Name: preparation and use of samarium diiodide (smi2) in organic synthesis: the mechanistic role of hmpa and ni(ii) salts in the samarium barbier reaction
Uploaded: 2013-02-04T09:52:00.000+00:00
Duration: 12 min 22 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Use of Samarium Diiodide SmI2 in Organic Synthesis: The Mechanistic Role of HMPA and NiII Salts in the Samarium Barbier Reaction at JoVE.com

RAF agradece a la Fundación Nacional de Ciencia (CHE-0844946) para el apoyo de este trabajo.

1. Síntesis de SmI 2 (0,1 M) <ol><li> Llama seco de 50 ml, matraz de fondo redondo y lávelo con argón. Añadir una barra de agitación y cubrir el recipiente con septos. Pesar samario metálico (0,2 g, 1,3 mmol) y se añade al matraz, de nuevo lavado del matraz con argón. </li><li> Añadir 10 ml seco, completamente desgasificada de tetrahidrofurano (THF), seguido de cristales de yodo (0,254 g, 2,0 mmol). Añadir un balón de argón a través del tabique, lo que mantiene una presión positiva de la atmósfera de Ar sobre la reacción. </li><li> Agitar la solución vigorosamente a temperatura ambiente durante más de 3 horas. Como SmI 2 se genera la solución pasa a través de una variedad de cambios de color naranja seguido por el amarillo (45 min), y verde (1 h) que eventualmente se convierte en azul. </li><li> La final de color azul marino es indicación de que simplemente ionizado samario se ha formado. Con el fin de asegurar la conversión completa, se agita la solución durante al menos 3 horas antes de utilizar SmI 2 en la síntesis. </li></ol> 2. Samarium Barbier-Reacción hexametilfosforamida (HMPA) Adición <ol><li> Para hacer que el SMI 2-HMPA complejo, tomar la recién preparada SmI 2 en atmósfera de argón (10 ml, 0,1 M, 1,0 mmol) y se añade 1,75 ml de HMPA (10 equiv., 10 mmol) mediante una jeringa, gota a gota, en atmósfera de argón. Se forma un color morado oscuro en color. </li><li> Por separado en un vial limpio y seco, en atmósfera de argón, se añade iodododecane (0,45 mmol, 110 l), 3-pentanona (0,45 mmol, 48 l) y 2 ml de THF seco. </li><li> Añadir la mezcla gota a gota solución de sustrato para el SMI 2 / HMPA complejo. </li><li> Dentro de 5 minutos de agitación, el color púrpura empezará a tener un aspecto turbio, lo que indica el final de la reacción. </li><li> Después de que la reacción es completa, exponer la solución a aire para extinguirlo; después de agitar los cambios de color adicionales a amarillo. </li><li> La reacción se elaboró ​​por lavado con cloruro de amonio acuoso saturado. Añadir la solución a un embudo de separación y añadir éter dietílico (5 ml). Después de una agitación vigorosa eliminarla capa orgánica superior, añadir más éter dietílico. Extracto de la capa acuosa dos veces más y entonces combinar todas las capas orgánicas. </li><li> Se lava la capa orgánica con una solución saturada de tiosulfato de sodio acuoso. Eliminar la capa acuosa inferior, seguido de lavado con agua y después lavado final con salmuera. Obtener la capa orgánica superior y añadir sulfato de magnesio para que absorba la última cantidad de agua presente en la solución. </li><li> Pasar la solución a través de un tapón de Florisil con el fin de eliminar el exceso de HMPA. </li><li> Se concentra la solución en un evaporador rotatorio para obtener Barbier producto. El producto se identificó por GCMS y RMN 1 H. 23 </li></ol> 3. Samario Barbier Reaction-Ni (acac) 2 Catalizador <ol><li> Pesar Ni (acac) 2 (1% en moles, 0,01 mmol, 0,0026 g) y se añade a un vial limpio y seco, que contiene 3 ml de THF desgasificado, en atmósfera de argón. Añadir el Ni (acac) 2 solución a través de una jeringa a una s recién preparadolución de 0,1 M SmI 2 (1,0 mmol, 10 ml). </li><li> Por separado en un vial limpio y seco, en atmósfera de argón, se añade iodododecane (0,45 mmol, 110 l), 3-pentanona (0,45 mmol, 48 l) y 2 ml de THF seco. </li><li> Añadir gota a gota la solución de sustrato para el SMI 2 / mezcla Ni. </li><li> A los quince minutos de agitación, el color azul se disipará para formar un color amarillo-verde que indica el final de la reacción. </li><li> Después de que la reacción es completa, exponer la solución a aire para extinguirlo; después de agitar los cambios de color adicionales a amarillo. Trabajo hasta la reacción por lavado con 0,1 M aq. El ácido clorhídrico (3 ml). Añadir la solución a un embudo de separación y añadir éter dietílico (5 ml). </li><li> Se lava la capa orgánica usando el protocolo descrito anteriormente con una solución acuosa de tiosulfato de sodio, agua y salmuera, y después se seca sobre sulfato de magnesio. Se concentra la solución para obtener Barbier producto. El producto puede ser identificado por GCMS y RMN 1 H. 28 </sup&gt; </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Girard, P., Namy, J. L., Kagan, K. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Divalent+lanthanide+derivatives+in+organic+synthesis.+1.+Mild+preparation+of+samarium+iodide+and+ytterbium+iodide+and+their+use+as+reducing+or+coupling+agents.">Divalent lanthanide derivatives in organic synthesis. 1. Mild preparation of samarium iodide and ytterbium iodide and their use as reducing or coupling agents.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102, 2693-2698 (1980).</li><li>Szostak, M., Spain, M., Procter, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+samarium(II)+iodide:+quantitative+evaluation+of+the+effect+of+water,+oxygen,+and+peroxide+content,+preparative+methods,+and+activation+of+samarium+metal.">Preparation of samarium(II) iodide: quantitative evaluation of the effect of water, oxygen, and peroxide content, preparative methods, and activation of samarium metal.</a> J. Org. Chem. 77, 3049-3053 (2012).</li><li>Procter, D. J., Flowers, R. A., Skrydstrup, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Organic synthesis using samarium diiodide: a practical guide. , (2010).</li><li>Nicolaou, K. C., Ellery, S. P., Chen, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Samarium+diiodide+mediated+reactions+in+total+synthesis.">Samarium diiodide mediated reactions in total synthesis.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48, 7140-7165 (2009).</li><li>Flowers, R. A., Prasad, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook on the physics and chemistry of rare earths. 36, 393-473 (2006).</li><li>Edmonds, D. J., Johnston, D., Procter, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Samarium(II)-iodide-mediated+cyclizations+in+natural+product+synthesis.">Samarium(II)-iodide-mediated cyclizations in natural product synthesis.</a> Chem. Rev. 104, 3371-3403 (2004).</li><li>Kagan, H. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Twenty-five+years+of+organic+chemistry+with+diiodosamarium:+an+overview.">Twenty-five years of organic chemistry with diiodosamarium: an overview.</a> Tetrahedron. 59, 10351-10372 (2003).</li><li>Steel, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+developments+in+lanthanide+mediated+synthesis.">Recent developments in lanthanide mediated synthesis.</a> J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 2727-2884 (2001).</li><li>Molander, G. A., Harris, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequencing+reactions+with+samarium(II)+iodide.">Sequencing reactions with samarium(II) iodide.</a> Chem. Rev. 96, 307-338 (1996).</li><li>Molander, G. A., Harris, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequenced+reactions+with+samarium(II)+iodide.+Tandem+intramolecular+nucleophilic+acyl+substitution/intramolecular+Barbier+cyclizations.">Sequenced reactions with samarium(II) iodide. Tandem intramolecular nucleophilic acyl substitution/intramolecular Barbier cyclizations.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117, 3705-3716 (1995).</li><li>Molander, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+lanthanide+reagents+in+organic+synthesis.">Application of lanthanide reagents in organic synthesis.</a> Chem. Rev. 92, 29-68 (1992).</li><li>Souppe, J., Danon, L., Namy, J. L., Kagan, K. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Some+organic-reactions+promoted+by+samarium+diiodide.">Some organic-reactions promoted by samarium diiodide.</a> J. Organometal. Chem. 250, 227-236 (1983).</li><li>Flowers, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanistic+studies+on+the+roles+of+cosolvents+and+additives+in+samarium(II)-based+reductions.">Mechanistic studies on the roles of cosolvents and additives in samarium(II)-based reductions.</a> Synlett. 10, 1427-1439 (2008).</li><li>Hutton, T. K., Muir, K., Procter, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Samarium(II)-mediated+reactions+of+gamma,+delta-unsaturated+ketones.+Cyclization+and+fragmentation+processes.">Samarium(II)-mediated reactions of gamma, delta-unsaturated ketones. Cyclization and fragmentation processes.</a> Org. Lett. 4, 2345-2347 (2002).</li><li>Miller, R. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reactions+of+SmI2+with+alkyl+halides+and+ketones:+inner-sphere+vs+outer-sphere+electron+transfer+in+reactions+of+Sm(II)+reductions.">Reactions of SmI2 with alkyl halides and ketones: inner-sphere vs outer-sphere electron transfer in reactions of Sm(II) reductions.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 7718-7722 (2000).</li><li>Ito, Y., Takahashi, K., Nagase, H., Honda, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integral+stereocontrolled+synthesis+of+a+spiro-norlignan,+sequosempervirin+A:+revision+of+absolute+configuration.">Integral stereocontrolled synthesis of a spiro-norlignan, sequosempervirin A: revision of absolute configuration.</a> Org. Lett. 13, 4640-4643 (2011).</li><li>Molander, G. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toward+the+total+synthesis+of+Variecolin.">Toward the total synthesis of Variecolin.</a> Org. Lett. 3, 2257-2260 (2001).</li><li>Shabangi, M., Flowers, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrochemical+investigation+of+the+reducing+power+of+SmI2+in+THF+and+the+effect+of+HMPA+cosolvent.">Electrochemical investigation of the reducing power of SmI2 in THF and the effect of HMPA cosolvent.</a> Tetrahedron Lett. 38, 1137-1140 (1997).</li><li>Enenaerke, R. J., Hertz, T., Skrydstrup, T., Daasbjerg, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+ionic+samarium(II)+species+in+THF/HMPA+solution+and+investigation+of+Their+electron-donating+properties.">Evidence for ionic samarium(II) species in THF/HMPA solution and investigation of Their electron-donating properties.</a> Chem. Eur. J. 6, 3747-3754 (2000).</li><li>Hou, Z., Zhang, Y., Wakatsuki, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+structures+of+HMPA-coordinated+samarium(II)+and+ytterbium(II)+iodide+complexes.+A+structural+basis+for+the+HMPA+effects+in+SmI2-promoted+reactions.">Molecular structures of HMPA-coordinated samarium(II) and ytterbium(II) iodide complexes. A structural basis for the HMPA effects in SmI2-promoted reactions.</a> Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 70, 149-153 (1997).</li><li>Hou, Z., Wakatsuki, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=+Isolation+and+x-ray+structures+of+the+hexamethylphosphoramide+(hmpa)-coordinated+lanthanide(II)+diiodide+complexes+[SmI2(hmpa)4]+and+[Yb(hmpa)4(thf)2]I2."> Isolation and x-ray structures of the hexamethylphosphoramide (hmpa)-coordinated lanthanide(II) diiodide complexes [SmI2(hmpa)4] and [Yb(hmpa)4(thf)2]I2.</a> J. Chem. Soc., Chem Commun. 10, 1205-1206 (1994).</li><li>Sadasivam, D. V., Antharjanam, P. K. S., Prasad, E., Flowers, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanistic+study+of+samarium+diodide-HMPA+initiated+5-exo-trig+ketyl-Olefin+coupling:+the+role+of+HMPA+in+post-electron+transfer+steps.">Mechanistic study of samarium diodide-HMPA initiated 5-exo-trig ketyl-Olefin coupling: the role of HMPA in post-electron transfer steps.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 7228-7229 (2008).</li><li>Choquette, K. A., Sadasivam, D. V., Flowers, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uncovering+the+mechanistic+role+of+HMPA+in+the+samarium+Barbier+reaction.">Uncovering the mechanistic role of HMPA in the samarium Barbier reaction.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 17396-17398 (2010).</li><li>Molander, G. A., Hu&#233;rou, V. L., Brown, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequenced+reactions+with+samarium(II)+iodide.+Sequential+intramolecular+Barbier+byclization/Grob+fragmentation+for+the+synthesis+of+medium-sized+carbocycles.">Sequenced reactions with samarium(II) iodide. Sequential intramolecular Barbier byclization/Grob fragmentation for the synthesis of medium-sized carbocycles.</a> J. Org. Chem. 66, 4511-4516 (2001).</li><li>Molander, G. A., K&#246;llner, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+protocol+for+eight-+and+nine-membered+ring+synthesis+in+the+annulation+of+sp2,sp3-hybridized+organic+dihalides+with+keto+ester.">Development of a protocol for eight- and nine-membered ring synthesis in the annulation of sp2,sp3-hybridized organic dihalides with keto ester.</a> J. Org. Chem. 65, 8333-8339 (2000).</li><li>Molander, G. A., Alonso-Alija, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequenced+reactions+with+samarium(II)+iodide.+Sequential+intermolecular+carbonyl+addition/intramolecular+nucleophilic+acyl+substitution+for+the+preparation+of+seven-,+eight-,+and+nine-membered+carbocycles.">Sequenced reactions with samarium(II) iodide. Sequential intermolecular carbonyl addition/intramolecular nucleophilic acyl substitution for the preparation of seven-, eight-, and nine-membered carbocycles.</a> J. Org. Chem. 63, 4366-4373 (1998).</li><li>Machrouhi, F., Hamann, B., Namy, J. L., Kagan, K. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+reactivity+of+diiodosamarium+by+catalysis+with+transition+metal+salts.">Improved reactivity of diiodosamarium by catalysis with transition metal salts.</a> Synlett. 7, 633-634 (1996).</li><li>Choquette, K. A., Sadasivam, D. V., Flowers, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Catalytic+Ni(II)+in+reactions+of+SmI2:+Sm(II)-+or+Ni(0)-+based+chemistry?.">Catalytic Ni(II) in reactions of SmI2: Sm(II)- or Ni(0)- based chemistry?.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 10655-10661 (2011).</li></ol>

No hay conflictos de interés declarado.

Un procedimiento sencillo para la generación de SMI 2 solución y su aplicación en síntesis orgánica utilizando dos de los aditivos más comunes que se presentan aquí. Los dos ejemplos descritos retratar la importancia de comprender el mecanismo de la reacción para ajustar la reactividad de SMI 2. El conocimiento de la apuntalamiento del mecanismo de reacción permite que el uso de este reactivo a ser adaptado por los químicos sintéticos como por las necesidades de su reacción. Este único reductor homogénea de electrones es fácil de manejar y se pueden adquirir de fuentes comerciales. Mientras que el protocolo anterior es directa cuando se realiza bajo condiciones inertes, algunos de los procedimientos de resolución de problemas comunes son: (a) asegurarse de que el THF se desgasificó y se seca adecuadamente, (b) si el metal Sm ha tenido una exposición prolongada al aire que podría tener un oxida la capa exterior, moler el metal con un mortero y pestal para exponer la superficie metálica limpia, (c)llama secar el material de vidrio y enfriar en atmósfera de argón, (d) de argón se prefiere atmósfera inerte en nitrógeno, como la tarde se ha demostrado que interactúan con el metal, (e) La presencia de exceso de Sm-metal ayuda a mantener la concentración de SmI 2, (f) resublime los cristales de yodo.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nombre del reactivo </td><td> Empresa </td><td> Número de catálogo </td><td> Comentarios (opcional) </td></tr><tr><td> Samario metálico </td><td> Acros </td><td> 29478-0100 </td><td> Malla -40, 99,9% (base metales) </td></tr><tr><td> THF </td><td> OmniSolv </td><td> TX0282-1 </td><td> Purificada a través de sistema de purificación de Tecnologías Innovadoras solvente. Alternativamente, puede ser desgasificado mediante libre-bomba-descongelación </td></tr><tr><td> Yodo </td><td> Alfa Aesar </td><td> 41955-22 </td><td> Cristales resublimado, el 99,8% </td></tr><tr><td> Iodododecane </td><td> Acros </td><td> 25009-0250 </td><td> 98% </td></tr><tr><td> 3-pentanona </td><td> Alfa Aesar </td><td> AAA15297-AE </td><td> 99% </td></tr><tr><td> HMPA </td><td> Alderich </td><td> H11602 </td><td> 98%; Destilar de CaO en atmósfera de argón </td></tr><tr><td> Nii 2 </td><td> Alfa Aesar </td><td> 22893 </td><td> 99,5% (base de metales) </td></tr></tbody></table>

preparation and use of samarium diiodide (smi2) in organic synthesis: the mechanistic role of hmpa and ni(ii) salts in the samarium barbier reaction

Aunque al principio se considera un reactivo esotérico, SMI 2 se ha convertido en una herramienta común para los químicos orgánicos sintéticos. SmI 2 se genera a través de la adición de yodo molecular al samario metal en THF. 1,2-3 Se trata de un único electrón reductor suave y selectivo y su versatilidad es consecuencia de la capacidad de iniciar una amplia gama de reducciones incluyendo enlace CC- y formando cascada o reacciones secuenciales. SmI 2 puede reducir una variedad de grupos funcionales incluyendo sulfóxidos y sulfonas, óxidos de fosfina, epóxidos, haluros de alquilo y arilo, carbonilos, y dobles enlaces conjugados. 2-12 Una de las características interesantes de SMI-2-reacciones mediadas es la capacidad manipular el resultado de las reacciones mediante el uso selectivo de los codisolventes o aditivos. En la mayoría de casos, los aditivos son esenciales en el control de la tasa de reducción y las reacciones de quimio-o estereoselectividad de. 13-14 Aditivos commonly utilizado para ajustar la reactividad de SMI 2 pueden clasificarse en tres grupos principales: (1) bases de Lewis (HMPA, otros ligandos donadores de electrones, éteres quelantes, etc), (2) fuentes de protones (alcoholes, agua, etc ), y (3) los aditivos inorgánicos (Ni (acac) 2, FeCl 3, etc). 3 La comprensión del mecanismo de SMI 2 reacciones y el papel de los aditivos permite la utilización de todo el potencial del reactivo en síntesis orgánica. La reacción Sm-Barbier es elegido para ilustrar la importancia sintético y función mecánica de dos aditivos comunes: HMPA y Ni (II) en esta reacción. La reacción Sm-Barbier es similar a la tradicional reacción de Grignard con la única diferencia de que el alquilo haluro de carbonilo, y Sm reductor se mezclan simultáneamente en un solo recipiente. 1,15 ejemplos de reacciones mediadas por Barbier Sm con una variedad de asociados de acoplamiento se ha informado, 1,3,7,10,12 y han sido utilized en pasos clave de la síntesis de grandes productos naturales. 16,17 Estudios anteriores sobre el efecto de los aditivos en el SMI 2 reacciones han demostrado que HMPA aumenta el potencial de reducción de SmI 2 coordinando, en el centro de samario metal, produciendo una más potente, 13-14,18 estéricamente gravado reductor 19-21 y en algunos casos juegan un papel integral en puestos de transferencia de electrones que faciliten pasos subsiguientes forman el enlace de eventos. 22 En la reacción de Sm-Barbier, HMPA se ha demostrado que activar adicionalmente el haluro de alquilo mediante la formación de un complejo en una etapa de pre-equilibrio. 23 Ni (II) son las sales de un aditivo catalítico utilizado frecuentemente en Sm mediadas transformaciones. Aunque crítico para el éxito 24-27, la función mecánica de Ni (II) no era conocido en estas reacciones. Recientemente se ha demostrado que reduce SmI 2 Ni (II) a Ni (0), y la reacción se lleva a cabo a través de organometallic Ni (0) química 28. Estos estudios mecanísticos destacar que aunque el producto Barbier se obtiene la misma, el uso de aditivos diferentes en el SMI 2 reacción altera drásticamente el mecanismo de la ruta de la reacción. El protocolo para el funcionamiento de estos SmI 2-iniciados reacciones se describe.

La Figura 1 ilustra la reacción de Barbier samario. Sin aditivos de la reacción Sm mediada toma 72 hr; dando 69% del producto deseado con los restantes son materiales de partida. Con la adición de 10 o más equiv. de HMPA la reacción es casi cuantitativa y completa en unos pocos minutos. 15,23 Con la adición de 1 mol% de Ni (acac) 2, la reacción se completa en 15 min, con un rendimiento de 97%. 28 Cuando se añade HMPA a SMI 2, los desplaza cosolventes El THF coordinado para formar SmI 2 - (HMPA) 4. Con la adición de incluso más HMPA (6-10 equiv.), Los iones de yoduro son desplazados a la esfera exterior (Figura 2). 19-21 Estudios mecanísticos indican que cuando HMPA se utiliza en la reacción de Sm-Barbier el codisolvente también interactúa con el haluro de alquilo sustrato formando un complejo que alarga el enlace carbono-haluro, la activación de la species haciéndola más susceptible a la reducción por Sm (Figura 3). A través de esta comprensión detallada de las funciones de HMPA, un mecanismo para la reacción de Barbier con Sm-HMPA fue propuesto (Figura 4). 23 El haluro de alquilo-HMPA complejo formado en una etapa de pre-equilibrio se reduce por Sm / HMPA para formar el radical en el paso determinante de la velocidad. El radical se somete a reducción adicional para formar una especie organosamarium que se acopla con el carbonilo y sobre los rendimientos de la protonación del producto final. En el caso de Ni (II) aditivo, SmI 2 reduce inicialmente Ni (II) a Ni (0) preferentemente con respecto a la reducción de cualquiera de los sustratos. Basado en los estudios cinéticos y mecanísticos el mecanismo se propuso el siguiente (Figura 5). 28 después de la reducción por SMI 2, el NI soluble (0) insertos especies en el enlace haluro de alquilo formando una especie organonickel. Impulsada por la naturaleza altamente oxófilo de Sm (III)<html> , Transmetalación para formar un intermedio organosamarium comunicados de Ni (II) de nuevo en el ciclo catalítico. El organosamarium entonces pareja con el carbonilo, y sobre la protonación forma el alcohol terciaria deseada. También se observó que el Ni (0) nanopartículas se forman a través de Sm-mediada por la reducción de Ni (II), sin embargo estas partículas resultaron ser inactivo y la fuente de la desactivación del catalizador. <img alt="Figura 1" fo:content-width="4in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/4323/4323fig1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/4323/4323fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. Samario Barbier reacción con iodododecane y 3-pentanona. <img alt="Figura 2" fo:content-width="4in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/4323/4323fig2highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/4323/4323fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2. SmI 2-HMPA complejo. ontenido &quot;fo: keep-together.within-page =&quot; always &quot;&gt; <img alt="Figura 3" fo:content-width="3.5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/4323/4323fig3highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/4323/4323fig3.jpg" /> Figura 3. HMPA y complejo yoduro de alquilo. <img alt="Figura 4" fo:content-width="4.5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/4323/4323fig4highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/4323/4323fig4.jpg" /> Figura 4. Mecanismo propuesto para la reacción de Barbier samario con HMPA exceso. <img alt="Figura 5" fo:content-width="4in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/4323/4323fig5highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/4323/4323fig5.jpg" /> Figura 5. Mecanismo propuesto para la reacción samario Barbier catalítico que contiene Ni (II).

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Use of Samarium Diiodide SmI2 in Organic Synthesis: The Mechanistic Role of HMPA and NiII Salts in the Samarium Barbier Reaction at JoVE.com

Preparation and Use of Samarium Diiodide SmI2 in Organic Synthesis: The Mechanistic Role of HMPA and NiII Salts in the Samarium Barbier Reaction

Un procedimiento sencillo para la preparación de samario diyoduro (SMI<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;) En THF se describe. El papel de los dos aditivos principales, a saber hexametilfosforamida (HMPA) y Ni (acac)<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; Sm en reacciones mediadas se demuestra en la reacción de Sm-Barbier.

Preparación y uso de samario diyoduro (SMI<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;) En Síntesis Orgánica: La función mecánica de HMPA y sales de Ni (II) en la reacción de samario Barbier

Although initially considered an esoteric reagent, SmI2 has become a common tool for synthetic organic chemists. SmI2 is generated through the addition of ...

preparation-use-samarium-diiodide-smi2-organic-synthesis-mechanistic

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Preparation and Use of Samarium Diiodide (SmI2) in Organic Synthesis: The Mechanistic Role of HMPA and Ni(II) Salts in the Samarium Barbier Reaction

32.9K vistas.  Lehigh University. Un procedimiento sencillo para la preparación de samario diyoduro (SMI 2) En THF se describe. El papel de los dos aditivos principales, a saber hexametilfosforamida (HMPA) y Ni (acac) 2 Sm en reacciones mediadas se demuestra en la reacción de Sm-Barbier.

Video: Preparation and Use of Samarium Diiodide SmI2 in Organic Synthesis: The Mechanistic Role of HMPA and NiII Salts in the Samarium Barbier Reaction

Compact Quantum Dots for Single-molecule Imaging

Single-molecule imaging is an important tool for understanding the mechanisms of biomolecular function and for visualizing the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of molecular behaviors that underlie cellular biology 1-4. To image an individual molecule of interest, it is typically conjugated to a fluorescent tag (dye, protein, bead, or quantum dot) and observed with epifluorescence or total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. While dyes and fluorescent proteins have been the mainstay of fluorescence imaging for decades, their fluorescence is unstable under high photon fluxes necessary to observe individual molecules, yielding only a few seconds of observation before complete loss of signal. Latex beads and dye-labeled beads provide improved signal stability but at the expense of drastically larger hydrodynamic size, which can deleteriously alter the diffusion and behavior of the molecule under study.
Quantum dots (QDs) offer a balance between these two problematic regimes. These nanoparticles are composed of semiconductor materials and can be engineered with a hydrodynamically compact size with exceptional resistance to photodegradation 5. Thus in recent years QDs have been instrumental in enabling long-term observation of complex macromolecular behavior on the single molecule level. However these particles have still been found to exhibit impaired diffusion in crowded molecular environments such as the cellular cytoplasm and the neuronal synaptic cleft, where their sizes are still too large 4,6,7.
Recently we have engineered the cores and surface coatings of QDs for minimized hydrodynamic size, while balancing offsets to colloidal stability, photostability, brightness, and nonspecific binding that have hindered the utility of compact QDs in the past 8,9. The goal of this article is to demonstrate the synthesis, modification, and characterization of these optimized nanocrystals, composed of an alloyed HgxCd1-xSe core coated with an insulating CdyZn1-yS shell, further coated with a multidentate polymer ligand modified with short polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains (Figure 1). Compared with conventional CdSe nanocrystals, HgxCd1-xSe alloys offer greater quantum yields of fluorescence, fluorescence at red and near-infrared wavelengths for enhanced signal-to-noise in cells, and excitation at non-cytotoxic visible wavelengths. Multidentate polymer coatings bind to the nanocrystal surface in a closed and flat conformation to minimize hydrodynamic size, and PEG neutralizes the surface charge to minimize nonspecific binding to cells and biomolecules. The end result is a brightly fluorescent nanocrystal with emission between 550-800 nm and a total hydrodynamic size near 12 nm. This is in the same size range as many soluble globular proteins in cells, and substantially smaller than conventional PEGylated QDs (25-35 nm).

We describe the preparation of colloidal quantum dots with minimized hydrodynamic size for single-molecule fluorescence imaging. Compared to conventional quantum dots, these nanoparticles are similar in size to globular proteins and are optimized for single-molecule brightness, stability against photodegradation, and resistance to nonspecific binding to proteins and cells.

Compact Puntos Cuánticos for Imaging sola molécula

Single-molecule imaging is an important tool for  understanding the mechanisms of biomolecular function and for visualizing the  spatial and temporal ...

Investigación

Ingeniería

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Metal-organic frameworks have attracted extraordinary amounts of research attention, as they are attractive candidates for numerous industrial and technological applications. Their signature property is their ultrahigh porosity, which however imparts a series of challenges when it comes to both constructing them and working with them. Securing desired MOF chemical and physical functionality by linker/node assembly into a highly porous framework of choice can pose difficulties, as less porous and more thermodynamically stable congeners (e.g., other crystalline polymorphs, catenated analogues) are often preferentially obtained by conventional synthesis methods. Once the desired product is obtained, its characterization often requires specialized techniques that address complications potentially arising from, for example, guest-molecule loss or preferential orientation of microcrystallites. Finally, accessing the large voids inside the MOFs for use in applications that involve gases can be problematic, as frameworks may be subject to collapse during removal of solvent molecules (remnants of solvothermal synthesis). In this paper, we describe synthesis and characterization methods routinely utilized in our lab either to solve or circumvent these issues. The methods include solvent-assisted linker exchange, powder X-ray diffraction in capillaries, and materials activation (cavity evacuation) by supercritical CO2 drying. Finally, we provide a protocol for determining a suitable pressure region for applying the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis to nitrogen isotherms, so as to estimate surface area of MOFs with good accuracy.

Synthesis, activation, and characterization of intentionally designed metal-organic framework materials is challenging, especially when building blocks are incompatible or unwanted polymorphs are thermodynamically favored over desired forms. We describe how applications of solvent-assisted linker exchange, powder X-ray diffraction in capillaries and activation via supercritical CO2 drying, can address some of these challenges.

Marcos de síntesis y caracterización de funcionalizado metal-orgánico

Metal-organic frameworks have attracted extraordinary amounts of research attention, as they are attractive candidates for numerous industrial and ...

Química

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization

We demonstrate a method for high-throughput catalyst screening using a parallel pressure reactor starting from the initial synthesis of a nickel &#945;-diimine ethylene polymerization catalyst. Initial polymerizations with the catalyst lead to optimized reaction conditions, including catalyst concentration, ethylene pressure and reaction time. Using gas-uptake data for these reactions, a procedure to calculate the initial rate of propagation (kp) is presented. Using the optimized conditions, the ability of the nickel &#945;-diimine polymerization catalyst to undergo chain transfer with diethylzinc (ZnEt2) during ethylene polymerization was investigated. A procedure to assess the ability of the catalyst to undergo chain transfer (from molecular weight and 13C NMR data), calculate the degree of chain transfer, and calculate chain transfer rates (ke) is presented.

A protocol for the high-throughput analysis of polymerization catalyst, chain transfer polymerizations, polyethylene characterization, and reaction kinetic analysis is presented.

Las polimerizaciones de etileno utilizando reactores de presión paralelas y un análisis cinético de la cadena de transferencia de polimerización

We demonstrate a method for high-throughput catalyst screening using a parallel pressure reactor starting from the initial synthesis of a nickel ...

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Detailed and generalized protocols are presented for the synthesis and subsequent purification of four palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes from benzimidazolium salts. Detailed and generalized protocols are also presented for testing the catalytic activity of such complexes in arylation and Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. Representative results are shown for the catalytic activity of the four complexes in arylation and Suzuki-Miyaura type reactions. For each of the reactions investigated, at least one of the four complexes successfully catalyzed the reaction, qualifying them as promising candidates for catalysis of many carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions. The protocols presented are general enough to be adapted for the synthesis, purification and catalytic activity testing of new palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes.

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Detailed and generalized protocols are presented for the synthesis and subsequent purification of four palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes from benzimidazolium salts. The complexes were tested for catalytic activity in arylation and Suzuki-Miyaura reactions. For each reaction investigated, at least one of the four complexes successfully catalyzed the reaction.

Paladio<em&gt; N</em&gt; -Heterocíclicos de los complejos de carburo: Síntesis a partir de sales de benzimidazolio y actividad catalítica en las reacciones de formación de enlaces carbono-carbono

Detailed and generalized protocols are presented for the synthesis and subsequent purification of four palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes from ...

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)

We present herein the optimized synthesis of a triphosphenium bromide salt. Apart from being a versatile metathesis reagent, this unusually stable low-valent-phosphorus-containing compound acts as a useful P+ transfer agent. Unlike traditional methods employed to access low-coordinate phosphorus species which usually require pyrophoric phosphorus-containing precursors (white phosphorus, Tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine, etc.), or harsh reducing agents (alkali metals, potassium graphite, etc.), the current approach does not involve pyrophoric or explosive reagents and can be done on large scales (&#62;20 g) in excellent yields by undergraduates with basic air-free synthetic training. The bromide counter ion is readily exchanged with other anions such as tetraphenyl borate (described herein) using typical salt metathesis reagents to obtain materials with desired properties and reactivities. The versatility of this P+ transfer approach is exemplified by the reactions of these triphosphenium precursors with an N-heterocyclic carbene and an anionic bisphosphine, each of which readily displace the neutral bisphosphine to give an NHC-stabilized phosphorus(I) cation and a phosphorus(I) containing zwitterion, respectively.

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI

The synthesis of a triphosphenium bromide salt is described and its use as a P+ transfer agent is outlined by reactions with an N-heterocyclic carbene and an anionic bisphosphine, yielding an NHC-stabilized P(I) cation and a P(I) containing zwitterion, respectively.

Preparación y reactividad de un Triphosphenium Bromuro de sal: una fuente conveniente y estable de fósforo (I)

We present herein the optimized synthesis of a triphosphenium bromide salt. Apart from being a versatile metathesis reagent, this unusually stable ...

Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene

A reliable, intermediate scale preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadiene (Cp*H) is presented, based on modifications of existing protocols that derive from initial 2-bromo-2-butene lithiation followed by acid mediated dienol cyclization. The revised synthesis and purification of the ligand avoids the use of mechanical stirring while still permitting access to significant quantities (39 g) of Cp*H in good yield (58%). The procedure offers other additional benefits, including a more controlled quench of excess lithium during the production of the intermediate heptadienols and a simplified isolation of Cp*H of sufficient purity for metallation with transition metals. The ligand was subsequently used to synthesize [Cp*MCl2]2 complexes of both iridium and ruthenium to demonstrate the utility of the Cp*H prepared and purified by our method. The procedure outlined herein affords substantial quantities of a ubiquitous ancillary ligand support used in organometallic chemistry while minimizing the need for specialized laboratory equipment, thus providing a simpler and more accessible entry point into the chemistry of 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadiene.

Reliable, intermediate scale preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadiene (Cp*H) is presented. The revised protocol for the synthesis and purification of the ligand minimizes the need for specialized laboratory equipment while simplifying reaction workups and product purification. Use of Cp*H in the synthesis of [Cp*MCl2]2 complexes (M = Ru, Ir) is also described.

El acceso a valiosa ligando Soportes para metales de transición: Una modificación, escala intermedia Preparación de 1,2,3,4,5-pentametilciclopentadieno

A reliable, intermediate scale preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadiene (Cp*H) is presented, based on modifications of existing protocols that ...

Synthesis of High Purity Nonsymmetric Dialkylphosphinic Acid Extractants

We present the synthesis of (2,3-dimethylbutyl)(2,4,4&#39;-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid as an example to demonstrate a method for the synthesis of high purity nonsymmetric dialkylphosphinic acid extractants. Low toxic sodium hypophosphite was chosen as the phosphorus source to react with olefin A (2,3-dimethyl-1-butene) to generate a monoalkylphosphinic acid intermediate. Amantadine was adopted to remove the dialkylphosphinic acid byproduct, as only the monoalkylphosphinic acid can react with amantadine to form an amantadine&#8729;mono-alkylphosphinic acid salt, while the dialkylphosphinic acid cannot react with amantadine due to its large steric hindrance. The purified monoalkylphosphinic acid was then reacted with olefin B (diisobutylene) to yield nonsymmetric dialkylphosphinic acid (NSDAPA). The unreacted monoalkylphosphinic acid can be easily removed by a simple base-acid post-treatment and other organic impurities can be separated out through the precipitation of the cobalt salt. The structure of the (2,3-dimethylbutyl)(2,4,4&#39;-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid was confirmed by 31P NMR, 1H NMR, ESI-MS, and FT-IR. The purity was determined by a potentiometric titration method, and the results indicate that the purity can exceed 96%.

A protocol for the synthesis of high purity nonsymmetric dialkylphosphinic acid extractants is presented, taking (2,3-dimethylbutyl)(2,4,4&#39;-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid as an example.

Síntesis de solventes de extracción de alta pureza el ácido de Dialkylphosphinic

We present the synthesis of (2,3-dimethylbutyl)(2,4,4&#39;-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid as an example to demonstrate a method for the synthesis of high ...

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes

Here, we describe an effective protocol that combines photoredox Ni/Ir catalysis with the use of a Zn-alkoxide for efficient ring-opening polymerization, allowing for the synthesis of isotactic poly(&#945;-hydroxy acids) with expected molecular weights (&#62;140 kDa) and narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn &#60; 1.1). This ring-opening polymerization is mediated by Ni and Zn complexes in the presence of an alcohol initiator and a photoredox Ir catalyst, irradiated by a blue LED (400 - 500 nm). The polymerization is performed at a low temperature (-15 &#176;C) to avoid undesired side reactions. The complete monomer consumption can be achieved within 4 - 8 hours, providing a polymer close to the expected molecular weight with narrow molecular weight distribution. The resulted number-average molecular weight shows a linear correlation with the degree of polymerization up to 1000. The homodecoupling 1H NMR study confirms that the obtained polymer is isotactic without epimerization. This polymerization reported herein offers a strategy for achieving rapid, controlled O-carboxyanhydrides polymerization to prepare stereoregular poly(&#945;-hydroxy acids) and its copolymers bearing various functional side-chain groups.

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes

A protocol for the controlled photoredox ring-opening polymerization of O-carboxyanhydrides mediated by Ni/Zn complexes is presented.

Controla la polimerización de apertura de Photoredox de O- Carboxyanhydrides mediada por complejos de Ni/Zn

Here, we describe an effective protocol that combines photoredox Ni/Ir catalysis with the use of a Zn-alkoxide for efficient ring-opening polymerization, ...

Chemoselective Preparation of 1-Iodoalkynes, 1,2-Diiodoalkenes, and 1,1,2-Triiodoalkenes Based on the Oxidative Iodination of Terminal Alkynes

We present the chemoselective synthesis of 1-(iodoethynyl)-4-methylbenzene, 1-(1,2-diiodovinyl)-4-methylbenzene, and 1-methyl-4-(1,2,2-triiodovinyl)benzene as representative examples for the practical chemoselective preparation of 1-iodoalkynes, 1,2-diiodoalkenes, and 1,1,2-triiodoalkenes from the chemoselective iodination of terminal alkynes mediated by hypervalent-iodine reagents. The chemoselectivity was confirmed by using p-tolylethyne as a model substrate to screen a variety of iodine sources and/or the hypervalent-iodine reagents. A combination of tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) and (diacetoxyiodo)benzene (PIDA) selectively generates 1-iodoalkynes, while a combination of KI and PIDA generates 1,2-diiodoalkenes. A one-pot synthesis based on both TBAI-PIDA and KI-PIDA yields the corresponding 1,1,2-triiodoalkenes. These protocols were subsequently applied to the synthesis of synthetically important aromatic and aliphatic 1-iodoalkynes, 1,2-diiodoalkenes, and 1,1,2-triiodoalkenes, which were obtained in good yield with excellent chemoselectivity.

Herein, detailed protocols for the oxidative iodination of terminal alkynes using hypervalent-iodine reagents are presented, which chemoselectively afford 1-iodoalkynes, 1,2-diiodoalkenes, and 1,1,2-triiodoalkenes.

Preparación estereoselectiva de 1 Iodoalkynes, 1, 2-Diiodoalkenes y 1.1.2-Triiodoalkenes basado en la yodación oxidativa de alquinos terminales

We present the chemoselective synthesis of 1-(iodoethynyl)-4-methylbenzene, 1-(1,2-diiodovinyl)-4-methylbenzene, and ...

Imine Metathesis by Silica-Supported Catalysts Using the Methodology of Surface Organometallic Chemistry

With this protocol, a well-defined singlesite silica-supported heterogeneous catalyst [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] is designed and prepared according to the methodology developed by surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC). In this framework, catalytic cycles can be determined by isolating crucial intermediates. All air-sensitive materials are handled under inert atmosphere (using gloveboxes or a Schlenk line) or high vacuum lines (HVLs, &#60;10-5 mbar). The preparation of SiO2-700 (silica dehydroxylated at 700 &#176;C) and subsequent applications (the grafting of complexes and catalytic runs) requires the use of HVLs and double-Schlenk techniques. Several well-known characterization methods are used, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental microanalysis, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SSNMR), and state-of-the-art dynamic nuclear polarization surface enhanced NMR spectroscopy (DNP-SENS). FTIR and elemental microanalysis permit scientists to establish the grafting and its stoichiometry. 1H and 13C SSNMR allows the structural determination of the hydrocarbon ligands coordination sphere. DNP SENS is an emerging powerful technique in solid characterization for the detection of poorly sensitive nuclei (15N, in our case). SiO2-700 is treated with about one equivalent of the metal precursor compared to the amount of surface silanol (0.30 mmol&#183;g-1) in pentane at room temperature. Then, volatiles are removed, and the powder samples are dried under dynamic high vacuum to afford the desired materials [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(&#951;2&#960;-MeNCH2)(&#951;1-NMe2)(&#951;1-HNMe2)]. After a thermal treatment under high vacuum, the grafted complex is converted into metal imido silica complex [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)]. [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] effectively promotes the metathesis of imines, using the combination of two imine substrates, N-(4-phenylbenzylidene)benzylamine, or N-(4-fluorobenzylidene)-4-fluoroaniline, with N-benzylidenetert-butylamine as substrates. A significantly lower conversion is observed with the blank runs; thus, the presence of the imido group in [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] is correlated to the catalytic performance.

A new group IV metal catalyst for imine metathesis is prepared by grafting amine metal complex onto dehydroxylated silica. Surface metal fragments are characterized using FT-IR, elemental microanalysis, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Further dynamic nuclear polarization surface enhanced NMR spectroscopy experiments complement the determination of the coordination sphere.

Imine Metathesis de Silica-Supported Catalysts Using the Methodology of Surface Organometallic Chemistry

With this protocol, a well-defined singlesite silica-supported heterogeneous catalyst [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] is designed and prepared ...

Preparación y uso de samario diyoduro (SMI

Resumen

Explorar más videos

Capítulos en este video