El trabajo del Dr. Carvalho fue apoyado por una beca de investigación de la Oficina de Investigación en Salud de la Mujer y el Instituto Nacional de Salud Infantil y Desarrollo Humano de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud (5K12 HD043452). Angst Dr recibido suministros (On-Q PainBuster Post-Op Sistema de alivio del dolor) y fondos (para los ensayos bioquímicos) de I-Flow (Lake Forest, California).

1. Protocolo de estudio <ul><li> Obtener la aprobación del Comité de Revisión Institucional y el consentimiento informado por escrito. </li><li> Seleccione una población apropiada para la conducta quirúrgica estudio. Esta metodología sólo se ha aplicado a las heridas de parto por cesárea, pero las heridas quirúrgicas más sería apropiado. </li><li> Considerar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión para su participación en el estudio. Los pacientes y los procedimientos con altas tasas de infección de la herida quirúrgica no puede ser apropiado. </li><li> Estandarizar anestesia y postoperatorio de los pacientes para evitar posibles factores de confusión. </li></ul> 2. Colección Bioquímica mediador inflamatorio y nociceptivo <ul><li> Inserte el PainBuster ON-Q con ON-Q SilverSoaker (I-Flow, Lake Forest, CA) en la capa subcutánea justo antes de cierre de la herida (las otras capas de tejido puede ser considerado). El ON-Q Pain PainBuster de alivio del sistema suministra continuamente solución salina normal a una velocidad de 2 ml / h. El vehículo puede ser peineINED o con respecto a los medicamentos de interés, tales como un anestésico local y no esteroides antiinflamatorios. </li><li> Incorporar un estándar de llave de tres vías en este sistema para permitir la aspiración de exudado de la herida en puntos de tiempo especificados. La infusión continua impide que el catéter se coagule y se mejora la fiabilidad del sistema para producir muestras de exudado. Si la aspiración de exudado es difícil (aproximadamente 5% de los casos), considere empujando suavemente encima de la herida, el cambio de la posición del sujeto (por ejemplo, el paciente sentado o acostado ellos plana), utilizando un 0.5-1 ml de solución salina al ras normal o la retirada de la catéter 1-2 cm. </li><li> En los puntos de tiempo especificados por el protocolo (por ejemplo, 1, 4, 6, 24, y 48 horas después del parto por cesárea), aspirar y retirar 1 ml de exudado de la herida. Transferir el exudado en un vaso de polietileno que contiene 30 l de inhibidor de la proteinasa. Hemos utilizado inhibidor de proteinasa Complete (Roche Bioscience, Palo Alto, CA) para nuestros propósitos. </li><li&gt; En los mismos intervalos de tiempo especificados por el protocolo de estudio, recoger 10 ml de sangre. Hemos utilizado un tubo de recogida de sangre que contiene heparina de litio, en nuestra institución se trata de un tubo de vidrio con tapa de color verde. Añadir un adicional de 300 l de inhibidor de proteinasa en las muestras de sangre. </li><li> Dentro de 1 hora de la recogida, poner las muestras en hielo y centrifugar a 3.000 rpm durante 10 min. </li><li> Retire el suero y sobrenadante herida y colocar en un tubo de microcentrífuga estándar y almacenar a -20 ° C. </li></ul> 3. Ensayo de análisis <ul><li> Una vez que todo el exudado estudio y las muestras de suero se recogen y almacenan, descongelar y analizar las muestras al mismo tiempo. </li><li> Hemos medido las citocinas y quimiocinas usando un inmunoensayo múltiplex. El múltiplex inmunoensayo técnica nos permite ensayo de analitos numerosas pequeñas muestras de volumen (50 l). El múltiplex producir resultados comparables con los obtenidos con ELISA. Hemos utilizado el 17-plex Bio-PlexTM sistema (BioRad, Hercdulos, CA) para nuestro análisis. Este ensayo es capaz de medir el factor de necrosis tumoral α (TNF), interferón α (INFα), interleucina 1β (IL-1β), interleucina 2 (IL-2), interleucina 4 (IL-4), interleucina 5 (IL-5 ), interleucina 6 (IL-6), interleucina 7 (IL-7), interleucina 8 (IL-8), interleucina (IL-10), interleucina 12 (IL-12), interleucina 13 (IL-13), interleucina 17 (IL-17), factor estimulante de colonias de granulocitos (G-CSF), granulocitos y macrófagos, factor estimulante de colonias (GM-CSF), proteína quimiotáctica de monocitos 1 (MCP-1) y la proteína inflamatoria de macrófagos 1 (MIP-1β). Factor de crecimiento nervioso se midió con NGF DY256 anticuerpo mediante la adición a la placa de 17-plex con el kit de amina Bio-Plex acoplamiento. </li><li> Para garantizar el análisis de buena calidad, cada medición debe hacerse por duplicado. Las curvas de calibración para cada analito se generan mediante el uso de analitos de referencia suministrados por el fabricante (en concentraciones de 0,20, 0,78, 3,13, 12,5, 50, 200, 800, 3.200 pg / ml, másun nivel cero para la solución salina normal). Las curvas de calibración se incluyen en cada ejecución y concentraciones de la muestra se calculó con el software de Administrador de Bio-Plex. </li><li> La sustancia P y la prostaglandina E2 se midieron usando kits de ELISA altamente sensibilidad. Hemos utilizado Ensayo Designs, Inc. (Ann Arbor, Michigan) para este análisis. Realizar el análisis por duplicado de acuerdo con las especificaciones del fabricante. </li></ul>

<ol>
	<li>Carvalho, B., Clark, D. J., Angst, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Local+and+Systemic+Release+of+Cytokines,+Nerve+Growth+Factor,+Prostaglandin+E2,+and+Substance+P+in+Incisional+Wounds+and+Serum+Following+Cesarean+Delivery.">Local and Systemic Release of Cytokines, Nerve Growth Factor, Prostaglandin E2, and Substance P in Incisional Wounds and Serum Following Cesarean Delivery.</a> J. Pain. 9, 650-657 (2008).</li><li>Carvalho, B., Clark, D. J., Yeomans, D. C., Angst, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+subcutaneous+instillation+of+bupivacaine+compared+to+saline+reduces+interleukin+10+and+increases+substance+P+in+surgical+wounds+after+cesarean+delivery.">Continuous subcutaneous instillation of bupivacaine compared to saline reduces interleukin 10 and increases substance P in surgical wounds after cesarean delivery.</a> Anesth. Analg. 111, 1452-1459 (2010).</li><li>Verri, W. A., Cunha, T. M., Parada, C. A., Poole, S., Cunha, F. Q., Ferreira, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypernociceptive+role+of+cytokines+and+chemokines:+targets+for+analgesic+drug+development.">Hypernociceptive role of cytokines and chemokines: targets for analgesic drug development.</a> Pharmacol. Ther. 112, 116-138 (2006).</li><li>Watkins, L. R., Maier, S. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immune+regulation+of+central+nervous+system+functions:+from+sickness+responses+to+pathological+pain.">Immune regulation of central nervous system functions: from sickness responses to pathological pain.</a> J. Intern. Med. 257, 139-155 (2005).</li><li>Beilin, B., Bessler, H., Mayburd, E., Smirnov, G., Dekel, A., Yardeni, I., Shavit, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+preemptive+analgesia+on+pain+and+cytokine+production+in+the+postoperative+period.">Effects of preemptive analgesia on pain and cytokine production in the postoperative period.</a> Anesthesiology. 98, 151-155 (2003).</li><li>Wu, C. T., Jao, S. W., Borel, C. O., Yeh, C. C., Li, C. Y., Lu, C. H., Wong, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+epidural+clonidine+on+perioperative+cytokine+response,+postoperative+pain,+and+bowel+function+in+patients+undergoing+colorectal+surgery.">The effect of epidural clonidine on perioperative cytokine response, postoperative pain, and bowel function in patients undergoing colorectal surgery.</a> Anesth. Analg. 99, 502-509 (2004).</li><li>Buvanendran, A., Kroin, J. S., Berger, R. A., Hallab, N. J., Saha, C., Negrescu, C., Moric, M., Caicedo, M. S., Tuman, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Upregulation+of+prostaglandin+E2+and+interleukins+in+the+central+nervous+system+and+peripheral+tissue+during+and+after+surgery+in+humans.">Upregulation of prostaglandin E2 and interleukins in the central nervous system and peripheral tissue during and after surgery in humans.</a> Anesthesiology. 104, 403-410 (2006).</li><li>Kristiansson, M., Soop, M., Sundqvist, K. G., Soop, A., Suontaka, A. M., Blomback, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Local+vs.+systemic+immune+and+haemostatic+response+to+hip+arthroplasty.">Local vs. systemic immune and haemostatic response to hip arthroplasty.</a> Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. 15, 260-270 (1998).</li><li>Liu, S. S., Richman, J. M., Thirlby, R. C., Wu, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+continuous+wound+catheters+delivering+local+anesthetic+for+postoperative+analgesia:+a+quantitative+and+qualitative+systematic+review+of+randomized+controlled+trials.">Efficacy of continuous wound catheters delivering local anesthetic for postoperative analgesia: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials.</a> J. Am. Coll. Surg. 203, 914-932 (2006).</li><li>Eriksson, A. S., Sinclair, R., Cassuto, J., Thomsen, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+lidocaine+on+leukocyte+function+in+the+surgical+wound.">Influence of lidocaine on leukocyte function in the surgical wound.</a> Anesthesiology. 77, 74-78 (1992).</li><li>Clark, J. D., Shi, X., Li, X., Qiao, Y., Liang, D., Angst, M. S., Yeomans, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphine+reduces+local+cytokine+expression+and+neutrophil+infiltration+after+incision.">Morphine reduces local cytokine expression and neutrophil infiltration after incision.</a> Mol. Pain. 3, 28 (2007).</li><li>Webb, S. T., Ghosh, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-articular+bupivacaine:+potentially+chondrotoxic.">Intra-articular bupivacaine: potentially chondrotoxic.</a> Br. J. Anaesth. 102, 439-441 (2009).</li><li>Scott, N. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wound+infiltration+for+surgery.">Wound infiltration for surgery.</a> Anaesthesia. 65, 67 (2010).</li></ol>

No hay conflictos de interés declarado.

Esta metodología esbozada se ha encontrado para ser lo suficientemente sensible como para detectar bioquímicas mediadores inflamatorios y nociceptivos en el exudado de la herida. El muestreo en diferentes puntos de tiempo también nos ha permitido observar los cambios de estos mediadores en el tiempo. 1,2 No tenemos conocimiento de ningún otro ensayo humano herida quirúrgica que en serie puede medir el perfil de liberación de mediadores inflamatorios y nociceptivos en exudado de la herida quirúrgica. Lo...

Después de una incisión quirúrgica, residente y migración de las células inflamatorias liberan citoquinas pro-y anti-inflamatoria, prostanoides, neuropéptidos y quimiocinas que son importantes para iniciar y mantener el dolor. 3,4 La posibilidad de recopilar específicas del sitio marcadores bioquímicos es crítico para determinar la relación entre los niveles en suero de la herida quirúrgica y, comprender la compleja relación entre la liberación de mediadores y dolor quirúrgico, y para ser capaz de evaluar el efecto de tanto sistémica como la administración del fármaco periférico en la bioquímica de la herida quirúrgica. Los estudios se han centrado en las mediciones sistémicos de mediadores bioquímicos y no han considerado específica del sitio de liberación. 5,6 mediciones séricos de citocinas y quimiocinas no puede ser el reflejo de los eventos locales de heridas quirúrgicas y bioquímicos sólo indican una respuesta sistémica global a la lesión quirúrgica. Este artículo proporciona una descripción visual detallada y única de esta metodología que fue first referencia en 2008 en el Journal of Pain. 1 El objetivo de este artículo JoVE es proporcionar una descripción única y mejorada visualmente de los métodos.

collecting and measuring wound exudate biochemical mediators in surgical wounds

Se describe un método por el que somos capaces de recoger y medir bioquímicos mediadores inflamatorios y nociceptivos en el sitio de la herida quirúrgica. Recopilación de sitios específicos marcadores bioquímicos es importante entender la relación entre los niveles en suero y herida quirúrgica, determinar las posibles asociaciones entre la liberación de mediadores, dolor, uso de analgésicos y otros resultados de interés, y evaluar el efecto de la administración sistémica de fármacos y periférico en la herida quirúrgica bioquímica. Esta metodología se ha aplicado a las mujeres sanas sometidas a cesárea electiva con anestesia espinal. Hemos medido exudado de la herida y mediadores de suero en los intervalos de tiempo que las puntuaciones de dolor del paciente y el consumo de analgésicos por hasta 48 horas post-parto por cesárea. Usando esta metodología hemos sido capaces de detectar diferentes mediadores bioquímicos, incluyendo el factor de crecimiento nervioso (NGF), la prostaglandina E2 (PG-E2) sustancia P, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8,IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, TNFa, INFγ, G-CSF, GM-CSF, MCP-1 y MIP-1β. Los estudios que aplican este bioensayo humana herida quirúrgica no han encontrado correlaciones entre la herida y las concentraciones séricas de citoquinas o su perfil de tiempo de liberación (J Pain 2008;. 9 (7) :650-7) 1 También documentado la utilidad de la técnica de identificar. mediadas por la droga cambios en el contenido herida citoquinas (Anesth Analg 2010; 111:1452-9). 2

Usando esta metodología hemos sido capaces de detectar todos los mediadores bioquímicos descritos anteriormente con la excepción de IL-5 en el exudado de la herida y plasma. 1,2 Algunos citoquinas adicionales no se detectaron en plasma (IL-4, IL-17, TNFa, INFγ , GM-CSF). 1 El curso temporal de citocinas y quimiocinas medidos en los estudios informados fueron consistente, alcanzando una meseta dentro de las primeras horas que se mantuvo durante el período de observación de 24 horas .. 1,2...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds at JoVE.com

Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds

En este artículo se ofrece una descripción detallada y visual de una metodología para la recogida y medición de mediadores bioquímicos inflamatorios y nociceptivos en el sitio de la herida quirúrgica después de un parto por cesárea. Este bioensayo humano se ha utilizado para determinar las correlaciones entre la herida y las concentraciones séricas de citoquinas y fármaco mediada por los cambios en la herida citoquinas, quimioquinas y neuropetides.

Recoger y medir los mediadores bioquímicos exudado de la herida en heridas quirúrgicas

We describe a methodology by which we are able to collect and measure biochemical inflammatory and nociceptive mediators at the surgical wound site. ...

collecting-measuring-wound-exudate-biochemical-mediators-surgical

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

11.9K vistas.  Stanford University School of Medicine. En este artículo se ofrece una descripción detallada y visual de una metodología para la recogida y medición de mediadores bioquímicos inflamatorios y nociceptivos en el sitio de la herida quirúrgica después de un parto por cesárea. Este bioensayo humano se ha utilizado para determinar las correlaciones entre la herida y las concentraciones séricas de citoquinas y fármaco mediada por los cambios en la herida citoquinas, quimioquinas y neuropetides.

Video: Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds

Biochemical Measurement of Neonatal Hypoxia

Neonatal hypoxia ischemia is characterized by inadequate blood perfusion of a tissue or a systemic lack of oxygen. This condition is thought to cause/exacerbate well documented neonatal disorders including neurological impairment 1-3. Decreased adenosine triphosphate production occurs due to a lack of oxidative phosphorylation. To compensate for this energy deprived state molecules containing high energy phosphate bonds are degraded 2. This leads to increased levels of adenosine which is subsequently degraded to inosine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and finally to uric acid. The final two steps in this degradation process are performed by xanthine oxidoreductase. This enzyme exists in the form of xanthine dehydrogenase under normoxic conditions but is converted to xanthine oxidase (XO) under hypoxia-reperfusion circumstances 4, 5. Unlike xanthine dehydrogenase, XO generates hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct of purine degradation 4, 6. This hydrogen peroxide in combination with other reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during hypoxia, oxidizes uric acid to form allantoin and reacts with lipid membranes to generate malondialdehyde (MDA) 7-9. Most mammals, humans exempted, possess the enzyme uricase, which converts uric acid to allantoin. In humans, however, allantoin can only be formed by ROS-mediated oxidation of uric acid. Because of this, allantoin is considered to be a marker of oxidative stress in humans, but not in the mammals that have uricase.
We describe methods employing high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) to measure biochemical markers of neonatal hypoxia ischemia. Human blood is used for most tests. Animal blood may also be used while recognizing the potential for uricase-generated allantoin. Purine metabolites were linked to hypoxia as early as 1963 and the reliability of hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid as biochemical indicators of neonatal hypoxia was validated by several investigators 10-13. The HPLC method used for the quantification of purine compounds is fast, reliable, and reproducible. The GC/MS method used for the quantification of allantoin, a relatively new marker of oxidative stress, was adapted from Gruber et al 7. This method avoids certain artifacts and requires low volumes of sample. Methods used for synthesis of MMDA were described elsewhere 14, 15. GC/MS based quantification of MDA was adapted from Paroni et al. and Cighetti et al. 16, 17. Xanthine oxidase activity was measured by HPLC by quantifying the conversion of pterin to isoxanthopterin 18. This approach proved to be sufficiently sensitive and reproducible.

A method is described to measure biochemical markers of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. The approach utilizes high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS).

La medición bioquímica de la hipoxia neonatal

Neonatal hypoxia ischemia is characterized by inadequate blood perfusion of a tissue or a systemic lack of oxygen. This condition is thought to ...

Investigación

Medicina

Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers

Salivary measures have emerged in bio-behavioral research that are easy-to-collect, minimally invasive, and relatively inexpensive biologic markers of stress. This article we present the steps for collection and analysis of two salivary assays in research with frail, community residing older adults-salivary cortisol and salivary alpha amylase. The field of salivary bioscience is rapidly advancing and the purpose of this presentation is to provide an update on the developments for investigators interested in integrating these measures into research on aging. Strategies are presented for instructing family caregivers in collecting saliva in the home, and for conducting laboratory analyses of salivary analytes that have demonstrated feasibility, high compliance, and yield quality specimens. The protocol for sample collection includes: (1) consistent use of collection materials; (2) standardized methods that promote adherence and minimize subject burden; and (3) procedures for controlling certain confounding agents. We also provide strategies for laboratory analyses include: (1) saliva handling and processing; (2) salivary cortisol and salivary alpha amylase assay procedures; and (3) analytic considerations.

We demonstrate: (1) procedures for collection of salivary samples in cognitive impaired older adults by family caregivers in the home setting, (2) procedures for measuring stress activity via salivary cortisol and alpha amylase, and (3) representative profiles. Protocols that allow researchers to study stress-linked processes advance our understanding of biological sensitivity and susceptibility.

Recopilación de la saliva y la medición de cortisol salival y alfa-amilasa en Frail comunitarios residentes adultos mayores a través de Cuidadores de Familia

Salivary measures have emerged in bio-behavioral research  that are easy-to-collect, minimally invasive, and relatively inexpensive  biologic markers of ...

In utero Measurement of Heart Rate in Mouse by Noninvasive M-mode Echocardiography

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most frequent noninfectious cause of death at birth. The incidence of CHD ranges from 4 to 50/1,000 births (Disease and injury regional estimates, World Health Organization, 2004). Surgeries that often compromise the quality of life are required to correct heart defects, reminding us of the importance of finding the causes of CHD. Mutant mouse models and live imaging technology have become essential tools to study the etiology of this disease. Although advanced methods allow live imaging of abnormal hearts in embryos, the physiological and hemodynamic states of the latter are often compromised due to surgical and/or lengthy procedures. Noninvasive ultrasound imaging, however, can be used without surgically exposing the embryos, thereby maintaining their physiology. Herein, we use simple M-mode ultrasound to assess heart rates of embryos at E18.5 in utero. The detection of abnormal heart rates is indeed a good indicator of dysfunction of the heart and thus constitutes a first step in the identification of developmental defects that may lead to heart failure.

In utero Measurement of Heart Rate in Mouse by Noninvasive M-mode Echocardiography

Ultra-high frequency ultrasound is a powerful live imaging tool to examine cardiac abnormalities in small animals. Its noninvasiveness allows maintaining the physiologic state of embryos. Herein, we show the use of M-mode ultrasound to measure the heart rates of embryos at E18.5 in utero.

En el útero de medición de la frecuencia cardíaca en el ratón por no invasiva Ecocardiografía en modo M

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most frequent noninfectious cause of death at birth. The incidence of CHD ranges from 4 to 50/1,000 births (Disease ...

Demonstration of the Rat Ischemic Skin Wound Model

The propensity for chronic wounds in humans increases with ageing, disease conditions such as diabetes and impaired cardiovascular function, and unrelieved pressure due to immobility. Animal models have been developed that attempt to mimic these conditions for the purpose of furthering our understanding of the complexity of chronic wounds. The model described herein is a rat ischemic skin flap model that permits a prolonged reduction of blood flow resulting in wounds that become ischemic and resemble a chronic wound phenotype (reduced vascularization, increased inflammation and delayed wound closure). It consists of a bipedicled dorsal flap with 2 ischemic wounds placed centrally and 2 non-ischemic wounds lateral to the flap as controls. A novel addition to this ischemic skin flap model is the placement of a silicone sheet beneath the flap that functions as a barrier and a splint to prevent revascularization and reduce contraction as the wounds heal. Despite the debate of using rats for wound healing studies due to their quite distinct anatomic and physiologic differences compared to humans (i.e., the presence of a panniculus carnosus muscle, short life-span, increased number of hair follicles, and their ability to heal infected wounds) the modifications employed in this model make it a valuable alternative to previously developed ischemic skin flap models.

The rat, due to its size, availability, and rather docile behavior, has been utilized as a research model for many years. The goal of this protocol is to utilize the rat as an ischemic skin wound healing model to provide valuable insight into the pathophysiology of chronic wounds.

Demostración de la rata isquémica de la piel herida Modelo

The propensity for chronic wounds in humans increases with ageing, disease conditions such as diabetes and impaired cardiovascular function, and ...

Using In Vitro Live-cell Imaging to Explore Chemotherapeutics Delivered by Lipid-based Nanoparticles

Conventional imaging techniques can provide detailed information about cellular processes. However, this information is based on static images in an otherwise dynamic system, and successive phases are easily overlooked or misinterpreted. Live-cell imaging and time-lapse microscopy, in which living cells can be followed for hours or even days in a more or less continuous fashion, are therefore very informative. The protocol described here allows for the investigation of the fate of chemotherapeutic nanoparticles after the delivery of doxorubicin (dox) in living cells. Dox is an intercalating agent that must be released from its nanocarrier to become biologically active. In spite of its clinical registration for more than two decades, its uptake, breakdown, and drug release are still not fully understood. This article explores the hypothesis that lipid-based nanoparticles are taken up by the tumor cells and are slowly degraded. Released dox is then translocated to the nucleus. To prevent fixation artifacts, live-cell imaging and time-lapse microscopy, described in this experimental procedure, can be applied.

Using In Vitro Live-cell Imaging to Explore Chemotherapeutics Delivered by Lipid-based Nanoparticles

Live-cell imaging is a powerful tool to visualize dynamic processes. The examination of fixed cells provides only static pictures, which can lead to misinterpretation and confusion about the process. This work presents a method to study uptake, drug release, and intracellular localization of liposomal nanoparticles in living cells.

Usando In Vitro células vivas imágenes para explorar quimioterápicos entregado por nanopartículas basadas en lípidos

Conventional imaging techniques can provide detailed information about cellular processes. However, this information is based on static images in an ...

Collecting Hair Samples for Hair Cortisol Analysis in African Americans

The hormone cortisol is typically assessed in saliva, serum, or urine samples. More recently, cortisol has been successfully extracted from hair, including humans. The advantage of hair cortisol concentration is that it reflects a retrospective representation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function over time, much like hemoglobin A1C represents glycemic control. However, obtaining hair samples can be challenging, due to the cultural beliefs and hair care practices of minority participants. For example, African Americans may be reluctant to provide samples. Additionally, few researchers are trained to collect hair samples from African Americans. The purpose of this paper is to present a culturally informed protocol to help researchers obtain hair samples from African Americans. To illustrate the representative results of this protocol implementation, de-identified data from African Americans that participated in a community-based study on chronic stress are provided. Hair practice preferences are assessed. The participants are made comfortable by showing pictures of hair samples prior to cutting their hair. The single strain twist and gently pull method is used to collect approximately 30 - 50 strands of hair from the posterior vertex region of the scalp. This protocol will significantly improve collection of hair samples from African Americans.

Hair cortisol concentration analysis provides an alternative to traditional measures of cortisol; however, to collect hair samples from African Americans, scientists need to be culturally informed and competent. The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate a culturally informed technique to collect hair samples for cortisol analysis from African Americans.

Recoger muestras de pelo para cabello análisis de Cortisol en americanos africanos

The hormone cortisol is typically assessed in saliva, serum, or urine samples. More recently, cortisol has been successfully extracted from hair, ...

Protocol to Create Chronic Wounds in Diabetic Mice

Chronic wounds develop as a result of defective regulation in one or more complex cellular and molecular processes involved in proper healing. They impact ~6.5M people and cost ~$40B/year in the US alone. Although a significant effort has been invested in understanding how chronic wounds develop in humans, fundamental questions remain unanswered. Recently, we developed a novel mouse model for diabetic chronic wounds that have many characteristics of human chronic wounds. Using db/db-/- mice, we can generate chronic wounds by inducing high levels of oxidative stress (OS) in the wound tissue immediately after wounding, using a one-time treatment with inhibitors specific to the antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase. These wounds have high levels of OS, develop biofilm naturally, become fully chronic within 20 days after treatment and can remain open more for more than 60 days. This novel model has many features of diabetic chronic wounds in humans and therefore can contribute significantly to advancing fundamental understanding of how wounds become chronic. This is a major breakthrough because chronic wounds in humans cause significant pain and distress to patients and result in amputation if unresolved. Moreover, these wounds are very expensive and time-consuming to treat, and lead to significant loss of personal income to patients. Advancements in this field of study through the use of our chronic wound model can significantly improve health care for millions who suffer under this debilitating condition. In this protocol, we describe in great detail the procedure to cause acute wounds to become chronic, which has not been done before.

Chronic wounds are developed from acute wounds on a diabetic mouse model by inducing high levels of oxidative stress after a full-thickness cutaneous wound. The wound is treated with inhibitors for catalase and glutathione peroxidase, resulting in impaired healing and biofilm development by bacteria present in the skin microbiome.

Protocolo para crear heridas crónicas en ratones diabéticos

Chronic wounds develop as a result of defective regulation in one or more complex cellular and molecular processes involved in proper healing. They impact ...

Corneal Epithelial Abrasion with Ocular Burr As a Model for Cornea Wound Healing

The murine cornea provides an excellent model to study wound healing. The cornea is the outermost layer of the eye, and thus is the first defense to injury. In fact, the most common type of eye injury found in clinic is a corneal abrasion. Here, we utilize an ocular burr to induce an abrasion resulting in removal of the corneal epithelium in vivo on anesthetized mice. This method allows for targeted and reproducible epithelial disruption, leaving other areas intact. In addition, we describe the visualization of the abraded epithelium with fluorescein staining and provide concrete advice on how to visualize the abraded cornea. Then, we follow the timeline of wound healing 0, 18, and 72 h after abrasion, until the wound is re-epithelialized. The epithelial abrasion model of corneal injury is ideal for studies on epithelial cell proliferation, migration and re-epithelialization of the corneal layers. However, this method is not optimal to study stromal activation during wound healing, because the ocular burr does not penetrate to the stromal cell layers. This method is also suitable for clinical applications, for example, pre-clinical test of drug effectiveness.

This protocol describes a method to inflict an abrasion to the ocular surface of the mouse, and to follow the wound healing process thereafter. The protocol takes advantage of an ocular burr to partially remove the surface epithelium of the eye in anaesthetized mice.

Cicatrización de heridas de abrasión epitelial corneal con rebabas Ocular como un modelo de córnea

The murine cornea provides an excellent model to study wound healing. The cornea is the outermost layer of the eye, and thus is the first defense to ...

Targeting Gray Rami Communicantes in Selective Chemical Lumbar Sympathectomy

Chemical lumbar sympathectomy (CLS) is a commonly used, minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of conditions including ischemic diseases of the lower extremities, hyperhidrosis, etc. It is commonly practiced to position the puncture needle tip in front of the anterior fascia of the psoas major muscle and inject the inactivating agent around the sympathetic trunk, which is defined as conventional CLS. Although relatively rare, ureteropelvic damage is the most frequently reported complication of conventional CLS and can cause serious harm to patients. We found that injecting the inactivating agent behind the anterior fascia, which only targets gray rami communicantes, helped achieve therapeutic efficacy in&#160;vasodilation, sweat reduction, and pain relief comparable to conventional CLS, and serious complications were largely reduced. We define this procedure as selective CLS. Here, we present a protocol of selective CLS. The precise needle tract and accurate evaluation of the spreading of the contrast agent are critical to ensure that the drug is injected behind the anterior fascia of the psoas major muscle. The needle tip is at approximately one-third the dividing line of the vertebral body in the lateral view of a lumbar X-ray. The contrast is mainly confined around the needle tip and spreads outward and downward along the psoas muscle fibers. In this way, the anterior fascia provides a natural barrier for the ureteropelvic area, and the psoas major muscle provides a natural barrier for the lumbar nerve root. There are several highlights of this article, including 1) a detailed description of the selective CLS procedures, 2) an explanation of the anatomical basis for the implementation of selective CLS, and 3) an explanation of the differences between selective and conventional CLS.

We present a protocol for selective chemical lumbar sympathectomy (CLS), which inactivates only gray rami communicantes and not the sympathetic trunk. Selective CLS can help achieve therapeutic efficacy in vasodilation, sweat reduction, and pain relief that are comparable to conventional CLS, and serious complications, particularly ureteropelvic damages, can be reduced.

Targeting Communicantes grises del Rami en Sympathectomy Lumbar químico selectivo

Chemical lumbar sympathectomy (CLS) is a commonly used, minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of conditions including ischemic diseases of the ...

Application of Lucilia sericata Larvae in Debridement of Pressure Wounds in Outpatient Settings

Biological therapy using Lucilia sericata larvae has numerous advocates worldwide, yet it is still fairly unknown and not commonly applied in daily practice because of the limited awareness and insufficient experience of medical and nursing personnel. There are case reports suggesting that maggot therapy can be applied and supported by lay caregivers, provided they are supervised and informed by physicians/nurses. The foregoing observation suggests that the method should be considered for implementation by a wider group of caregivers if accepted and meticulously supervised by trained and experienced medical staff. The concerns related to the therapeutic use of maggots in certain regions seem understandable, but are not supported by scientific facts. It should be noted that many therapeutic agents (including brood) used in medicine are of natural origin, and are associated with low production costs and high possibilities of implementation in the course of therapy. By analyzing the literature and using our own clinical and research experience, we have come to conclusions related to using larvae therapy, as a quick and safe method providing cleaning and revitalization in the process of treating wounds of various etiologies, especially pressure ulcers. In the current study, medical-grade Lucilia sericata maggots were applied to remove necrotic tissue from deep pressure sores. The treatment is mostly accepted by both caregivers and patients. In most cases, it is conducted by trained and experienced medical personnel in home and outpatient settings. Over the course of the conducted analyzes involving the collected specimens, there were no statistically significant relationships (p&gt; 0.05) confirmed between the wound surface successfully cleared by brood and variables, such as time from wound formation, location, surface size, and the depth of damage to the tissue structure. The lack of statistical dependence may result from the small size of the studied group. Based on the current findings, we have formulated the following conclusions: Maggot Debridement Therapy (MDT) is a fast and effective method enabling the preparation of the wound bed. The use of MDT in outpatient settings is safe and acceptable for patients and their caregivers.

Application of Lucilia sericata Larvae in Debridement of Pressure Wounds in Outpatient Settings

Maggots of Lucilia sericata were used in the debridement of deep pressure sores in outpatient settings for the treatment of pressure sores involving the complete skin thickness. The technique presented in the article does not pose risks for the patient.

Aplicación de larvas de Lucilia sericata en el desbridamiento de heridas por presión en entornos ambulatorios

Biological therapy using Lucilia sericata larvae has numerous advocates worldwide, yet it is still fairly unknown and not commonly applied in daily ...