Este trabajo fue apoyado por el Programa de Jóvenes Investigadores AFOSR bajo FA9550-12-1 hasta 0352 y un Premio Facultad no permanentes 3M. Los autores desean agradecer a Lalisa Stutts y Janine Tom útil para el debate en relación con este proyecto. Los autores agradecen al Centro de Microscopía Calit2 y el Fondo Espectroscopía Láser de la Universidad de California, Irvine para permitir el uso de sus instalaciones. Hodge Harland y la UCI Física Ciencias de máquinas son reconocidos para la fabricación de herramientas. Poli (ácido láctico) fibras de ácido fueron generosamente proporcionadas por Teijin monofilamento.

1. Catalizar Fibras de sacrificio <ol><li> Envolver la cantidad deseada de fibras de ácido poli (láctico) alrededor de la parte inferior de ¾ de husillo personalizado. Reducir la superposición de fibra para proporcionar la máxima área de superficie de exposición. </li><li> Mezclar H2O desionizada con 40 ml de Disperbyk 130 en una botella cerrada y agitar hasta que se obtiene una solución homogénea. A continuación, coloque un vaso de precipitados de 1000 ml en un baño de agua a 37 ° C y se vierte en el vaso de precipitados de trifluoroetanol. La cantidad de H 2 O y TFE utilizar depende del diámetro de las fibras PLA utilizado. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Diámetro de fibra </td><td> Cantidad de H 2 O (ml) </td><td> Cantidad de TFE (ml) </td></tr><tr><td> 200 </td><td> 400 </td><td> 400 </td></tr><tr><td> 300 </td><td> 360 </td><td> 440 </td></tr><tr><td> 500 </td><td> 320 </td><td> 480 </td></tr></tbody></table></li><li> Añadir2 O / H 187 Disperbyk solución al vaso de precipitados y mezclar hasta que sea uniforme. </li><li> Añadir 1 g de verde de malaquita a la mezcla y revuelva hasta que se disuelva. </li><li> Coloque el eje de encargo con fibras en el vaso de precipitados de ½ pulgadas desde la parte inferior y adjuntar el husillo a un mezclador digital. A continuación, iniciar el mezclador digital a 400 rpm. </li><li> Lentamente añadir 1,3 g de estaño (II) de oxalato de catalizador (snox) a la mezcla. La adición de snox debe ser gradual con el fin de evitar que las grandes aglomeraciones de material de estrellarse fuera de la solución. </li><li> Ajustar el pH en la mezcla con NaOH hasta que el pH es de ~ 6.8 a 7.2. </li><li> Asegure una tapa al vaso de precipitados y aumentar la rotación del husillo a 500 rpm durante 24 horas. Si se observa una aglomeración de snox, romper manualmente como máximo durante las primeras 2 horas. </li><li> Retire husillo y seca en el horno a 35 ° C durante la noche. </li><li> Separar y eliminar el exceso de catalizador de las fibras catalizadas PLA. </li></ol> 2. Microvascular Exchan Gasge Fabricación Unidad <ol><li> Obtener un par de corte por láser de metal planchas de bronce de modelado con el patrón microvascular deseada y fijar las placas a los titulares de clip. </li><li> Cortar una longitud de 10 pulgadas de fibra catalizada por microcanales y eliminar cualquier catalizador restante con una placa más gruesa cortada al diámetro de la fibra (placa de tracción). </li><li> Taper los bordes de las fibras mediante el uso de la punta de una pistola de pegamento caliente lentamente a la extrusión de las puntas de las fibras. </li><li> Pase las fibras a través de los agujeros correspondientes en los pares de placas de modelado de bronce. </li><li> Atornille las placas sobre una caja de moldeo. Asegúrese de que las fibras no se tuercen cuando fije las placas. </li><li> Cuerda las puntas de las fibras a través del ajuste las clavijas de la placa de tensión personalizado. </li><li> La tensión de las fibras de PLA hasta tensa. Tenga cuidado de no sobre-tensión y romper las fibras. </li><li> Eliminar el exceso de partículas a partir del patrón de fibra utilizando aire comprimido. </li><li> Mezcla base de polidimetilsiloxano (PDMS) con un agente de curado en 10:01, v: v relación. </li&gt; <li> Desgasifica la mezcla en vacío en un frasco desecador durante 10 min. </li><li> Vierta la mezcla de PDMS en la caja de molde. No vierta directamente sobre las fibras con el fin de reducir el atrapamiento de burbujas de aire. </li><li> Usando una aguja de 26 G, eliminar las burbujas dentro de la caja de moldeo o entre las fibras. </li><li> Curar la mezcla de PDMS a 85 ° C durante 30 min. </li><li> Afloje las planchas de bronce de la caja del molde, teniendo cuidado de no doblar las placas o tire demasiado fuerte. Retire la 1 ª fase curado de la caja de molde. </li><li> Pase las fibras a través de un tapón terminal RTV perforando agujeros en el tapón terminal con una aguja hipodérmica. Dependiendo del tamaño de la fibra, utilizar una aguja de calibre que tiene al menos 2 veces el diámetro interior del diámetro exterior de la fibra. Mantener un patrón similar a la placa del patrón de bronce, pero más ampliamente extendido. </li><li> Fije las tapas finales de los extremos de una caja de molde grande y vierta una 2 ª etapa de PDMS. </li><li> Eliminar las burbujas de gas que quedan ycurado a 85 ° C durante 30 min. </li><li> Corte cualquier exceso de fibras PLA a partir de la muestra y colocar en un horno de vacío a 210 ° C durante 24 horas, o hasta que las fibras PLA han sido en su mayoría evacuados. </li><li> Si cualquier PLA no se puede extraer, disolver suavemente hacia fuera de los microcanales utilizando una inyección de 1 ml de cloroformo. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Bellan, L. M., Singh, S. P., Henderson, P. W., Porri, T. J., Craighead, H. G., Spector, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+an+artificial+3-dimensional+vascular+network+using+sacrificial+sugar+structures.">Fabrication of an artificial 3-dimensional vascular network using sacrificial sugar structures.</a> Soft Matter. 5 (7), 1354 (2009).</li><li>Bellan, L. M., Strychalski, E. A., Craighead, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nano-channels+fabricated+in+polydimethylsiloxane+using+sacrificial+electrospun+polyethylene+oxide+nanofibers.">Nano-channels fabricated in polydimethylsiloxane using sacrificial electrospun polyethylene oxide nanofibers.</a> J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B Microelectron. Nanometer Struct. Process. Meas. Phenom. 26 (5), 1728 (2008).</li><li>Borenstein, J. T., Weinberg, E. J., Orrick, B. K., Sundback, C., Kaazempur-Mofrad, M. R., Vacanti, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfabrication+of+three-dimensional+engineered+Scaffolds.">Microfabrication of three-dimensional engineered Scaffolds.</a> Tissue Eng. 13 (8), 1837-1844 (2007).</li><li>Wu, H., Odom, T. W., Chiu, D. T., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+complex+three-dimensional+microchannel+systems+in+PDMS.">Fabrication of complex three-dimensional microchannel systems in PDMS.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2), 554-559 (2003).</li><li>Trask, R. S., Bond, I. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomimetic+self-healing+of+advanced+composite+structures+using+hollow+glass+fibres.">Biomimetic self-healing of advanced composite structures using hollow glass fibres.</a> Smart Mater. Struct. 15 (3), 704-710 (2006).</li><li>Dong, H., Esser-Kahn, A. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+treatment+of+poly(lactic+acid)+fibers+to+enhance+the+rate+of+thermal+depolymerization.">Chemical treatment of poly(lactic acid) fibers to enhance the rate of thermal depolymerization.</a> ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 4 (2), 503-509 (2012).</li><li>Esser-Kahn, A. P., Thakre, P. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+microvascular+fiber-reinforced+composites.">Three-dimensional microvascular fiber-reinforced composites.</a> Adv. Mater. 23 (32), 3654-3658 (2011).</li><li>White, S. R., Blaiszik, B. J., Kramer, S. L. B., Olugebefola, S. C., Moore, J. S., Sottos, N. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-healing+polymers+and+composites.">Self-healing polymers and composites.</a> Am. Sci. 99 (5), 392 (2011).</li><li>Nguyen, D. T., Leho, Y. T., Esser-Kahn, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+three-dimensional+microvascular+gas+exchange+unit+for+carbon+dioxide+capture.">A three-dimensional microvascular gas exchange unit for carbon dioxide capture.</a> Lab Chip. 12 (7), 1246 (2012).</li><li>Nguyen, D. T., Leho, Y. T., Esser-Kahn, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+membrane+thickness+on+a+microvascular+gas+exchange+unit.">The effect of membrane thickness on a microvascular gas exchange unit.</a> Adv. Funct. Mater. , (2012).</li></ol>

Hemos solicitado una patente provisional en esta und EE.UU. La solicitud de patente provisional de EE.UU. la tecnología de serie N º 61/590, 086.

La introducción del catalizador en el snox fibras de PLA permite que las fibras se despolimerizan a una temperatura inferior. Esto evita la degradación de la resina de la incrustación, en este caso PDMS. Se requiere un husillo de encargo para mezclar adecuadamente la solución de tratamiento (Figura 5A). El husillo se compone de seis barras de soporte que rodean un núcleo central que se conecta a un mezclador digital. Las fibras se envuelven alrededor de las varillas de soporte de modo que el área ...

Los sistemas naturales utilizan redes vasculares extensas para facilitar muchas funciones biológicas. Transporte masivo se puede lograr de manera eficiente en estos sistemas debido a elevada área superficial de relaciones de volumen y estructuras de embalaje optimizado. Mientras que muchas técnicas de fabricación sintéticos pueden producir estructuras microvasculares, ninguno puede producir microvasculatura a gran escala manteniendo al mismo tiempo la complejidad y la compatibilidad con los métodos de fabricación existentes 1-5. Estructuras como los pulmones de las aves constituyen una fuente de inspiración. ¿Cómo elaborar estructuras de esta complejidad para mejorar el transporte de masas? La vaporización de un componente de sacrificio (VASc) puede producir estructuras microvasculares a gran escala, complejos 6-7. Este método utiliza la despolimerización térmica y la eliminación por evaporación de poli (láctico) fibras de ácido para formar canales huecos que son la inversa de la plantilla de la fibra. Esta es una técnica de sacrificio compatibles con la fabricación existentemétodos. Metro de largo patrones de microcanales, cilíndricos se pueden formar usando este proceso de fabricación. Esto puede ser usado para crear dispositivos vascularizados tales como polímeros de autocuración y unidades de captura de carbono microvasculares 3D 7-10. Las unidades de captura de carbono se inspiraron en el pulmón de las aves que proporciona una relación gas-cambio peso-eficiente debido a su uso durante el vuelo. El parabronchus se compone de microcanales hexagonal estampados, que proporciona tipos de cambio más elevados de la gasolina y las unidades de intercambio gaseoso estructuralmente estables. Con el fin de crear unidades de intercambio con características microescala alineados en tres dimensiones, se desarrolló un método de tensado de forma independiente utilizando un tablero de fibras de tensión de diseño personalizado con sintonizadores de la guitarra y las placas por láser micromecanizadas. Cada fibra se mantiene en su lugar por la tensión externa y el patrón está establecido por la colocación de los agujeros en la placa a través del cual las fibras se ejecutan.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tin (II) oxalate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>402761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disperbyk 130</td>
			<td>BYK Additives &#38; Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trifluoroethanol</td>
			<td>Halocarbon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Malachite Green (technical grade)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M6880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide (&#8805;98%, pellets)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5881</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>3097358-1004</td>
			<td>Distributed from Ellsworth Adhesives</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly(lactic) acid fibers</td>
			<td>Teijin Monofilament</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RW 20 Digital Mixer</td>
			<td>IKA</td>
			<td>3593001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desiccator Jar</td>
			<td>Pyrex</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum Oven</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Third Hand</td>
			<td>Jameco Electronics</td>
			<td>26690</td>
			<td>Plate holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glue Gun</td>
			<td>Stanley</td>
			<td>GR20L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PLA Spindle</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tensioning Board</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

process of making three-dimensional microstructures using vaporization of a sacrificial component

Estructuras vasculares en los sistemas naturales son capaces de proporcionar transporte de alta masa a través de las zonas elevadas de la superficie y la estructura optimizada. Pocas técnicas de fabricación de materiales sintéticos son capaces de imitar la complejidad de estas estructuras, mientras que el mantenimiento de escalabilidad. La vaporización de un proceso de componentes de sacrificio (VASc) es capaz de hacerlo. Este proceso utiliza fibras de sacrificio como una plantilla para formar micro-canales cilíndricos huecos, incrustados dentro de una matriz. Estaño (II) oxalato (snox) está incrustado dentro de poli (láctico) fibras de ácido (PLA) que facilita el uso de este proceso. El snox cataliza la despolimerización de las fibras de PLA a temperaturas más bajas. Los monómeros de ácido láctico son gaseosos a estas temperaturas y se pueden eliminar de la matriz incrustada a temperaturas que no dañen la matriz. Aquí se muestra un método para alinear estas fibras utilizando placas micromecanizadas y un dispositivo tensor para crear patrones complejos de tres dimensiones microcanales dispuestos.El proceso permite la exploración de virtualmente cualquier disposición de fibra de topologías y estructuras.

Este procedimiento proporciona un método de fabricación de estructuras microvasculares incrustados dentro de una resina. Estas estructuras pueden ajustarse a una variedad de patrones (Figura 2). La estructura de la red microvascular sólo está limitada por las estructuras que se pueden formar con las fibras de sacrificio. Con una disposición paralela de canales microvasculares, el transporte de gas entre corrientes de fluido se facilita en forma de gases atraviesan una m...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Process of Making Three-dimensional Microstructures using Vaporization of a Sacrificial Component at JoVE.com

Process of Making Three-dimensional Microstructures using Vaporization of a Sacrificial Component

La vaporización de un proceso de componentes de sacrificio (VASc) se utiliza para fabricar estructuras microvasculares. Este procedimiento utiliza fibras de ácido poli (láctico sacrificio) para formar micro-canales huecos con la posición geométrica en 3D precisa proporcionada por láser de placas de guía micromecanizadas.

Proceso de fabricación microestructuras tridimensionales mediante vaporización de un componente de sacrificio

Vascular structures in natural systems are able to provide high mass transport through high surface areas and optimized structure. Few synthetic material ...

process-making-three-dimensional-microstructures-using-vaporization

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

9.0K vistas.  University of California, Irvine.  La vaporización de un proceso de componentes de sacrificio (VASc) se utiliza para fabricar estructuras microvasculares. Este procedimiento utiliza fibras de ácido poli (láctico sacrificio) para formar micro-canales huecos con la posición geométrica en 3D precisa proporcionada por láser de placas de guía micromecanizadas. 

Video: Process of Making Three-dimensional Microstructures using Vaporization of a Sacrificial Component

Fabrication, Densification, and Replica Molding of 3D Carbon Nanotube Microstructures

The introduction of new materials and processes to microfabrication has, in large part, enabled many important advances in microsystems, lab-on-a-chip devices, and their applications. In particular, capabilities for cost-effective fabrication of polymer microstructures were transformed by the advent of soft lithography and other micromolding techniques 1, 2, and this led a revolution in applications of microfabrication to biomedical engineering and biology. Nevertheless, it remains challenging to fabricate microstructures with well-defined nanoscale surface textures, and to fabricate arbitrary 3D shapes at the micro-scale. Robustness of master molds and maintenance of shape integrity is especially important to achieve high fidelity replication of complex structures and preserving their nanoscale surface texture. The combination of hierarchical textures, and heterogeneous shapes, is a profound challenge to existing microfabrication methods that largely rely upon top-down etching using fixed mask templates. On the other hand, the bottom-up synthesis of nanostructures such as nanotubes and nanowires can offer new capabilities to microfabrication, in particular by taking advantage of the collective self-organization of nanostructures, and local control of their growth behavior with respect to microfabricated patterns. 
Our goal is to introduce vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which we refer to as CNT "forests", as a new microfabrication material. We present details of a suite of related methods recently developed by our group: fabrication of CNT forest microstructures by thermal CVD from lithographically patterned catalyst thin films; self-directed elastocapillary densification of CNT microstructures; and replica molding of polymer microstructures using CNT composite master molds. In particular, our work shows that self-directed capillary densification ("capillary forming"), which is performed by condensation of a solvent onto the substrate with CNT microstructures, significantly increases the packing density of CNTs. This process enables directed transformation of vertical CNT microstructures into straight, inclined, and twisted shapes, which have robust mechanical properties exceeding those of typical microfabrication polymers. This in turn enables formation of nanocomposite CNT master molds by capillary-driven infiltration of polymers. The replica structures exhibit the anisotropic nanoscale texture of the aligned CNTs, and can have walls with sub-micron thickness and aspect ratios exceeding 50:1. Integration of CNT microstructures in fabrication offers further opportunity to exploit the electrical and thermal properties of CNTs, and diverse capabilities for chemical and biochemical functionalization 3.

We present methods for fabrication of patterned microstructures of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and their use as master molds for production of polymer microstructures with organized nanoscale surface texture. The CNT forests are densified by condensation of solvent onto the substrate, which significantly increases their packing density and enables self-directed formation of 3D shapes.

Fabricación, densificación, y la réplica de Moldeo por inyección de microestructuras 3D nanotubos de carbono

The introduction of new materials and processes to microfabrication has, in large part, enabled many important advances in microsystems, lab-on-a-chip ...

Investigación

Ingeniería

Synthesis of Phase-shift Nanoemulsions with Narrow Size Distributions for Acoustic Droplet Vaporization and Bubble-enhanced Ultrasound-mediated Ablation

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is used clinically to thermally ablate tumors. To enhance localized heating and improve thermal ablation in tumors, lipid-coated perfluorocarbon droplets have been developed which can be vaporized by HIFU. The vasculature in many tumors is abnormally leaky due to their rapid growth, and nanoparticles are able to penetrate the fenestrations and passively accumulate within tumors. Thus, controlling the size of the droplets can result in better accumulation within tumors. In this report, the preparation of stable droplets in a phase-shift nanoemulsion (PSNE) with a narrow size distribution is described. PSNE were synthesized by sonicating a lipid solution in the presence of liquid perfluorocarbon. A narrow size distribution was obtained by extruding the PSNE multiple times using filters with pore sizes of 100 or 200 nm. The size distribution was measured over a 7-day period using dynamic light scattering. Polyacrylamide hydrogels containing PSNE were prepared for in vitro experiments. PSNE droplets in the hydrogels were vaporized with ultrasound and the resulting bubbles enhanced localized heating. Vaporized PSNE enables more rapid heating and also reduces the ultrasound intensity needed for thermal ablation. Thus, PSNE is expected to enhance thermal ablation in tumors, potentially improving therapeutic outcomes of HIFU-mediated thermal ablation treatments.

Phase-shift nanoemulsions (PSNE) can be vaporized using high intensity focused ultrasound to enhance localized heating and improve thermal ablation in tumors. In this report, the preparation of stable PSNE with a narrow size distribution is described. Furthermore, the impact of vaporized PSNE on ultrasound-mediated ablation is demonstrated in tissue-mimicking phantoms.

Síntesis de nanoemulsiones de cambio de fase con distribuciones de tamaño estrechas para la vaporización Droplet acústica y Bubble mejorada ablación por ultrasonidos mediada

High-intensity  focused ultrasound (HIFU) is used clinically to thermally ablate tumors. To  enhance localized heating and improve thermal ablation in ...

High-resolution, High-speed, Three-dimensional Video Imaging with Digital Fringe Projection Techniques

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses triangulation between matching points in two views of the same scene at different angles to compute depth.&#160;However, unlike a stereo-based method, DFP uses a digital video projector to replace one of the cameras1. The projector rapidly projects a known sinusoidal pattern onto the subject, and the surface of the subject distorts these patterns in the camera&#8217;s field of view. Three distorted patterns (fringe images) from the camera can be used to compute the depth using triangulation.
Unlike other 3D measurement methods, DFP techniques lead to systems that tend to be faster, lower in equipment cost, more flexible, and easier to develop.&#160;DFP systems can also achieve the same measurement resolution as the camera.&#160;For this reason, DFP and other digital structured light techniques have recently been the focus of intense research (as summarized in1-5). Taking advantage of DFP, the graphics processing unit, and optimized algorithms, we have developed a system capable of 30&#160;Hz 3D video data acquisition, reconstruction, and display for over 300,000 measurement points per frame6,7.&#160;Binary defocusing DFP methods can achieve even greater speeds8.
Diverse applications can benefit from DFP techniques. Our collaborators have used our systems for facial function analysis9, facial animation10, cardiac mechanics studies11, and fluid surface measurements, but many other potential applications exist.&#160;This video will teach the fundamentals of DFP techniques and illustrate the design and operation of a binary defocusing DFP system.

This video describes the fundamentals of digital fringe projection techniques, which provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;It also demonstrates the design and operation of a high-speed binary defocusing system based on these techniques.

De alta resolución, de alta velocidad, tridimensional de imágenes de vídeo con técnicas de proyección digital de Fringe

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses ...

Development of an Experimental Setup for the Measurement of the Coefficient of Restitution under Vacuum Conditions

The Discrete Element Method is used for the simulation of particulate systems to describe and analyze them, to predict and afterwards optimize their behavior for single stages of a process or even an entire process. For the simulation with occurring particle-particle and particle-wall contacts, the value of the coefficient of restitution is required. It can be determined experimentally. The coefficient of restitution depends on several parameters like the impact velocity. Especially for fine particles the impact velocity depends on the air pressure and under atmospheric pressure high impact velocities cannot be reached. For this, a new experimental setup for free-fall tests under vacuum conditions is developed. The coefficient of restitution is determined with the impact and rebound velocity which are detected by a high-speed camera. To not hinder the view, the vacuum chamber is made of glass. Also a new release mechanism to drop one single particle under vacuum conditions is constructed. Due to that, all properties of the particle can be characterized beforehand.

The coefficient of restitution is a parameter that describes the loss of kinetic energy during collision. Here, a free-fall setup under vacuum conditions is developed to be able to determine the coefficient of restitution parameter for particles in micrometer range with high impact velocities.

Desarrollo de un montaje experimental para la medición del coeficiente de restitución en condiciones de vacío

The Discrete Element Method is used for the simulation of particulate systems to describe and analyze them, to predict and afterwards optimize their ...

Fabrication Process of Silicone-based Dielectric Elastomer Actuators

This contribution demonstrates the fabrication process of dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs). DETs are stretchable capacitors consisting of an elastomeric dielectric membrane sandwiched between two compliant electrodes. The large actuation strains of these transducers when used as actuators (over 300% area strain) and their soft and compliant nature has been exploited for a wide range of applications, including electrically tunable optics, haptic feedback devices, wave-energy harvesting, deformable cell-culture devices, compliant grippers, and propulsion of a bio-inspired fish-like airship. In most cases, DETs are made with a commercial proprietary acrylic elastomer and with hand-applied electrodes of carbon powder or carbon grease. This combination leads to non-reproducible and slow actuators exhibiting viscoelastic creep and a short lifetime. We present here a complete process flow for the reproducible fabrication of DETs based on thin elastomeric silicone films, including casting of thin silicone membranes, membrane release and prestretching, patterning of robust compliant electrodes, assembly and testing. The membranes are cast on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates coated with a water-soluble sacrificial layer for ease of release. The electrodes consist of carbon black particles dispersed into a silicone matrix and patterned using a stamping technique, which leads to precisely-defined compliant electrodes that present a high adhesion to the dielectric membrane on which they are applied.

This manuscript shows the fabrication process for the manufacture of dielectric elastomer soft actuators based on silicone membranes. The three key stages of production are presented in detail: blade casting of thin silicone membranes; pad printing of compliant electrodes; and the assembly of all the components.

Proceso de fabricación de elastómeros dieléctricos actuadores basados ​​en silicona

This contribution demonstrates the fabrication process of dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs). DETs are stretchable capacitors consisting of an ...

Using Synchrotron Radiation Microtomography to Investigate Multi-scale Three-dimensional Microelectronic Packages

Synchrotron radiation micro-tomography (SR&#181;T) is a non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique that offers high flux for fast data acquisition times with high spatial resolution. In the electronics industry there is serious interest in performing failure analysis on 3D microelectronic packages, many which contain multiple levels of high-density interconnections. Often in tomography there is a trade-off between image resolution and the volume of a sample that can be imaged. This inverse relationship limits the usefulness of conventional computed tomography (CT) systems since a microelectronic package is often large in cross sectional area 100-3,600 mm2, but has important features on the micron scale. The micro-tomography beamline at the Advanced Light Source (ALS), in Berkeley, CA USA, has a setup which is adaptable and can be tailored to a sample&#39;s properties, i.e., density, thickness, etc., with a maximum allowable cross-section of 36 x 36 mm. This setup also has the option of being either monochromatic in the energy range ~7-43 keV or operating with maximum flux in white light mode using a polychromatic beam. Presented here are details of the experimental steps taken to image an entire 16 x 16 mm system within a package, in order to obtain 3D images of the system with a spatial resolution of 8.7 &#181;m all within a scan time of less than 3 min. Also shown are results from packages scanned in different orientations and a sectioned package for higher resolution imaging. In contrast a conventional CT system would take hours to record data with potentially poorer resolution. Indeed, the ratio of field-of-view to throughput time is much higher when using the synchrotron radiation tomography setup. The description below of the experimental setup can be implemented and adapted for use with many other multi-materials.

For this study synchrotron radiation micro-tomography, a non-destructive three-dimensional imaging technique, is employed to investigate an entire microelectronic package with a cross-sectional area of 16 x 16 mm. Due to the synchrotron&#39;s high flux and brightness the sample was imaged in just 3 min&#160;with an 8.7 &#181;m spatial resolution.

El uso de la radiación del sincrotrón Microtomografía encargado de investigar multi-escala Paquetes microelectrónicos tridimensionales

Synchrotron radiation micro-tomography (SR&#181;T) is a non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique that offers high flux for fast data ...

Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow

3D-PTV is a quantitative flow measurement technique that aims to track the Lagrangian paths of a set of particles in three dimensions using stereoscopic recording of image sequences. The basic components, features, constraints and optimization tips of a 3D-PTV topology consisting of a high-speed camera with a four-view splitter are described and discussed in this article. The technique is applied to the intermediate flow field (5 &#60;x/d &#60;25) of a circular jet at Re &#8776; 7,000. Lagrangian flow features and turbulence quantities in an Eulerian frame are estimated around ten diameters downstream of the jet origin and at various radial distances from the jet core. Lagrangian properties include trajectory, velocity and acceleration of selected particles as well as curvature of the flow path, which are obtained from the Frenet-Serret equation. Estimation of the 3D velocity and turbulence fields around the jet core axis at a cross-plane located at ten diameters downstream of the jet is compared with literature, and the power spectrum of the large-scale streamwise velocity motions is obtained at various radial distances from the jet core.

A three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry (3D-PTV) system based on a high-speed camera with a four-view splitter is described here. The technique is applied to a jet flow from a circular pipe in the vicinity of ten diameters downstream at Reynolds number Re &#8776; 7,000.

Tridimensional de velocimetría de seguimiento de partículas para aplicaciones de turbulencia: Caso de un Flujo Jet

3D-PTV is a quantitative flow measurement technique that aims to track the Lagrangian paths of a set of particles in three dimensions using stereoscopic ...

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions &#8212; A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

A comprehensive rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions or pastes is mandatory for a targeted product development meeting the manifold requirements during processing and application of such complex fluids. In this investigation, measuring protocols for a conclusive assessment of different process relevant rheological parameters have been evaluated. This includes the determination of yield stress, viscosity, wall slip velocity, structural recovery after large deformation and elongation at break as well as tensile force during filament stretching.
The importance of concomitant video recordings during parallel-plate rotational rheometry for a significant determination of rheological quantities is demonstrated. The deformation profile and flow field at the sample edge can be determined using appropriate markers. Thus, measurement parameter settings and plate roughness values can be identified for which yield stress and viscosity measurements are possible. Slip velocity can be measured directly and measuring conditions at which plug flow, shear banding or sample spillover occur can be identified clearly. 
Video recordings further confirm that the change in shear moduli observed during three stage oscillatory shear tests with small deformation amplitude in stage I and III but large oscillation amplitude in stage II can be directly attributed to structural break down and recovery. For the pastes investigated here, the degree of irreversible, shear-induced structural change increases with increasing deformation amplitude in stage II until a saturation is reached at deformations corresponding to the crossover of G' and G'', but the irreversible damage is independent of the duration of large amplitude shear. 
A capillary breakup elongational rheometer and a tensile tester have been used to characterize deformation and breakup behavior of highly filled pastes in uniaxial elongation. Significant differences were observed in all experiments described above for two commercial screen-printing silver pastes used for front side metallization of Si-solar cells.

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions &amp;#8212; A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

A protocol for a robust and application relevant rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions is presented. Silver pastes used for screen-printing application in solar cell production are employed as model systems.

Desafíos en reológico caracterización de suspensiones de alta concentración - Un estudio de caso para pastas de plata serigrafía

A comprehensive rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions or pastes is mandatory for a targeted product development meeting the ...

Predicting Catalyst Extrudate Breakage Based on the Modulus of Rupture

The mechanical strength of extruded catalysts and their natural or forced breakage by either collision against a surface or by a compressive load in a fixed bed are important phenomena in catalyst technology. The mechanical strength of the catalyst is measured here by its bending strength or flexural strength. This technique is relatively new from the perspective of applying it to commercial catalysts of typical sizes used in the industry. Catalyst breakage by collision against a surface is measured after a fall of the extrudates through the ambient air in a vertical pipe. Quantifying the impact force is done theoretically by applying Newton's second law. Measurement of catalyst breakage due to stress in a fixed bed is done following the standard procedure of the bulk crush strength test. Novel here is the focus on measuring the reduction in the length to diameter ratio of the extrudates as a function of the stress.

Here we present a protocol to measure the modulus of rupture of an extruded catalyst and the breakage of said catalyst extrudates by collision against a surface or by compression in a fixed bed.

Rotura de extrusión de catalizador predicción basada en el módulo de ruptura

The mechanical strength of extruded catalysts and their natural or forced breakage by either collision against a surface or by a compressive load in a ...

Three-Dimensional Ultrasonic Needle Tip Tracking with a Fiber-Optic Ultrasound Receiver

Ultrasound is frequently used for guiding minimally invasive procedures, but visualizing medical devices is often challenging with this imaging modality. When visualization is lost, the medical device can cause trauma to critical tissue structures. Here, a method to track the needle tip during ultrasound image-guided procedures is presented. This method involves the use of a fiber-optic ultrasound receiver that is affixed within the cannula of a medical needle to communicate ultrasonically with the external ultrasound probe. This custom probe comprises a central transducer element array and side element arrays. In addition to conventional two-dimensional (2D) B-mode ultrasound imaging provided by the central array, three-dimensional (3D) needle tip tracking is provided by the side arrays. For B-mode ultrasound imaging, a standard transmit-receive sequence with electronic beamforming is performed. For ultrasonic tracking, Golay-coded ultrasound transmissions from the 4 side arrays are received by the hydrophone sensor, and subsequently the received signals are decoded to identify the needle tip&#39;s spatial location with respect to the ultrasound imaging probe. As a preliminary validation of this method, insertions of the needle/hydrophone pair were performed in clinically realistic contexts. This novel ultrasound imaging/tracking method is compatible with current clinical workflow, and it provides reliable device tracking during in-plane and out-of-plane needle insertions.

Accurate and efficient visualization of invasive medical devices is extremely important in many ultrasound-guided minimally invasive procedures. Here, a method for localizing the spatial position of a needle tip relative to the ultrasound imaging probe is presented.

Punta de aguja ultrasónica tridimensional de seguimiento con un receptor de ultrasonido de fibra óptica

Ultrasound is frequently used for guiding minimally invasive procedures, but visualizing medical devices is often challenging with this imaging modality. ...