Los autores desean agradecer a Andrés Salazar (Oncovir, Inc.) por el don de la poli-ICLC.

1. El aislamiento y la criopreservación de PBMC 4 <ol><li> Asépticamente pico de uno de los puertos de acceso en la bolsa de leucaféresis utilizando un conjunto de transferencia de plasma. Usando una jeringa de 60 ml, transferir la aféresis obtenidos de pacientes en un frasco estéril de 500 ml. </li><li> Ajustar el volumen de la leucaféresis a 2x su volumen original utilizando medio RPMI a temperatura ambiente. Mezclar bien. </li><li> Mezcle suavemente la botella de Ficoll-Paque PLUS. Añadir 12 ml de Ficoll-Paque PLUS en el tubo cónico estéril de 50 ml. </li><li> Suavemente capa de 30 ml del producto leucaféresis diluido a cada tubo cónico estéril de 50 ml que contiene Ficoll. Tenga cuidado de no molestar a la interfaz entre el Ficoll y la suspensión celular. </li><li> Repetir los pasos 1.3 y 1.4 hasta que todo el leucaféresis se ha acodado. </li><li> Centrifugar los tubos cónicos de 50 ml a 1000 × g durante 20 min a temperatura ambiente sin freno. </li><li> Cosechar cuidadosamente la capa turbia de PBMC de cada tubo y transfer para nuevos tubos estériles de 50 ml. </li><li> Añadir medio RPMI a cada tubo a un volumen final de 50 ml. Mezclar suavemente por inversión. </li><li> Centrifugar las células a 500 x g durante 10 min a 4 ° C con el freno completo. </li><li> Retirar los sobrenadantes de cada tubo. Resuspender los sedimentos de células de cada tubo y añadir medio RPMI a un volumen final de 50 ml. Mezclar suavemente por inversión. </li><li> Centrifugar las células a 500 x g durante 6 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Retirar los sobrenadantes de cada tubo. Volver a suspender y poner en común las suspensiones de células en un tubo cónico de 50 ml. </li><li> Llevar el volumen de las PBMC agrupados hasta 50 ml con medio RPMI más. Mezclar suavemente por inversión. </li><li> Centrifugar las células a 300 xg durante 6 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Eliminar el sobrenadante. Resuspender el sedimento celular en 50 ml de RPMI. Mezclar con cuidado para asegurarse de suspensión celular uniforme. </li><li> Contar el número de células y determinar la viabilidad celular. Calcular el número total de células viables. </li><li> Centrifugar las células a 300× g durante 6 min a 4 ° C. Preparar los medios de congelación. Medios de congelación se compone de 10% dimetil sulfóxido (DMSO; Miltenyi Biotec) en el suero humano AB (Valle Biomédica). </li><li> Eliminar el sobrenadante. Resuspender las células a una concentración final de 2 x 10 8 células / ml en medio de congelación frío. </li><li> Hacer alícuotas de 1 ml en 1,8 ml crioviales. </li><li> Transfiera los crioviales en el congelador de velocidad controlada y comenzar la carrera de congelación, Programa 1. Al final de la carrera, la transferencia de los crioviales congelados inmediatamente en la fase de vapor del congelador de nitrógeno líquido. </li></ol> 2. Día 0: La diferenciación de las células dendríticas a partir de monocitos <ol><li> Añadir 30 ml de RPMI / 1% de plasma autólogo a un tubo cónico de 50 ml estéril. </li><li> Descongelar las alícuotas de PBMC congelados por agitación suave en el baño de agua a 37 ° C. Cuando completamente descongelado, transferir el contenido de los viales al tubo cónico estéril de 50 ml. Mezclar bien. </li><li> Centrifugar las células durante 6 mina 500 x g a temperatura ambiente. Eliminar el sobrenadante y resuspender las células sedimentadas en un pequeño volumen de RPMI / 1% de plasma autólogo. A continuación, añadir más RPMI / 1% de plasma autólogo a un volumen final de 50 ml. Mezclar bien. </li><li> Centrifugar las células de nuevo durante 6 min a 500 x g a temperatura ambiente. Aspirar el sobrenadante y resuspender el pellet en 50 ml de RPMI / 1% de plasma autólogo. Mezclar bien. </li><li> Contar el número de células y determinar la viabilidad celular. Calcular el número total de células viables. </li><li> Placa de 1,40 x 10 8 células en 40 ml de RPMI / 1% de plasma autólogo a 225 cm 2 EasYFlask. Repita hasta que todas las células se han plateado. </li><li> Incubar las EasyFlasks planas en su lado para 1 - 2 horas a 37 ° C en el incubador de cultivo tisular que contiene 5% de CO 2 para permitir que los monocitos se adhieran al matraz. </li><li> Cuando la incubación se completa, retire el EasYFlask de la incubadora y se lava dos veces para eliminar las células no adherentes USI30 ng ml de medio RPMI precalentado. </li><li> Después del segundo lavado, añadir 40 ml de RPMI / 1% de plasma autólogo con 400-1.000 UI / ml de IL-4 y 100-1.000 UI / ml de GM-CSF 5-8. En este protocolo, estamos usando 400 UI / ml de IL-4 y 100 UI / ml de GM-CSF. </li><li> Incubar las EasyFlasks durante 2 días a 37 ° C en el incubador de cultivo de tejido que contenía 5% de CO 2. </li></ol> 3. Día 2: La alimentación de las células dendríticas con IL-4 y GM-CSF <ol><li> Añadir 4 ml de RPMI / 1% de plasma autólogo con 400-1.000 UI / ml de IL-4 y 100-1.000 UI / ml de GM-CSF a cada EasYFlask. Mezclar por agitación y balanceándose de lado. </li><li> Incubar las EasyFlasks para 3 días más (hasta el día 5) a 37 ° C en el incubador de cultivo de tejido que contenía 5% de CO 2. </li></ol> 4. Día 5: La recolección de las células dendríticas inmaduras <ol><li> Recoger las culturas agitando vigorosamente los frascos y la pipeta hacia arriba y hacia abajo para volver a suspender las células no adherentes y poco adheridos. Transferir elcélulas cosechadas a nuevos tubos cónicos de 50 ml. </li><li> Centrifugar los tubos a 500 xg durante 6 min a temperatura ambiente. Retirar los sobrenadantes y resuspender el sedimento celular en 50 ml de RPMI / 1% de plasma autólogo. Mezclar bien. </li><li> Contar el número de células y determinar la viabilidad celular. Calcular el número total de células viables. </li><li> Centrifugar los tubos a 500 xg durante 6 min a temperatura ambiente. Placa de 1-2 x 10 6 células por pocillo en 3 ml de RPMI / 1% de plasma autólogo con 400 UI / ml de IL-4 y 100 UI / ml de GM-CSF en placas de cultivo tisular de 6 pocillos. </li><li> Incubar las placas a 37 ° C en el incubador de cultivo tisular que contiene 5% de CO 2 durante la noche. </li></ol> 5. Día 6: Maduración y Antigen carga de las células dendríticas <ol><li> Añadir 10 g / ml de KLH a 1/3 de los pocillos en las placas de cultivo de 6 pocillos. Remolino de las placas para mezclar. KLH sólo se añade a 1/3 de los pozos debido a KLH sólo se utiliza para la primera vacuna DC. Tras DC vacunas conTain sólo los péptidos antigénicos tumorales. </li><li> DC puede ser estimulado para madurar el uso de diferentes estímulos. Los estímulos de maduración más comunes que se han utilizado en estudios clínicos ha sido un cóctel de citoquinas (IL-1 β, TNF, e IL-6) y la prostaglandina E2 (PGE2) 9,10. Más recientemente, el uso de agonistas de receptores de tipo Toll (TLR) han ganado popularidad 11,12. En este protocolo, agregue 2 mg / ml poliinosínico-policitidílico Carboximetilcelulosa ácido poli-L-lisina (poli-ICLC) a los pocillos y mezclar bien. Poli-ICLC es la formulación de grado clínico de poli-IC que se estabiliza con poli-L-*-lisina y carboximetilcelulosa (fabricado por Oncovir, Inc.). </li><li> Añadir 100 g / ml antígenos peptídicos largos (NY-ESO-1 y / o Melan-A/MART-1) a sus pocillos designados, cada pocillo recibe sólo un único péptido para evitar competencia cruzada 13. </li><li> Incubar las placas a 37 ° C en el incubador de cultivo tisular que contiene 5% de CO &lt;sub&gt; 2 O / N. </li></ol> 6. Día 7: La criopreservación de las células dendríticas <ol><li> Preparar la solución de congelación DC con plasma autólogo y 10% DMSO. Centrifugar la solución de congelación DC en 2000 × g durante 20 min a 4 ° C para eliminar cualquier material particulado. Transferir el sobrenadante a un nuevo marcado con 15 ml de tubo cónico. Almacenar a 4 ° C hasta su uso. </li><li> Cuando se termina la incubación durante la noche, la cosecha y la piscina todos los pocillos que contienen los DC pulsados ​​con los péptidos en tubos cónicos de 50 ml. </li><li> Centrifugar los tubos a 500 g durante 6 min. Eliminar el sobrenadante. Resuspender el sedimento de células en 5 ml de RPMI / 1% de plasma autólogo. Llevar el volumen total hasta 50 ml con RPMI / 1% de plasma autólogo. Mezclar bien. </li><li> Contar el número de células y determinar la viabilidad celular. Calcular el número total de células viables. </li><li> Centrifugar los tubos a 500 xg durante 6 min a temperatura ambiente. Eliminar el sobrenadante y resuspender cada pellet en 5 ml steriLe NaCl al 0,9%, USP y transferencia a nuevos tubos cónicos de 15 ml. Llevar a cada suspensión de células a 14 ml con más estéril de NaCl al 0,9%, USP. Tapar y mezclar por inversión. </li><li> Repita el paso anterior dos veces. Después de la última centrifugación, eliminar los sobrenadantes, conseguir lo más cerca posible a los gránulos de las células sin molestar a los gránulos. </li><li> Resuspender los sedimentos celulares en DC Solución congelación a 4 - 20 x 10 6 células / ml y la alícuota de 1 ml a cada uno 1,8 ml frasco CRIOTUBO. </li><li> Utilice el congelador de velocidad controlada, Programa 1, para congelar por las partes alícuotas de las vacunas de DC y transferir inmediatamente en la fase de vapor de un congelador de nitrógeno líquido para almacenamiento a largo plazo. </li></ol> 7. Pruebas de liberación de lotes <ol><li> Cada lote de vacuna contra la DC debe ser evaluado y cumple con los criterios específicos de liberación de lotes (Tabla 1), antes de ser declarada apta para la inyección en los pacientes en el estudio, por lo general de 5 a 6 semanas después de la preparación de la vacuna. </li><li> Viabilidad:Evaluar la viabilidad de la vacuna DC a través de un contador de células automatizado. La especificación mínima viabilidad aceptable es&gt; 70%. </li><li> Identidad: Evaluar la identidad de la DC maduras (CD11c + CD14-CD83 +) por citometría de flujo. El porcentaje de células CD11c + debe ser&gt; 50%. El porcentaje de células CD11c + y CD14 + debería ser &lt;30% y el porcentaje de CD11c +, CD14-, CD83 + y células deben ser&gt; 50%. </li><li> Esterilidad: Prueba de la vacuna contra la DC para detectar la presencia de bacterias y hongos anaeróbicos y aeróbicos por cultivo directo y tinción de Gram. Evaluar la presencia de micoplasma utilizando un sistema de cultivo directo y ADN fluorocromo ensayo de tinción con la línea celular indicadora. Para estas pruebas, el conjunto de especificación mínima es que no se observa crecimiento de todas las culturas. </li><li> La endotoxina: Evaluar el contenido de endotoxina utilizando el ensayo cromogénico LAL cinético-Kinetic QCL y debe ser &lt;50 EU / ml para satisfacer los criterios mínimos. </li><li&gt; Función: Evaluar la función DC en una reacción mixta de linfocitos mediante la incubación con las células T alogénicas. Se ha informado de la presencia de la proliferación en comparación a los DC no estimuladas (Figura 3). </li></ol>

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Los autores han recibido apoyo financiero de las siguientes opciones: NIH (AI061684, AI071078, AI044628 y AI084578 K08 (Miller)), la Fundación Bill y Melinda Gates, la Fundación Doris Duke Charitable, Instituto de Investigación del Cáncer, la Alianza para la Investigación de Lupus y la Esmeralda Fundación. Nina Bhardwaj es un co-inventor de patentes relacionadas con la preparación y el uso de células dendríticas para manipular la inmunidad. Los autores no tienen otras relaciones relevantes o de activos financieros con ninguna organización o entidad que tenga un interés financiero en o conflicto financiero con el tema o materiales discutidos en el manuscrito, aparte de los descritos.

Fase I y II de los ensayos clínicos de los DC derivadas de monocitos he demostrado que inducen la respuesta inmune en los pacientes sin embargo el éxito clínico ha sido limitado 1. Esto puede deberse en parte a la falta de consenso sobre la forma de generar los países en desarrollo óptimos para el uso de inmunoterapia tumoral. Aunque hay numerosas maneras de generar los DC de grado clínico, estos métodos varían en términos de la utilización de citoquinas usados ​​para diferenciar los monocitos, ...

<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td fo:width="2in">Reagent/Supplies/Equipment</td>
 <td>Manufacturer</td>
 <td>Catalog No.</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>RPMI-1640 medium with L-glutamine</td>
 <td>BioWhittaker</td>
 <td>12-702F</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1M HEPES buffered saline</td>
 <td>BioWhittaker</td>
 <td>17-737E</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
 <td>BioWhittaker</td>
 <td>17-516F</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Human albumin, 25% solution USP</td>
 <td>Aventis Behring</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ficoll-Hypaque PREMIUM</td>
 <td>GE Healthcare</td>
 <td>17-5442-03</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Human AB serum</td>
 <td>Valley Biomedical</td>
 <td>HP1022</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sterile saline USP</td>
 <td>Hospira</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>CryoMACS DMSO </td>
 <td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
 <td>170-076-303</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Leukine GM-CSF, 0.5 mg/ml</td>
 <td>Berlex</td>
 <td>A02266</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MACS GMP IL-4</td>
 <td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
 <td>170-076-101</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Hiltonol, Poly-ICLC, 2 mg/ml</td>
 <td>Oncovir</td>
 <td>NA</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>VACMUNE KLH</td>
 <td>Biosyn</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>225 sq cm EasyFlasks</td>
 <td>Nalgene Nunc</td>
 <td>159934</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Falcon 6-well tissue culture plates</td>
 <td>Becton Dickinson</td>
 <td>353046</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1.8 ml CryoTube vials</td>
 <td>Nalgene Nunc</td>
 <td>377267</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Controlled Rate Freezer</td>
 <td>Thermo</td>
 <td>CryoMed</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

preparation of tumor antigen-loaded mature dendritic cells for immunotherapy

Mientras que los estudios clínicos han establecido que las vacunas de DC cargadas con antígeno son seguros y prometedora terapia para los tumores 1, su eficacia clínica queda por establecer. El método descrito a continuación, preparado de conformidad con las Buenas Proceso de Fabricación (GMP) directrices, es una optimización del procedimiento de preparación ex vivo más común para la generación de un gran número de países en desarrollo para los estudios clínicos 2. Nuestro método utiliza el TLR 3 agonista sintético poliinosínico-policitidílico Carboximetilcelulosa-ácido poli-L-lisina (poli-ICLC) para estimular los países en desarrollo. Nuestro estudio anterior estableció que poli-ICLC es el más potente estímulo de maduración individual para países en desarrollo humano según lo evaluado por una regulación positiva de CD83 y CD86, la inducción de la interleucina-12 (IL-12), factor de necrosis tumoral (TNF), interferón gamma inducida proteína 10 (IP-10), interleukmin 1 (IL-1), y los interferones tipo I (IFN), y la interleucina mínima 10 (IL-10) de producción. </p&gt; Países en desarrollo se diferencian a partir de células mononucleares de sangre periférica (PBMCs congeladas) obtenidos por leucoféresis. PBMC se aíslan mediante centrifugación en gradiente de Ficoll y se congelaron en alícuotas. En el Día 1, las PBMC se descongelan y se sembraron en matraces de cultivo tisular para seleccionar para los monocitos que se adhieren a la superficie de plástico después de 1-2 horas de incubación a 37 ° C en el incubador de cultivo de tejido. Después de la incubación, los linfocitos se eliminan mediante lavado y los monocitos adherentes se cultivaron durante 5 días en presencia de interleucina-4 (IL-4) y el factor estimulante de colonias de granulocitos macrófagos (GM-CSF) para diferenciar a los DC inmaduras. En el día 6, las DC inmaduras son pulsadas con la proteína hemocianina de lapa californiana (KLH), que sirve como control para la calidad de la vacuna y puede aumentar la inmunogenicidad de la vacuna 3. Los países en desarrollo son estimulados a madurar, cargados de antígenos de péptido, y se incubaron durante la noche. En el día 7, las células se lavaron, y se congelaron en alícuotas de 1 ml que contienen4-20 x 10 6 células usando un congelador de velocidad controlada. Pruebas de liberación del lote para los lotes de centros de datos se lleva a cabo y debe cumplir con las especificaciones mínimas antes de ser inyectadas en pacientes.

Entre el 10 - 20% de PBMCs de partida se diferencian en países en desarrollo al final del periodo de cultivo. DC maduras son CD11c +, CD14-, CD83 +, CD40 +, y CCR7 + (Figura 1). Ellos expresan altos niveles de MHC de clase I y II y las moléculas de moléculas coestimuladoras CD80 y CD86. Poli-ICLC también indujo niveles más bajos de PDL-1 en comparación con otros agonistas de TLR 14. Además, estos poli-IC-DCs maduradas segregan grandes cantidades de IL-12 (Figura 2 y <s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Tumor Antigen-loaded Mature Dendritic Cells for Immunotherapy at JoVE.com

Preparation of Tumor Antigen-loaded Mature Dendritic Cells for Immunotherapy

El método más comúnmente utilizado para la generación de un gran número de células dendríticas autólogas (DC) para su uso en inmunoterapia tumoral se describe. El método utiliza la IL-4 y GM-CSF para diferenciar países en desarrollo a partir de monocitos. Las CD inmaduras son estimuladas para maduro y luego se cargan con antígenos antes de que se inyectan de nuevo en el paciente.

Preparación de las células dendríticas maduras cargadas con antígeno del tumor para inmunoterapia

While clinical studies have established that antigen-loaded DC vaccines are safe and promising therapy for tumors 1, their clinical efficacy remains to be ...

preparation-tumor-antigen-loaded-mature-dendritic-cells-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

18.1K vistas.  NYU Langone Medical Center. El método más comúnmente utilizado para la generación de un gran número de células dendríticas autólogas (DC) para su uso en inmunoterapia tumoral se describe. El método utiliza la IL-4 y GM-CSF para diferenciar países en desarrollo a partir de monocitos. Las CD inmaduras son estimuladas para maduro y luego se cargan con antígenos antes de que se inyectan de nuevo en el paciente.

Video: Preparation of Tumor Antigen-loaded Mature Dendritic Cells for Immunotherapy

Murine Model of CD40-activation of B cells

Research on B cells has shown that CD40 activation improves their antigen presentation capacity. When stimulated with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand (CD40L), human B cells can be expanded without difficulties from small amounts of peripheral blood within 14 days to very large amounts of highly-pure CD40-B cells (&gt;109 cells per patient) from healthy donors as well as cancer patients1-4. CD40-B cells express important lymph node homing molecules and can attract T cells in vitro5. Furthermore they efficiently take up, process and present antigens to T cells6,7. CD40-B cells were shown to not only prime na&iacute;ve, but also expand memory T cells8,9. Therefore CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B cells) have been studied as an alternative source of immuno-stimulatory antigen-presenting cells (APC) for cell-based immunotherapy1,5,10. In order to further study whether CD40-B cells induce effective T cell responses in vivo and to study the underlying mechanism we established a cell culture system for the generation of murine CD40-activated B cells. Using splenocytes or purified B cells from C57BL/6 mice for CD40-activation, optimal conditions were identified as follows: Starting from splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice (haplotype H-2b) lymphocytes are purified by density gradient centrifugation and co-cultured with HeLa cells expressing recombinant murine CD40 ligand (tmuCD40L HeLa)11. Cells are recultured every 3-4 days and key components such as CD40L, interleukin-4, -Mercaptoethanol and cyclosporin A are replenished. In this protocol we demonstrate how to obtain fully activated murine CD40-B cells (mCD40B) with similar APC-phenotype to human CD40-B cells (Fig 1a,b). CD40-stimulation leads to a rapid outgrowth and expansion of highly pure (&gt;90%) CD19+ B cells within 14 days of cell culture (Fig 1c,d). To avoid contamination with non-transfected cells, expression of the murine CD40 ligand on the transfectants has to be controlled regularly (Fig 2). Murine CD40-activated B cells can be used to study B-cell activation and differentiation as well as to investigate their potential to function as APC in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, they represent a promising tool for establishing therapeutic or preventive vaccination against tumors and will help to answer questions regarding safety and immunogenicity of this approach12.

In this video, we demonstrate the procedure of CD40-activation and expansion of murine B cells from splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice, which can be used as a model antigen-presenting cell (APC) to study induction of immunity.

Modelo murino de CD40-activación de las células B

Research on B cells has shown that CD40 activation improves their antigen presentation capacity. When stimulated with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand ...

Investigación

Inmunología e Infección

Optimized Protocol for Efficient Transfection of Dendritic Cells without Cell Maturation

Dendritic cells (DCs) can be considered sentinels of the immune system which play a critical role in its initiation and response to infection1. Detection of pathogenic antigen by na&iuml;ve DCs is through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which are able to recognize specific conserved structures referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS). Detection of PAMPs by DCs triggers an intracellular signaling cascade resulting in their activation and transformation to mature DCs. This process is typically characterized by production of type 1 interferon along with other proinflammatory cytokines, upregulation of cell surface markers such as MHCII and CD86 and migration of the mature DC to draining lymph nodes, where interaction with T cells initiates the adaptive immune response2,3. Thus, DCs link the innate and adaptive immune systems. 
The ability to dissect the molecular networks underlying DC response to various pathogens is crucial to a better understanding of the regulation of these signaling pathways and their induced genes. It should also help facilitate the development of DC-based vaccines against infectious diseases and tumors. However, this line of research has been severely impeded by the difficulty of transfecting primary DCs4.
Virus transduction methods, such as the lentiviral system, are typically used, but carry many limitations such as complexity and bio-hazardous risk (with the associated costs)5,6,7,8. Additionally, the delivery of viral gene products increases the immunogenicity of those transduced DCs9,10,11,12. Electroporation has been used with mixed results13,14,15, but we are the first to report the use of a high-throughput transfection protocol and conclusively demonstrate its utility.
In this report we summarize an optimized commercial protocol for high-throughput transfection of human primary DCs, with limited cell toxicity and an absence of DC maturation16. Transfection efficiency (of GFP plasmid) and cell viability were more than 50% and 70% respectively. FACS analysis established the absence of increase in expression of the maturation markers CD86 and MHCII in transfected cells, while qRT-PCR demonstrated no upregulation of IFN&beta;. Using this electroporation protocol, we provide evidence for successful transfection of DCs with siRNA and effective knock down of targeted gene RIG-I, a key viral recognition receptor16,17, at both the mRNA and protein levels.

We present our optimized high-throughput nucleofection protocol as an efficient way of transfecting primary human monocyte-derived dendritic cells with either plasmid DNA or siRNA without causing cell maturation. We further provide evidence for successful siRNA silencing of targeted gene RIG-I at both the mRNA and protein levels.

Protocolo optimizado para la transfección eficiente de células dendríticas, sin maduración de las células

Dendritic cells (DCs) can be considered sentinels of the immune system which play a critical role in its initiation and response to infection1. Detection ...

Isolation of Mouse Lung Dendritic Cells

Lung dendritic cells (DC) play a fundamental role in sensing invading pathogens 1,2 as well as in the control of tolerogenic responses 3 in the respiratory tract. At least three main subsets of lung dendritic cells have been described in mice: conventional DC (cDC) 4, plasmacytoid DC (pDC) 5 and the IFN-producing killer DC (IKDC) 6,7. The cDC subset is the most prominent DC subset in the lung 8. 
The common marker known to identify DC subsets is CD11c, a type I transmembrane integrin (&beta;2) that is also expressed on monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and some B cells 9. In some tissues, using CD11c as a marker to identify mouse DC is valid, as in spleen, where most CD11c+ cells represent the cDC subset which expresses high levels of the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II). However, the lung is a more heterogeneous tissue where beside DC subsets, there is a high percentage of a distinct cell population that expresses high levels of CD11c bout low levels of MHC-II. Based on its characterization and mostly on its expression of F4&#47;80, an splenic macrophage marker, the CD11chiMHC-IIlo lung cell population has been identified as pulmonary macrophages 10 and more recently, as a potential DC precursor 11. 
In contrast to mouse pDC, the study of the specific role of cDC in the pulmonary immune response has been limited due to the lack of a specific marker that could help in the isolation of these cells. Therefore, in this work, we describe a procedure to isolate highly purified mouse lung cDC. The isolation of pulmonary DC subsets represents a very useful tool to gain insights into the function of these cells in response to respiratory pathogens as well as environmental factors that can trigger the host immune response in the lung.

A highly purified preparation of mouse lung dendritic cells is described. Specific emphasis is given to the isolation of conventional dendritic cell subset.

Aislamiento de células dendríticas del pulmón de ratón

Lung dendritic cells (DC) play a fundamental role in sensing invading pathogens 1,2 as well as in the control of tolerogenic responses 3 in the ...

Isolation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Epithelial Cells from Human Thymus

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen presenting cell (APC) types found in a normal thymus and it is well established that they play distinct roles during thymic selection. These cells are localized in distinct microenvironments in the thymus and each APC type makes up only a minor population of cells. To further understand the biology of these cell types, characterization of these cell populations is highly desirable but due to their low frequency, isolation of any of these cell types requires an efficient and reproducible procedure. This protocol details a method to obtain cells suitable for characterization of diverse cellular properties. Thymic tissue is mechanically disrupted and after different steps of enzymatic digestion, the resulting cell suspension is enriched using a Percoll density centrifugation step. For isolation of myeloid DC (CD11c+), cells from the low-density fraction (LDF) are immunoselected by magnetic cell sorting. Enrichment of TEC populations (mTEC, cTEC) is achieved by depletion of hematopoietic (CD45hi) cells from the low-density Percoll cell fraction allowing their subsequent isolation via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) using specific cell markers. The isolated cells can be used for different downstream applications.

This protocol details a method to isolate antigen presenting cells from human thymus via different steps of enzymatic digestion of the tissue followed by density centrifugation of the single cell suspension and finally magnetic and/or FACS sorting of the cell populations of interest.

Aislamiento de células dendríticas mieloides y células epiteliales de timo humano

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen ...

Generation of CAR T Cells for Adoptive Therapy in the Context of Glioblastoma Standard of Care

Adoptive T cell immunotherapy offers a promising strategy for specifically targeting and eliminating malignant gliomas. T cells can be engineered ex vivo to express chimeric antigen receptors specific for glioma antigens (CAR T cells). The expansion and function of adoptively transferred CAR T cells can be potentiated by the lymphodepletive and tumoricidal effects of standard of care chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We describe a method for generating CAR T cells targeting EGFRvIII, a glioma-specific antigen, and evaluating their efficacy when combined with a murine model of glioblastoma standard of care. T cells are engineered by transduction with a retroviral vector containing the anti-EGFRvIII CAR gene. Tumor-bearing animals are subjected to host conditioning by a course of temozolomide and whole brain irradiation at dose regimens designed to model clinical standard of care. CAR T cells are then delivered intravenously to primed hosts. This method can be used to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of CAR T cells in the context of standard of care.

The lymphodepletive and immunomodulatory effects of chemotherapy and radiation standard of care can be leveraged to enhance the antitumor efficacy of T cell immunotherapy. We outline a method for generating EGFRvIII-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and administering them in the context of glioblastoma standard of care.

Generación de células T CAR para realizar la terapia adoptiva en el contexto de Glioblastoma estándar de cuidado

Adoptive T cell immunotherapy offers a promising strategy for specifically targeting and eliminating malignant gliomas. T cells can be engineered ex vivo ...

Generation of Immature, Mature and Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells with Differing Metabolic Phenotypes

Immune response results from a complex interplay between the antigen non-specific innate immune system and the antigen specific adaptive immune system. The immune system is a constant balance in maintaining tolerance to self-molecules and reacting rapidly to pathogens. Dendritic cells (DCs) are powerful professional antigen presenting cells that link the innate immune system to the adaptive immune system and balance the adaptive response between self and non-self. Depending on the maturation signals, immature dendritic cells can be selectively stimulated to differentiate into immunogenic or tolerogenic DCs. Immunogenic dendritic cells provide proliferation signals to antigen-specific T cells for clonal expansion; while tolerogenic dendritic cells regulate tolerance by antigen-specific T-cell deletion or clonal expansion of regulatory T-cells. Due to this unique property, dendritic cells are highly sought after as therapeutic agents for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Dendritic cells can be loaded with specific antigens in vitro and injected into the human body to mount a specific immune response both immunogenic and tolerogenic. This work presents a means to generate in vitro from monocytes, immature monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDCs), tolerogenic and mature moDCs that differ in surface marker expression, function and metabolic phenotypes.

Immature dendritic cells can be selectively differentiated into tolerogenic or mature dendritic cells to regulate the balance between immunity and tolerance. This work presents a means to generate from immature monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDCs), in vitro tolerogenic and mature moDCs that differ in metabolic phenotypes.

Generación de inmaduras, maduras y tolerogénico células dendríticas con diferentes fenotipos metabólico

Immune response results from a complex interplay between the antigen non-specific innate immune system and the antigen specific adaptive immune system. ...

A CFSE-based Assay to Study the Migration of Murine Skin Dendritic Cells into Draining Lymph Nodes During Infection with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Gu&#233;rin

Dendritic cells (DCs) are important for initiating immune responses, in part through their ability to acquire and shuttle antigen to the draining lymph node (DLN). The mobilization of DCs to the DLN is complex and remains to be fully elucidated during infection. Herein described is the use of an innovative, simple assay that relies on the fluorochrome 5- and 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) to track the migration of DCs during footpad infection with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Gu&#233;rin (BCG) in C57BL/6 mice. This assay enables the characterization of skin DC sub-populations that actively relocate to the draining, popliteal LN in response to BCG. This protocol originates from a BCG model where migratory skin DCs were identified by flow cytometry. The assay is amiable to the study and identification of DCs or other cells that home to the popliteal LN after inoculation of microbes, their metabolites or other inflammatory stimuli in the footpad, and consequently to study factors that regulate the migration of these cells.

A CFSE-based Assay to Study the Migration of Murine Skin Dendritic Cells into Draining Lymph Nodes During Infection with &lt;em&gt;Mycobacterium bovis&lt;/em&gt; Bacille Calmette-Gu&amp;#233;rin

An assay in mice to track cell migration from skin to draining lymph node is described which enables the characterization of skin Dendritic cells mobilized to the lymph node after footpad infection with Bacille Calmette-Gu&#233;rin.

Un ensayo basado en CFSE para estudiar la migración de la piel murina de células dendríticas en los nodos linfáticos de drenaje durante la infección con<em&gt; Mycobacterium bovis</em&gt; Bacilo de Calmette-Guérin

Dendritic cells (DCs) are important for initiating immune responses, in part through their ability to acquire and shuttle antigen to the draining lymph ...

Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed on their cell surface and thereby activate and regulate immunity. 
The major function of DCs is the induction of adaptive immunity in the lymph nodes by presenting antigens via MHC I and MHC II molecules to na&#239;ve T lymphocytes. Therefore, DCs have to migrate from the periphery to the lymph nodes after the recognition of pathogens at the sites of infection. For in vitro experiments or DC vaccination strategies, monocyte-derived DCs are routinely used. These cells show similarities in physiology, morphology, and function to conventional myeloid dendritic cells. They are generated by interleukin 4 (IL-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulation of monocytes isolated from healthy donors. Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated and stimulated from anti-coagulated human blood after peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) enrichment by density gradient centrifugation. Human monocytes are differentiated into immature DCs and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting after 5 days of incubation.

Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated by magnetic bead separation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells after density gradient centrifugation of human anti-coagulated blood. Following incubation for 5 days, human monocytes are differentiated into immature dendritic cells and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting.

Generación de células dendríticas derivadas de monocitos humanos de sangre entera

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition ...

Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-&#945;

The main aim of this protocol is to describe the development and validation of an interferon (IFN)-&#945; single molecule array digital Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) assay. This system enables the quantification of human IFN-&#945; protein with unprecedented sensitivity, and with no cross-reactivity for other species of IFN.
The first key step of the protocol is the choice of the antibody pair, followed by the conjugation of the capture antibody to paramagnetic beads, and biotinylation of the detection antibody. Following this step, different parameters such as assay configuration, detector antibody concentration, and buffer composition can be modified until optimum sensitivity is achieved. Finally, specificity and reproducibility of the method are assessed to ensure confidence in the results. Here, we developed an IFN-&#945; single molecule array assay with a limit of detection of 0.69 fg/mL using high-affinity autoantibodies isolated from patients with biallelic mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) protein causing autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1/autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APS1/APECED). Importantly, these antibodies enabled detection of all 13 IFN-&#945; subtypes.
This new methodology allows the detection and quantification of IFN-&#945; protein in human biological samples at attomolar concentrations for the first time. Such a tool will be highly useful in monitoring the levels of this cytokine in human health and disease states, most particularly infection, autoimmunity, and autoinflammation.

Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-&amp;#945;

Here we present a protocol to describe the development and validation of a single molecule array digital ELISA assay, which enables the ultra-sensitive detection of all IFN-&#945; subtypes in human samples.

Desarrollo y validación de una sola molécula ultrasensible matriz Digital análisis de enzima-ligado del inmunosorbente para interferón-α humano

The main aim of this protocol is to describe the development and validation of an interferon (IFN)-&#945; single molecule array digital Enzyme-Linked ...

Novel Protocol for Generating Physiologic Immunogenic Dendritic Cells

Extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) is a widely used cancer immunotherapy for cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), operative in over 350 university centers worldwide. While ECP&#8217;s clinical efficacy and exemplary safety profile have driven its widespread use, elucidation of the underlying mechanisms has remained a challenge, partly owing to lack of a laboratory ECP model. To overcome this obstacle and create a simple, user-friendly platform for ECP research, we developed a scaled-down version of the clinical ECP leukocyte-processing device, suitable for work with both mouse models, and small human blood samples. This device is termed the Transimmunization (TI) chamber, or plate. In a series of landmark experiments, the miniaturized device was used to produce a cellular vaccine that regularly initiated therapeutic anti-cancer immunity in several syngeneic mouse tumor models. By removing individual factors from the experimental system and ascertaining their contribution to the in vivo anti-tumor response, we then elucidated key mechanistic drivers of ECP immunizing potential. Collectively, our results revealed that anti-tumor effects of ECP are initiated by dendritic cells (DC), physiologically generated through blood monocyte interaction with platelets in the TI plate, and loaded with antigens from tumor cells whose apoptotic cell death is finely titrated by exposure to the photoactivatable DNA cross-linking agent 8-methoxypsoralen and UVA light (8-MOPA). When returned to the mouse, this cellular vaccine leads to specific and transferable anti-tumor T cell immunity. We verified that the TI chamber is also suitable for human blood processing, producing human DCs fully comparable in activation state and profile to those derived from the clinical ECP chamber. The protocols presented here are intended for ECP studies in mouse and man, controlled generation of apoptotic tumor cells with 8-MOPA, and rapid production of physiologic human and mouse monocyte-derived DCs for a variety of applications.

The transimmunization (TI) device or plate and related protocols have been developed to replicate the key features of extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP), in an experimental setting, allowing for production of physiologically activated, tunable dendritic cells (DCs) for cancer immunotherapy.

Nuevo protocolo para la generación de células dendríticas inmunogénicas fisiológicas

Extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) is a widely used cancer immunotherapy for cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), operative in over 350 university ...