 phase partitioning method for lipoprotein extraction and enrichment from the bacterial cell membrane, the protocol includes additional steps to remove non-lipoprotein contaminants, increasing lipoprotein yield and purity. Since lipoproteins are commonly used in Toll-like receptor (TLR) assays, it is critical to first characterize the N-terminal structure by MALDI-TOF MS. Herein, a method is presented to isolate concentrated hydrophobic peptides enriched in N-terminal lipopeptides suitable for direct analysis by MALDI-TOF MS/MS. Lipoproteins that have been separated by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Poly-Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) are transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane, digested in situ with trypsin, sequentially washed to remove polar tryptic peptides, and finally eluted with chloroform-methanol. When coupled with MS of the more polar trypsinized peptides from wash solutions, this method provides the ability to both identify the lipoprotein and characterize its N-terminus in a single experiment. Intentional sodium adduct formation can also be employed as a tool to promote more structurally informative fragmentation spectra. Ultimately, enrichment of lipoproteins and determination of their N-terminal structures will permit more extensive studies on this ubiquitous class of bacterial proteins.

The enrichment of bacterial lipoproteins using a non-ionic surfactant phase partitioning method is described for direct use in TLR assays or other applications. Further steps are detailed to prepare N-terminal tryptic lipopeptides for structural characterization by mass spectrometry.

Enriquecimiento de lipoproteínas bacterianas y preparación de lipopéptidos N-terminal para la determinación estructural por espectrometría de masas

Lipoproteins are important constituents of the bacterial cell envelope and potent activators of the mammalian innate immune response. Despite their ...

Robust Ligature-Induced Model of Murine Periodontitis for the Evaluation of Oral Neutrophils

The main advantages of studying the pathophysiology of periodontal disease utilizing murine models are the reduced cost of animals, array of genetically modified strains, the vast number of analyses that can be performed on harvested soft and hard tissues. However, many of these systems are subject to procedural criticisms. As an alternative, the ligature-induced model of periodontal disease, driven by the localized development and retention of a dysbiotic oral microbiome, can be employed, which is rapidly induced and relatively reliable. Unfortunately, the variants of ligature-induced murine periodontitis protocol are isolated to focal regions of the periodontium and subject to premature avulsion of the installed ligature. This minimizes the amount of tissue available for subsequent analyses and increases the number of animals required for study. This protocol describes the precise manipulations required to place extended molar ligatures with improved retention and usage of a novel rinse technique to recover oral neutrophils in mice with an alternative approach that mitigates the aforementioned technical challenges.

This article presents a protocol for establishing a ligature-induced model of murine periodontitis involving multiple maxillary molars, resulting in larger areas of the involved gingival tissue and bone for subsequent analysis as well as reduced animal usage. A technique to assess oral neutrophils in a manner analogous to human subjects is also described.

Modelo robusto inducido por la ligatura de la periodontitis murina para la evaluación de los neutrófilos orales

The main advantages of studying the pathophysiology of periodontal disease utilizing murine models are the reduced cost of animals, array of genetically ...

Purification of a High Molecular Mass Protein in Streptococcus mutans

Elucidation of a gene&#39;s function typically involves comparison of phenotypic traits of wild-type strains and strains in which the gene of interest has been disrupted. Loss of function following gene disruption is subsequently restored by exogenous addition of the product of the disrupted gene. This helps to determine the function of the gene. A method previously described involves generating a gtfC gene-disrupted Streptococcus mutans strain. Here, an undemanding method is described for purifying the gtfC gene product from the newly generated S. mutans strain following the gene disruption. It involves the addition of a polyhistidine-coding sequence at the 3&#8242; end of the gene of interest, which allows simple purification of the gene product using immobilized metal affinity chromatography. No enzymatic reactions other than PCR are required for the genetic modification in this method. The restoration of the gene product by exogenous addition after gene disruption is an efficient method for determining gene function, which may also be adapted to different species.

Purification of a High Molecular Mass Protein in Streptococcus mutans

Described here is a simple method for the purification of a gene product in Streptococcus mutans. This technique may be advantageous in the purification of proteins, especially membrane proteins and high molecular mass proteins, and can be used with various other bacterial species.

Purificación de una proteína de masa molecular alta en Streptococcus mutans

Elucidation of a gene&#39;s function typically involves comparison of phenotypic traits of wild-type strains and strains in which the gene of interest has ...